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Poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(acrylic acid) hydrogels: FT-IR spectroscopic characterization of crosslinking reaction and work at transition point 聚乙烯醇/聚丙烯酸水凝胶:交联反应的红外光谱表征及其在过渡点的作用
Acta Polymerica Pub Date : 1999-12-01 DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1521-4044(19991201)50:11/12<383::AID-APOL383>3.0.CO;2-Z
K. Arndt, A. Richter, S. Ludwig, J. Zimmermann, J. Kressler, D. Kuckling, H. Adler
{"title":"Poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(acrylic acid) hydrogels: FT-IR spectroscopic characterization of crosslinking reaction and work at transition point","authors":"K. Arndt, A. Richter, S. Ludwig, J. Zimmermann, J. Kressler, D. Kuckling, H. Adler","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1521-4044(19991201)50:11/12<383::AID-APOL383>3.0.CO;2-Z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-4044(19991201)50:11/12<383::AID-APOL383>3.0.CO;2-Z","url":null,"abstract":"The crosslinking reaction of pure poly(acrylic acid) and its blend with poly(vinyl alcohol) was studied by FT-IR spectroscopy. It is demonstrated that also in blends the anhydride formation characteristic for pure poly(acrylic acid) is the predominant crosslinking reaction upon heating. But the ester formation between poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly(acrylic acid) is detectable due to the ester C=O vibrations and C—O—C vibrations, respectively. The degree of swelling and the Young's modulus of the crosslinked blend in deionized water depend on the time and temperature of the heat treatment. In dependence of the pH-value of the swelling agent the blends swell or shrink. The working energy at the shrinking or swelling process induced by a change of the pH-value of differently treated blends was measured. The values are in a range of technical interests and comparable with other microactuators.","PeriodicalId":7162,"journal":{"name":"Acta Polymerica","volume":"30 1","pages":"383-390"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87174927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 151
Investigations on the morphology of poly-1,4-(phenylethyl xylylene) in solution. 聚1,4-(苯乙基二甲苯)在溶液中的形态研究。
Acta Polymerica Pub Date : 1999-12-01 DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1521-4044(19991201)50:11/12<391::AID-APOL391>3.0.CO;2-2
H. Schnablegger, M. Antonietti, Christine G. Göltner, I. Stapff, Friedel Brink-Spalink, A. Greiner
{"title":"Investigations on the morphology of poly-1,4-(phenylethyl xylylene) in solution.","authors":"H. Schnablegger, M. Antonietti, Christine G. Göltner, I. Stapff, Friedel Brink-Spalink, A. Greiner","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1521-4044(19991201)50:11/12<391::AID-APOL391>3.0.CO;2-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-4044(19991201)50:11/12<391::AID-APOL391>3.0.CO;2-2","url":null,"abstract":"Several poly-1,4-(phenylethyl xylylene)s of varying molecular weight were investigated with a combination of X-ray and light scattering techniques as well as with scanning force and transmission electron microscopy to elucidate their aggregation behavior in solution. It turns out that this polymer aggregates into ribbon-like supermolecular structures. Aggregation is the more pronounced the higher the concentration and the molecular weight of the polymer. Switching the solvent from tetrahydrofuran to chloroform only weakly diminishes the ability to form aggregates. The stiff aggregate ribbons in solution are 30–40 nm broad, about 5 nm high and several micrometers long. The cross-section of the ribbons is inhomogeneous and presumably consists of 0.5 nm thick layers.","PeriodicalId":7162,"journal":{"name":"Acta Polymerica","volume":"9 1","pages":"391-398"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81620902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Synthesis and properties of combined type liquid crystalline polymers – aromatic polyesters bearing biphenylazophenyl mesogenic pendants connected to the backbone through polymethylene spacers 复合型液晶聚合物的合成和性能。通过聚乙烯间隔物连接到主链上的联苯偶氮苯基介生吊坠的芳香聚酯
Acta Polymerica Pub Date : 1999-12-01 DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1521-4044(19991201)50:11/12<399::AID-APOL399>3.0.CO;2-7
Jun-woo Lee, Jung-il Jin, B. Jo, Joon‐Seop Kim, W. Zin, Yoon-Sok Kang
{"title":"Synthesis and properties of combined type liquid crystalline polymers – aromatic polyesters bearing biphenylazophenyl mesogenic pendants connected to the backbone through polymethylene spacers","authors":"Jun-woo Lee, Jung-il Jin, B. Jo, Joon‐Seop Kim, W. Zin, Yoon-Sok Kang","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1521-4044(19991201)50:11/12<399::AID-APOL399>3.0.CO;2-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-4044(19991201)50:11/12<399::AID-APOL399>3.0.CO;2-7","url":null,"abstract":"A series of new combined type liquid crystalline polyesters (LCPs) were synthesized and their LC and other thermal properties were characterized. These polymers consist of poly(oxy-1,4-phenyleneoxyterephthaloyl) backbone onto which the biphenylazophenyl mesogens are attached through the oxyoligomethyleneoxy spacers. The length of the oligomethylene units was varied from the pentamethylene to the decamethylene group. The polymer containing the dodecamethylene spacer was also included in this study. All of the polymers are found to be semicrystalline and they exhibit two thermal transitions before melting. The lower temperature transition occurs between 60°C and 85°C, which decreases with increasing length of the spacers. In contrast, the high temperature transition occurring between 105°C and 117°C depends on the length of spacers to a much less extent. All the polymers form nematic phases in melt. These polymers undergo an initial thermal decomposition around 300°C losing nitrogen gas.","PeriodicalId":7162,"journal":{"name":"Acta Polymerica","volume":"2 1","pages":"399-407"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90300370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 15
Seeded emulsion polymerization of styrene: Determination of particle size by flow field-flow fractionation coupled with multi-angle laser light scattering 苯乙烯的种子乳液聚合:流场-流分馏-多角度激光散射法测定粒径
Acta Polymerica Pub Date : 1999-10-07 DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1521-4044(19991001)50:10<373::AID-APOL373>3.0.CO;2-G
S. Bartsch, W.-M. Kulicke, I. Fresen, H.-U. Moritz
{"title":"Seeded emulsion polymerization of styrene: Determination of particle size by flow field-flow fractionation coupled with multi-angle laser light scattering","authors":"S. Bartsch,&nbsp;W.-M. Kulicke,&nbsp;I. Fresen,&nbsp;H.-U. Moritz","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1521-4044(19991001)50:10<373::AID-APOL373>3.0.CO;2-G","DOIUrl":"10.1002/(SICI)1521-4044(19991001)50:10<373::AID-APOL373>3.0.CO;2-G","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Three series of polystyrene latices were synthesized using the stepwise seeded emulsion polymerization technique. For kinetic studies reaction was monitored by means of an isoperibolic calorimeter, and synthesized particles were analyzed by means of flow field-flow fractionation combined with multi-angle laser light scattering and by means of rotational disc centrifugation. Latices were found to be in the range from 77 to 442 nm diameter for the first series and from 53 to 210 nm for the second series. The third series were two mixtures of two latices with diameters of 136 and 204 nm respectively 157 and 232 nm. Particle growth between each step is of the factor 1.244 (first series) respectively 1.212 (second series) and therefore slower than theoretically expected (1.26). The particle size distribution width decreases in relative values as particle size increases.</p>","PeriodicalId":7162,"journal":{"name":"Acta Polymerica","volume":"50 10","pages":"373-380"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77345154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 10
Synthesis and blood compatibilities of novel segmented polyurethanes grafted phospholipid analogous vinyl monomers and polyfunctional monomers 接枝磷脂类乙烯基单体和多官能团单体的新型分段聚氨酯的合成及其血液相容性
Acta Polymerica Pub Date : 1999-10-07 DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1521-4044(19991001)50:10<363::AID-APOL363>3.0.CO;2-K
A. Korematsu, T. Tomita, S. Kuriyama, T. Hanada, S. Sakamoto, T. Nakaya
{"title":"Synthesis and blood compatibilities of novel segmented polyurethanes grafted phospholipid analogous vinyl monomers and polyfunctional monomers","authors":"A. Korematsu,&nbsp;T. Tomita,&nbsp;S. Kuriyama,&nbsp;T. Hanada,&nbsp;S. Sakamoto,&nbsp;T. Nakaya","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1521-4044(19991001)50:10<363::AID-APOL363>3.0.CO;2-K","DOIUrl":"10.1002/(SICI)1521-4044(19991001)50:10<363::AID-APOL363>3.0.CO;2-K","url":null,"abstract":"<p>New segmented polyurethanes (SPUs) grafted phospholipid analogous vinyl monomers and polyfunctional monomers were synthesized. The soft segments used in this study were poly(butadiene). The hard segments of these polyurethanes were 4,4′-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate and 1,4-butanediol. The blood compatibilities of the new polymers were evaluated by platelet rich plasma (PRP) contact studies and viewed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) using medical grade BioSpan and non-phospholipid polyurethane as a reference. The clotting times of the materials in contact with platelet poor plasma (PPP) were also measured. These results of two evaluations suggest that these grafted polymers may be regarded as hopeful biomaterials.</p>","PeriodicalId":7162,"journal":{"name":"Acta Polymerica","volume":"50 10","pages":"363-372"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85109242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 13
Particle morphology of carboxylated poly-(n-butyl acrylate)/poly(methyl methacrylate) composite latex particles investigated by TEM and NMR 用透射电镜(TEM)和核磁共振(NMR)研究了羧化聚丙烯酸正丁酯/聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯复合乳胶颗粒的形貌
Acta Polymerica Pub Date : 1999-10-07 DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1521-4044(19991001)50:10<347::AID-APOL347>3.0.CO;2-C
S. Kirsch, K. Landfester, O. Shaffer, M.S. El-Aasser
{"title":"Particle morphology of carboxylated poly-(n-butyl acrylate)/poly(methyl methacrylate) composite latex particles investigated by TEM and NMR","authors":"S. Kirsch,&nbsp;K. Landfester,&nbsp;O. Shaffer,&nbsp;M.S. El-Aasser","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1521-4044(19991001)50:10<347::AID-APOL347>3.0.CO;2-C","DOIUrl":"10.1002/(SICI)1521-4044(19991001)50:10<347::AID-APOL347>3.0.CO;2-C","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Particles with a copolymer soft core of poly(<i>n</i>-butyl acrylate)/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PBA/PMMA) and a homopolymer hard shell of PMMA were characterized using transmission electron microscopy and solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Two synthesis parameters were investigated: (1) the phase ratio of the core and the shell and (2) the compatibility of the two phases. A series of core-to-shell ratios from 100/0 to 25/75 were synthesized and characterized. The compatibility between the phases was changed (1) by using acrylic acid in either the core and the shell or in both, (2) by synthesizing a homopolymer or a copolymer core or (3) by introducing crosslinking points in the core. The combination of transmission electron microscopy and solid-state NMR spectroscopy allows quantitative determination of the extent of coverage of the core by the shell polymer and the interphase thickness; both were found to depend on the shell content and the compatibility of the phases.</p>","PeriodicalId":7162,"journal":{"name":"Acta Polymerica","volume":"50 10","pages":"347-362"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83636606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 24
Synthesis and properties of some new pyridinium salt models and polymers 几种新型吡啶盐模型及聚合物的合成与性能研究
Acta Polymerica Pub Date : 1999-09-16 DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1521-4044(19990901)50:9<313::AID-APOL313>3.0.CO;2-5
A.T. Atto, A.H. Al-Dujaili, E.A. Al-Ani
{"title":"Synthesis and properties of some new pyridinium salt models and polymers","authors":"A.T. Atto,&nbsp;A.H. Al-Dujaili,&nbsp;E.A. Al-Ani","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1521-4044(19990901)50:9<313::AID-APOL313>3.0.CO;2-5","DOIUrl":"10.1002/(SICI)1521-4044(19990901)50:9<313::AID-APOL313>3.0.CO;2-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Two monomers, 1,4-bis(4-pyridyl) and 1,4-bis(3-pyridyl) azines were synthesized and characterized. Model pyridinium salts were synthesized by condensation of azines with some bromoalkanes. Polymerization of azines with some dibromoalkanes was also carried out to form pyridinium salt polymers. The structures of both model compounds and polymers were verified from their elemental analysis, IR and <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectra. The liquid crystalline properties of models and polymers were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and hot-stage polarizing microscopy. These studies revealed that some synthesized model compounds and polymers exhibit nematic liquid crystal texture having low thermal liquid crystalline stability. The terminal alkyl chains were found to produce mild effect of lowering the transition temperatures. Viscosity measurements indicate that the synthesized polymers have low molecular weight.</p>","PeriodicalId":7162,"journal":{"name":"Acta Polymerica","volume":"50 9","pages":"313-316"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86138282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Synthesis and properties of polybisthienylphenylene derivatives as electroluminescent materials: improving of the photoluminescent quantum yields 电致发光材料聚二硫苯基衍生物的合成与性能:提高光致发光量子产率
Acta Polymerica Pub Date : 1999-09-16 DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1521-4044(19990901)50:9<327::AID-APOL327>3.0.CO;2-M
J. Pei, W.-L. Yu, W. Huang, A.J. Heeger
{"title":"Synthesis and properties of polybisthienylphenylene derivatives as electroluminescent materials: improving of the photoluminescent quantum yields","authors":"J. Pei,&nbsp;W.-L. Yu,&nbsp;W. Huang,&nbsp;A.J. Heeger","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1521-4044(19990901)50:9<327::AID-APOL327>3.0.CO;2-M","DOIUrl":"10.1002/(SICI)1521-4044(19990901)50:9<327::AID-APOL327>3.0.CO;2-M","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Poly[1,4-bis(4-alkyl-2-thienyl)-2,5-disubstituted phenylene]s and their monomers have been regioselectively synthesized in high yield. The head-to-head defined structures of all polymers and monomers are demonstrated by FT-IR, <sup>1</sup>H, <sup>13</sup>C NMR and elemental analysis. All new materials exhibit good thermally stability, optical, electrochemical properties. Their HOMO and LUMO energy levels are determined by cyclic voltammetry and UV-vis measurement. The improvement of absolute PL quantum yields of all six polymers in the solid films have been approved after the aromatic groups were introduced into the main chain of polythiophene. Three materials were chosen to be fabricated as single layer LED devices.</p>","PeriodicalId":7162,"journal":{"name":"Acta Polymerica","volume":"50 9","pages":"327-331"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88168493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 6
Modification of polysulfone membranes. 2. Plasma grafting and plasma polymerization of acrylic acid 聚砜膜的改性。2. 丙烯酸的等离子接枝和等离子聚合
Acta Polymerica Pub Date : 1999-09-16 DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1521-4044(19990901)50:9<317::AID-APOL317>3.0.CO;2-Q
I. Gancarz, G. Poźniak, M. Bryjak, A. Frankiewicz
{"title":"Modification of polysulfone membranes. 2. Plasma grafting and plasma polymerization of acrylic acid","authors":"I. Gancarz,&nbsp;G. Poźniak,&nbsp;M. Bryjak,&nbsp;A. Frankiewicz","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1521-4044(19990901)50:9<317::AID-APOL317>3.0.CO;2-Q","DOIUrl":"10.1002/(SICI)1521-4044(19990901)50:9<317::AID-APOL317>3.0.CO;2-Q","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Polysulfone membranes were modified with acrylic acid using plasma initiated graft polymerization (both in solution and vapor phase) and plasma polymerization. Changes on the surface were monitored by contact angle measurements and FTIR-ATR technique. Pore size and ultrafiltration properties were also evaluated. Grafting in solution gave as a result hydrophobic membranes with pore size diameter signficantly reduced. Such membranes lost their ultrafiltration properties. Grafting in vapor phase seems to give brush-like structure. Membranes possess hydrophilic surface and unique filtration properties in basic environment. Plasma polymerization of acrylic acid on the PSU surface creates a layer of material highly reminding pure poly(acrylic acid). Performance of such membranes was also pH-dependent showing better properties in basic solution.</p>","PeriodicalId":7162,"journal":{"name":"Acta Polymerica","volume":"50 9","pages":"317-326"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75924549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 86
Enhanced activity as polymerization photoinitiators of Rose Bengal and Eosin esters with an O-benzoyl-α-oxooxime group: The role of the excited state reactivity 邻苯甲酰-α-氧肟基团增强孟加拉玫瑰和伊红酯聚合光引发剂的活性:激发态反应活性的作用
Acta Polymerica Pub Date : 1999-09-16 DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1521-4044(19990901)50:9<337::AID-APOL337>3.0.CO;2-I
D. Burget, J.P. Fouassier, F. Amat-Guerri, R. Mallavia, R. Sastre
{"title":"Enhanced activity as polymerization photoinitiators of Rose Bengal and Eosin esters with an O-benzoyl-α-oxooxime group: The role of the excited state reactivity","authors":"D. Burget,&nbsp;J.P. Fouassier,&nbsp;F. Amat-Guerri,&nbsp;R. Mallavia,&nbsp;R. Sastre","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1521-4044(19990901)50:9<337::AID-APOL337>3.0.CO;2-I","DOIUrl":"10.1002/(SICI)1521-4044(19990901)50:9<337::AID-APOL337>3.0.CO;2-I","url":null,"abstract":"<p>New Eosin and Rose Bengal ester with an <i>O</i>-benzoyl-α-oxooxime group were synthesized and evaluated as visible light photoinitiators for polymerization in the presence of an amine. The dyes EO-AO and RB-AO are clearly better photoinitiators, with higher <i>Rp</i> values, than the corresponding physical mixtures dye/acyloxime, or than the corresponding pure dyes. However, the relative efficiencies of the different dye/amine and dye/amine/AO mixtures show that if RB is better than EO in the binary mixture, the situation was reversed after addition of AO. The spectroscopic and electrochemical properties of the dyes were measured and the forecasts of thermodynamic calculations were confirmed by time resolved laser spectroscopy experiments which show that the species formed by reaction of the excited dyes eosin and RB with AO were not the same. One observes the dominating formation of the oxidized form of the acyloxime with eosin and its reduced form in the case of Rose Bengal which lead in the case of EO to a larger amount of radicals per photon absorbed and a better initiating efficiency.</p>","PeriodicalId":7162,"journal":{"name":"Acta Polymerica","volume":"50 9","pages":"337-346"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82323566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 33
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