Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae最新文献_第2页

Classification of alpine grasslands in the western Tian Shan Mountains (Kyrgyzstan, Middle Asia) 中亚吉尔吉斯斯坦天山西部高寒草地的分类

4区生物学

Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae Pub Date : 2023-09-12 DOI: 10.5586/asbp/169036

Grzegorz Swacha, Sebastian Świerszcz, Sylwia Nowak, Marcin Nobis, Arkadiusz Nowak

{"title":"Classification of alpine grasslands in the western Tian Shan Mountains (Kyrgyzstan, Middle Asia)","authors":"Grzegorz Swacha, Sebastian Świerszcz, Sylwia Nowak, Marcin Nobis, Arkadiusz Nowak","doi":"10.5586/asbp/169036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp/169036","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we present the first syntaxonomic classification of alpine grasslands in the western Tian Shan Mountains (Kyrgyzstan) with some remarks on its environmental gradients. A total of 251 relevés were sampled in 2015-2022 using the seven-degree cover-abundance scale of the Braun-Blanquet approach. These were classified using the agglomerative hierarchical Ward’s method employing the Euclidean distance measure. Diagnostic species were identified using the phi coefficient as a fidelity measure. NMDS was used to explore the relationships between the distinguished groups. Our classification revealed 13 ecologically meaningful clusters corresponding to 12 associations and one rankless unit of alpine grasslands in Middle Asia. The new communities have been included in three new alliances: Aconito rotundifolii-Potentillion pamiroalaicae – subalpine and alpine mesic forb meadows and pastures in the western Tian Shan and shrubby subalpine chionophilous heaths of Middle Asia, Stipo regelianae-Ptilagrostion malyschevii – Kobresia mats and Artemision dracunculi – subalpine forb steppe vegetation. The main climatic factors differentiating the species composition of the researched vegetation are temperature seasonality, mean diurnal temperature range and a sum of annual precipitation. Among the soil factors the most important are pH, cation exchange capacity and nitrogen availability. Our study has expanded the knowledge of the alpine grasslands on the borderland between vegetation influenced by Irano-Turanian climate in Pamir-Alai and grassland vegetation of the alpine belt in Tian Shan. Their final classification certainly still requires further studies and comparisons, especially with the Alpine grasslands in the Altai region and some of the vegetation units closely related to Karakorum-Himalayan ranges.","PeriodicalId":7157,"journal":{"name":"Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135879955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Ranunculus dahlgreniae (section Batrachium, Ranunculaceae), a new species from Crete, Greece, with remarks on taxonomy and phylogenetic relations within the section 希腊克里特岛一新种大毛茛(毛茛科，毛茛亚科)的分类和系统发育关系

IF 1 4区生物学

Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae Pub Date : 2023-07-18 DOI: 10.5586/asbp/167462

M. Jopek, G. Wiegleb, W. Babik, J. Zalewska-Gałosz

{"title":"Ranunculus dahlgreniae (section Batrachium, Ranunculaceae), a new species from Crete, Greece, with remarks on taxonomy and phylogenetic relations within the section","authors":"M. Jopek, G. Wiegleb, W. Babik, J. Zalewska-Gałosz","doi":"10.5586/asbp/167462","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp/167462","url":null,"abstract":"A new species, Ranunculus dahlgreniae, is described from a seasonal lake at Omalos Plateau, Lefka Ori Mountains, western Crete, Greece. The heterophyllous species resembles R. saniculifolius, R. peltatus, and the Mediterranean forms of R. baudotii. It differs from the aforementioned species by a combination of characters not found in any of them, i.e., 5–6 mm long petals, up to 2.2 mm long, glabrous achenes with a partly persistent style, a densely pubescent, in fruit slightly elongating receptacle, and intermediate leaves with rigid filiform apical segments, being divided into two or three cuneate, shortly petiolate leaflets. A key to all similar East Mediterranean taxa is presented. DNA analyses based on the sequencing of nuclear, ribosomal Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS), and two chloroplast noncoding regions (rpl32-trnL and psbE-petL), complemented by the analysis of genome-wide polymorphism using double digest RAD Sequencing (ddRADseq) supported that Ranunculus dahlgreniae is a distinct lineage, clearly separated from R. peltatus, R. baudotii, and R. saniculifolius. The phylogeny based on ddRADseq resembles the topologies obtained from chloroplast and nrITS data but with increasing resolution and support of fine-scale relationships. Extensive sampling, including taxa from temperate Europe and the West Mediterranean area, as well as the application of reduced-representation sequencing, allowed to better\u0000understand the pattern of diversity in the section Batrachium.","PeriodicalId":7157,"journal":{"name":"Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47249431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Abiotic factors determine the root system architecture – review and update 非生物因素决定根系结构-回顾与更新

IF 1 4区生物学

Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae Pub Date : 2023-06-29 DOI: 10.5586/asbp/168700

Ewa Młodzińska-Michta

引用次数: 0

Effects of Mg on chlorophyll degradation and leaf chroma during the airing of cigar tobacco leaves 镁对雪茄烟叶片晾制过程中叶绿素降解和叶片色度的影响

IF 1 4区生物学

Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae Pub Date : 2023-06-14 DOI: 10.5586/asbp/168235

Yuexian Yang, Q. Fu, Chunlei Yang, Xiongfei Rao, Zhekuan Wu, Zuju Wu, Jun Fan, Zhen Yu

{"title":"Effects of Mg on chlorophyll degradation and leaf chroma during the airing of cigar tobacco leaves","authors":"Yuexian Yang, Q. Fu, Chunlei Yang, Xiongfei Rao, Zhekuan Wu, Zuju Wu, Jun Fan, Zhen Yu","doi":"10.5586/asbp/168235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp/168235","url":null,"abstract":"Magnesium (Mg) is the central atom of the chlorophyll porphyrin ring and plays an important role in the degradation of chlorophyll. In this study, the Mg contents in cigar tobacco leaves (Folium cigarum) under different fertilization (no (CK), NPK (NPK), and NPK+MgO (NKP+Mg)) were investigated by a field experiment, and the effects of Mg in cigar tobacco leaves on the chlorophyll degradation and leaf chroma during airing period were analyzed. The results showed that the application of Mg fertilization significantly increased Mg contents in cigar tobacco leaves. The chromaticity values (luminance value L*, red-green value a*, yellow-blue value b*, and total color difference value ΔE) of cigar tobacco leaves in NPK+Mg treatment were lower than other treatments during the airing. The contents of chlorophyll a (Chl a), chlorophyll b (Chl b), and total chlorophyll (TC) were decreased rapidly in the first eight airing days, and the decreasing trend of total chlorophyll/carotenoid (TC/Car) was more smoothly in NPK+Mg treatment than other treatments. The chromaticity values (L*, a*, b*, ΔE) were extremely significantly negatively correlated with pigment contents (Chl a, Chl b, TC, Car), which indicated that the leaf color was determined by the pigment contents. The activities of pheophytin pheophorbide hydrolase (PPH) in NPK+Mg treatment were the highest, while the activities of chlorophyllase (CLH) had no significant difference among the three treatments. The PPH activities were extremely significantly positively correlated with pigment contents (Chl a, Chl b, TC, Car), and significantly negatively correlated with ΔE values, but the CLH activities were not correlated with pigment contents and ΔE. Therefore, the application of Mg fertilizer was beneficial to chlorophyll degradation by increasing the PPH activities of cigar tobacco leaves, and then it regulated the formation of leaf color.","PeriodicalId":7157,"journal":{"name":"Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45952623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

New national and regional plant records: Contribution to the flora of the Old World countries 新的国家和区域植物记录：对旧世界国家植物区系的贡献

IF 1 4区生物学

Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae Pub Date : 2023-06-06 DOI: 10.5586/asbp/162050

M. Nobis, S. Wróbel, Ewelina Klichowska, A. Nowak, Anna Wróbel, A. Nobis, B. Paszko, S. Świerszcz, Wen-Li Chen, †Paweł Kauzal, Marta Krzempek, Bing Liu, S. Nowak, R. Piwowarczyk, Óscar SÁNCHEZ PEDRAJA, Antoni Zięba

{"title":"New national and regional plant records: Contribution to the flora of the Old World countries","authors":"M. Nobis, S. Wróbel, Ewelina Klichowska, A. Nowak, Anna Wróbel, A. Nobis, B. Paszko, S. Świerszcz, Wen-Li Chen, †Paweł Kauzal, Marta Krzempek, Bing Liu, S. Nowak, R. Piwowarczyk, Óscar SÁNCHEZ PEDRAJA, Antoni Zięba","doi":"10.5586/asbp/162050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp/162050","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents new data on the occurrence of 16 vascular plant species from five Eurasian countries obtained during field explorations, as well as during taxonomic revisions of herbarium materials. Five taxa (Draba fladnizensis, Gentiana orbicularis, Helianthus giganteus, Symphyotrichum cordifolium, Thalictrum alpinum) are recorded for the first time from Poland, five (Achnatherum jacquemontii, Arrhenatherum elatius, Dittrichia graveolens, Geranium pyrenaicum, Stipa × balkanabatica) from Tajikistan, three (Achnatherum sibiricum, Asyneuma thomsonii, Stipa × balkanabatica) from Kyrgyzstan, one (Orobanche bartlingii) from Turkey, one (Calamagrostis obtusata) from China and one (Calamagrostis emodensis) from the Gansu Province in China. In addition, Hieracium piliferum, considered extinct in Poland, was rediscovered. For each species, synonyms, taxonomy with remarks on recognition and differentiation of the species from the most similar taxa occurring in a given area, general distribution, habitat preferences, as well as a list of recorded localities (often far from the previously known areas) are presented. As a result of the morphological comparison of specimens representing Stipa × balkanabatica collected in Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan with the type specimen collected from Turkmenistan, we decided to describe a new variety named S. × balkanabatica var. alaiensis M. Nobis & Klichowska, var. nov. Additionally, based on the analysis of phytosociological relevés prepared during field studies in the western Pamir Alai Mts (in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan), a new association of chasmophytic plants named Asperulo oppositifoliae–Achnatheretum jacquemontii M. Nobis, Klichowska & A. Nowak, is also described.","PeriodicalId":7157,"journal":{"name":"Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46666087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Secondary Metabolite Production in Callus Culture of Verbascum scamandri Murb. 狼牙愈伤组织培养中次生代谢产物的产生。

IF 1 4区生物学

Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae Pub Date : 2023-05-05 DOI: 10.5586/asbp/165894

E. Cambaz, Nurşen Çördük

{"title":"Secondary Metabolite Production in Callus Culture of Verbascum scamandri Murb.","authors":"E. Cambaz, Nurşen Çördük","doi":"10.5586/asbp/165894","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp/165894","url":null,"abstract":"Verbascum scamandri Murb. known as \"Kazdağı Mullein\" is an endemic species in Türkiye and is classified as an endangered (EN) species. The aim of this study is to establish an efficient callus culture for V. scamandri and analyze the amounts of verbascoside, luteolin, and aucubin metabolites of calli samples. Leaf explants were cultured on MS medium with cytokinin (BAP, Kin, 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3 mg/L) and auxin (NAA, 2,4-D, 0, 0.1, 0.5, 1 mg/L), 1 g/L PVP, 3% sucrose, and 0.7% agar for callus induction. Callus tissue in MS with 2 mg/L Kin, 0.5 mg/L Kin+0.5 mg/L 2,4-D, 2 mg/L Kin+0.5 mg/L 2,4-D, and 3 mg/L Kin+0.5 mg/L 2,4-D was proliferated in MS basal medium containing PGR at the same concentrations and combinations as the callus induction media. Verbascoside, luteolin, and aucubin were quantified in leaf samples of the in vivo collected plants, leaf samples of in vitro growing plants, and calli using HPLC-DAD. According to the results, the verbascoside content in the leaf of collected plants was 7.03 mg/g, luteolin was 0.66 mg/g, and aucubin was 2.99 mg/g. The leaf of in vitro plants had 1.62 mg/g verbascoside, 0.18 mg/g luteolin, and 1.32 mg/g aucubin. Whereas, the maximum content of secondary metabolites in the callus samples was observed 13.77 mg/g verbascoside in MS medium with 2 mg/L Kin, 0.51 mg/g luteolin in MS medium with 2 mg/L Kin+0.5 mg/L 2,4-D, and 9.32 mg/g aucubin in 0.5 mg/L Kin+0.5 mg/L 2,4-D.","PeriodicalId":7157,"journal":{"name":"Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43503395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Centenary of Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 植物学报百年

IF 1 4区生物学

Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae Pub Date : 2023-04-04 DOI: 10.5586/asbp/161979

Jakub Sawicki, Marcin Nobis, Katarzyna Krawczyk

引用次数: 0

CsCLE3 delays female flower anthesis in cucumber CsCLE3延迟黄瓜雌花的开花

IF 1 4区生物学

Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae Pub Date : 2023-03-17 DOI: 10.5586/asbp.9204

Mingyue Lei, Xiaofei Song, Jinshuang Zheng, Chengzhen Sun, Liying Yan

{"title":"CsCLE3 delays female flower anthesis in cucumber","authors":"Mingyue Lei, Xiaofei Song, Jinshuang Zheng, Chengzhen Sun, Liying Yan","doi":"10.5586/asbp.9204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp.9204","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A corolla opening is a necessary process affecting the quality of fruits and market competitiveness in cucumber (Cucumis sativus). In the previous paper, we identified a unique cucumber line (‘6457’) that possesses extra-long ovaries and shows a delayed corolla opening when nutrient supplies are abundant. We also previously showed that the expression of CsCLE3 (Csa4G627800) is correlated with the delayed opening of the female corolla. Here, we investigated the function of CsCLE3 in cucumber by conducting transgenic experiments and phenotypic analysis. The results showed that the expression of CsCLE3 in the extra-long ovary was significantly lower than in the typical ovary. In CsCLE3-overexpressed plants, the capacity to produce extra-long ovaries was lost, and the average rates of the extra-long ovary and the extra-long ovary plant were both 0%. In the CsCLE3 knockout plants obtained by the CRISPR/Cas9 system, the average extra-long ovary and extra-long ovary plant rates were significantly higher- 66.67% and 100%, respectively. Our study proved a negative regulating corolla opening time factor and provides new insight into the molecular basis of cucumber reproduction, producing fruits with flowers remaining on the tip.","PeriodicalId":7157,"journal":{"name":"Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47918607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Traditional ecological knowledge of bamboo in the Dulong community of northwestern Yunnan, China 滇西北独龙族竹的传统生态知识

IF 1 4区生物学

Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.5586/asbp.9203

Zhuo Cheng, Yanxiao Fan, Xianming Hu, Qiong Fang, Xiaona Lu, B. Luo, Yingchun Li, Zhengjun He, Chunlin Long

{"title":"Traditional ecological knowledge of bamboo in the Dulong community of northwestern Yunnan, China","authors":"Zhuo Cheng, Yanxiao Fan, Xianming Hu, Qiong Fang, Xiaona Lu, B. Luo, Yingchun Li, Zhengjun He, Chunlin Long","doi":"10.5586/asbp.9203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp.9203","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The Dulong people have accumulated a wealth of traditional botanical knowledge (TBK) over a long period on bamboo use to adapt to their living environment, which impacts many aspects of the life, culture, and creative productivity of the Dulong people. However, research on TBK associated with bamboo in Dulong communities is still lacking. It is urgent to investigate and document the TBK related to bamboo in the context of rapid economic development and social changes in Dulong communities. Field surveys were conducted four times between 2019 and 2020. Thirty informants were selected using snowball sampling and were interviewed using free lists and semi-structured interviews. Most informants were or had been engaged in bamboo collection and weaving. The participatory observation approach has also been applied to field surveys. The use value (UV) of bamboo species and the relative frequency of citations (RFC) were used to evaluate and compare the importance of bamboo plants used by the Dulong people. Through ethnoecological investigations, 12 bamboo species belonging to seven genera traditionally used by the Dulong people and TBK associated with bamboo were recorded. Phyllostachys sulphurea, Dendrocalamus fugongensis, and Fargesia pleniculmis were the most valuable and favored species, as indicated by their relatively high RFC and UV indices. The Dulong people have accumulated a wealth of TBK associated with bamboo and are familiar with the distribution, ecology, morphology, characteristics, and purpose of bamboo species in the Dulongjiang region. These bamboo plants and their traditional knowledge have great potential for conserving the local biodiversity and sustainable development. In the future, we will increase the growth of industries related to bamboo plants, such as bamboo shoots as food, bamboo as medication, bamboo for the weaving industry, and bamboo for biocultural diversity conservation.","PeriodicalId":7157,"journal":{"name":"Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47338338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Application of in vitro culture and biotechnology for the protection of endangered national plant species in Poland 体外培养和生物技术在波兰濒危国家植物物种保护中的应用

IF 1 4区生物学

Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae Pub Date : 2023-02-09 DOI: 10.5586/asbp.9202

Bożena Pawłowska, Agata Ptak

{"title":"Application of in vitro culture and biotechnology for the protection of endangered national plant species in Poland","authors":"Bożena Pawłowska, Agata Ptak","doi":"10.5586/asbp.9202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp.9202","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In Poland, research applying in vitro techniques to protect endangered national plant species began 30 years ago. Scientists from approximately 10 research centers comprising universities, research institutes, and botanical gardens, have conducted the most significant studies to date. In this paper, we review the knowledge and experience accumulated over the last few decades regarding the micropropagation of more than 40 wild Polish plant species. This research covered all groups of plants: ferns, monocotyledons, dicotyledons, and woody species. Most studies have focused on dicotyledon classes and species belonging to eight botanical families. Among them the first research was on the use of in vitro cultures for the protection of endangered plants of the Droseraceae family. Several micropropagation protocols have been established, in which organogenesis is a more frequently used morphogenetic pathway for plant propagation than somatic embryogenesis. The major aspects investigated included the selection of an appropriate initial explant and optimization of the medium composition. An embryogenic cell suspension culture was established, and a technology for obtaining artificial seeds was developed. Some studies have extended the acclimatization of plants to ex vitro conditions. Recent studies, apart from in vitro techniques, have also used molecular biology and genetic techniques, which may support the implementation of plant regeneration systems developed in Poland to protect endangered species.","PeriodicalId":7157,"journal":{"name":"Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41674540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0