ACS Es&t Water最新文献

{"title":"Enhancing Resource Recovery through Electro-Assisted Regeneration of an Ammonia-Selective Cation Exchange Resin","authors":"Edward Apraku, Chloe M. Laguna, Robert M. Wood, Neha Sharma, Hang Dong, William A. Tarpeh","doi":"10.1021/acsestwater.4c00543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.4c00543","url":null,"abstract":"Ammonia-selective adsorbents can manage reactive nitrogen in the environment and promote a circular nutrient economy. Weak acid cation exchangers loaded with zinc exhibit high ammonia selectivity but face two implementation barriers: the stability of the zinc–carboxylate bond in complex wastewaters and energy- and logistics-intensive adsorbent regeneration with acidic solutions. In this study, we examined the stability of zinc–carboxylate bonds in varying solutions (pure ammonium solution, synthetic urine, and real urine) and during electro-assisted regeneration. For electrochemical regeneration, both electrolyte concentration and current density influenced the trade-off between ammonia regeneration and zinc elution. Using 10 mM K₂SO₄ anolyte at a 0.08 mA/cm² current density, we achieved 4% zinc elution and 61% ammonia regeneration. In contrast, using 100 mM K₂SO₄ at 4.96 mA/cm² improved the regeneration efficiency to 97% but eluted 60% of zinc. We found that electrolyte concentration was the key factor influencing the regeneration efficiency of the NH₃-selective adsorbents. Due to prevalent zinc elution, we designed an <i>in situ</i> procedure for reforming the zinc–carboxylate bond and achieved similar adsorption densities between pre- and post-regenerated resins, thus enabling multiple cycle resin use. Ultimately, this study advances understanding of ammonia-selective resins that can facilitate high-purity, selective, and durable recovery of nutrients from waste streams.","PeriodicalId":7078,"journal":{"name":"ACS Es&t Water","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142254046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High Selective Electrocatalysis Dehydrogenation of Isopropanol to Acetone with Cobenefits: Carboxylic Acids Coproduction","authors":"Wen-Ta Yang, Yu-Jung Liu, Ju-Yen Shen, Sofia Ya Hsuan Liou","doi":"10.1021/acsestwater.4c00397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.4c00397","url":null,"abstract":"The existing on-site treatment of residual 2-propanol (IPA) in semiconductor factories results in evaporation into the atmosphere, causing cross-contamination of water and air pollution. Various treatment technologies have been assessed, but many either generate pollution or cannot recover IPA. Alternatively, IPA undergoes oxidation during distillation, transforming into acetone, another substance regulated under wastewater treatment standards. This study explored electrochemical oxidation (EO) as a method for selectively mineralizing IPA in wastewater. The high flow rate and complex byproducts of IPA wastewater necessitate advanced approaches for efficient treatment. Employing a well-enclosed EO reactor, this research characterized radical and active chlorine species in depth, elucidating their composition, mechanisms, and roles in removing IPA and its intermediates. Hydroxyl radicals (•OH) were identified as the most reactive species, as they fully removed IPA in 5 h in a chloride-free system. The introduction of electrogenerated active chlorine species proved to be highly efficient for treatment, especially in a 150 mM NaCl electrolyte at an initial pH of 5, which is suitable for wastewater containing high chlorine concentrations. This approach not only effectively mitigates acetone generation but also enhances IPA mineralization, presenting a viable treatment option without the need for additional chemicals.","PeriodicalId":7078,"journal":{"name":"ACS Es&t Water","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142254040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D-Printing Technologies for Environmental and Water Applications","authors":"Sheng Guo, Yifu Ding, Kun Zhou","doi":"10.1021/acsestwater.4c00780","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.4c00780","url":null,"abstract":"Three-dimensional (3D) printing, also termed additive manufacturing, is a versatile fabrication technique capable of constructing virtually any geometrically complex object. Due to their cost-effectiveness, rapid production, and precise control over target structures, 3D-printing technologies have gained widespread attention and have been extensively applied in various environmental and water-related applications, such as environmental detection, wastewater treatment, water splitting, oil–water separation, and desalination. In response to this trend, we are honored to publish this new special issue entitled “3D Printing Technologies for Environmental and Water Applications” in &lt;i&gt;ACS ES&amp;T Water&lt;/i&gt; showcasing the latest reviews, advancements, and challenges encountered in applying 3D-printing technologies to address environmental and water-related issues. This special issue includes two review papers, eight research articles, and a viewpoint article covering a wide spectrum of environmental and water-related topics: (1) water treatment via adsorption, photocatalysis, and advanced oxidation processes, (2) environmental detection, (3) design of environmental devices, and (4) membrane separation. Majooni et al. (1) presented a comprehensive overview of 3D-printed nanomaterials utilized in water treatment and highlighted the critical role of nanoenabled 3D-printed structures in improving conventional water treatment strategies. Meanwhile, Ibrahim and Hilal (2) summarized the positive aspects of surface patterning of membranes on their performances, indicating that upon overcoming the challenges of material compatibility, reproducibility, and limited resolution, 3D-printing technologies will hold great potential to enhance membrane performances in the domain of water treatment. In the work of Fung et al., (3) the microstreaming behaviors of air bubbles trapped in 3D-printed Helmholtz structures were explored, revealing that acoustically induced fluidic streaming can potentially be employed to mitigate membrane fouling, which constitutes the most significant problem in membrane processes. In their article, Wang et al. (4) emphasized that further research should prioritize advancements in 3D-printing software, innovation in the design of printable structures, the expansion of 3D-printable material options, and optimizing the efficiency of 3D printers. These endeavors are essential for facilitating the widespread application of 3D-printing technologies and accelerating their development in membrane-related research fields. Peroxymonosulfate (PMS)- and sulfite [S(IV)]-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are effective strategies for addressing the issue of water pollution. Inspired by these approaches, Guo et al. (5) and Yang et al. (6) developed novel 3D hierarchical porous copper (3D-Cu) catalysts for degrading antibiotics through PMS and S(IV) activation, respectively. Notably, both catalysts can maintain high performance with respect to tetra","PeriodicalId":7078,"journal":{"name":"ACS Es&t Water","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142254045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global Supply Chains are Becoming Conducive to Water Saving in India","authors":"Qiumeng Zhong, Mengting Yi, Jiajing Pan, Sai Liang","doi":"10.1021/acsestwater.4c00419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.4c00419","url":null,"abstract":"India is an emerging region in global socioeconomic development and international trade and has the largest freshwater withdrawals worldwide. India’s water use is affected by changes in domestic and foreign socioeconomic development. However, socioeconomic driving factors of India’s water use in the context of global supply chains have not been investigated. This study explored the impacts of domestic and foreign socioeconomic transitions on water use in India during 1995–2020. Results show that the effect of the change in water use intensity on reducing India’s water use has gradually diminished and even led to water use increments in recent years (+11 billion m³ (BCM) during 2010–2020). Notably, the changes in global economic structures show significant potential for water saving in India (−15 BCM during 1995–2020). The change in the domestic final demand structure was a critical factor contributing to water saving in India (−58 BCM during 1995–2020). In particular, the changes in production structures (both domestic and foreign) and foreign final demand structures have shifted from contributing to India’s water use increments to water use reductions. This study highlights the importance of global economic structure optimization and international cooperation for water savings in India.","PeriodicalId":7078,"journal":{"name":"ACS Es&t Water","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142254041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using Optimization to Investigate the Adaptive Operation of Reservoirs under the Context of Climate Crisis","authors":"Nguyen Thi Thuy Hang, Hidetaka Chikamori, Cong-Thanh Tran, Tri Nguyen-Quang","doi":"10.1021/acsestwater.4c00389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.4c00389","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the climate change impacts on the performance of the Thac Mo reservoir in Vietnam throughout the release duration from December to June of the following year. The adaptative optimization operating rules during two periods, 2029–2064 and 2064–2099, were analyzed. Precipitation and temperature of three shared socioeconomic pathway (SSP) scenarios (SSP1–P2.6, SSP2–4.5, and SSP5–8.5) of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) derived from the global climate model (GCM) Meteorological Research Institute Earth System Model version 2.0 (MRI-ESM2–0) were used for inflow prediction. Due to the decreased inflow, the current operating rule would almost lead to a decrease in hydropower production of two periods of SSP1–P2.6, SSP2–4.5, and SSP5–8.5 scenarios of −3.9, 0.7, −7.6, −6.7, −6.3, and 7.0% and an increase in water scarcity, with the respective amount of water deficit by 20.4, 6.8, 33.2, 31.3, 30.2, and 28.3% compared to the base period (1987–2022). The improved power production of 7.1, 7.1, 7.3, 6.2, 6.9, and 6.8% and reduced water shortage of −40.2, −42.7, −37.2, −43.4, −40.8, and −39.0% can be achieved by applying the nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) optimization technique under different periods and scenarios. This approach has the potential to mitigate climate change effects on future reservoir operations.","PeriodicalId":7078,"journal":{"name":"ACS Es&t Water","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142203174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dual Role of Cu2+ in the Physiological Growth and Metabolism of Microcystis aeruginosa","authors":"Lingping Zhang, Yunjia Wu, Pei Lei, Wen-Ming Xie, Jin-e Liu, Han Meng, Shiyin Li, Huan He, Guoxiang Wang, Limin Zhang","doi":"10.1021/acsestwater.4c00676","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.4c00676","url":null,"abstract":"Cyanobacterial bloom is prevalent in freshwater of China and usually controlled by CuSO₄. However, the remaining available Cu²⁺ effects on cyanobacterial growth and metabolism have not been fully investigated. Therefore, we here investigated different CuSO₄ concentrations on the growth and metabolism of typical toxic cyanobacteria, <i>Microcystis aeruginosa</i>. The results showed that low CuSO₄ concentrations (&lt;0.1 mg/L) facilitate algal growth, photosynthesis, and enzyme activity activities. Conversely, high CuSO₄ concentrations (&gt;0.1 mg/L) inhibited the growth and markedly reduced the photosynthesis of oxidative enzymes. Notably, the algae secreted more extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) and released microcystin to mitigate the high Cu²⁺ stress compared to low concentrations. Moreover, the results illustrated how Cu²⁺ influenced the expression of key genes on the mRNA level. Specifically, <i>capD</i> (coded for polysaccharides), <i>mcy</i> (microcystin), and <i>furA</i> (<i>mcy</i> promoter) genes, were upregulated in high CuSO₄ concentrations, while the photosynthetic <i>rbcL</i> gene was downregulated. The <i>furA</i> regulated the <i>mcy</i> gene cluster promoter, which indirectly mediated the microcystin release. The upregulation of the complex genes revealed the intricate genetic responses of <i>M. aeruginosa</i> to Cu²⁺ stress. This study explored the dual roles of CuSO₄ in algae growth and molecular mechanisms, providing a new perspective on understanding the risks of algaecides application.","PeriodicalId":7078,"journal":{"name":"ACS Es&t Water","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142226139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rebuttal to Correspondence on “Tracking Sources and Dissemination of Indicator Antibiotic Resistance Genes at a Watershed Scale”","authors":"Emily Garner, Mehedi Hasan Tarek, Jason A. Hubbart","doi":"10.1021/acsestwater.4c00483","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.4c00483","url":null,"abstract":"We thank Kirschner et al. for their recent commentary on potential opportunities for DNA loss during nucleic acid extraction within the context of monitoring environmental antibiotic resistance, using the example of our recent study. (1) In response, we submitted several relevant points. First, we appreciate the learning of the potential for bias introduced through the loss of DNA that can result from the sorption of nucleic acids to inorganic particles, affecting extraction efficiency. Given that this potential bias is not widely documented yet is relevant to potentially thousands of studies across the entire field of environmental DNA monitoring, this is an important opportunity to reconsider whether additional quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) are needed in studies of environmental DNA. However, a critical evaluation of the need for this type of QA/QC should be placed within the broader context of the field. In particular, the field would benefit from a comprehensive summary of the state of knowledge on this topic and identifying research needs as this information is currently lacking. In ref (1), our team used appropriate controls as outlined by the Environmental Microbiology Minimum Information (EMMI) guidelines (2) and other best practices in the field, (3,4) such as those outlined in the recent Water Research Foundation report, “Standardizing Methods with QA/QC Standards for Investigating the Occurrence and Removal of Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria/Antibiotic Resistance Genes (ARB/ARGs) in Surface Water, Wastewater, and Recycled Water”. (5) The best practices used in our study included robust negative controls to evaluate contamination and the use of a dilution series to evaluate polymerase chain reaction (PCR) inhibition. However, we were not aware of the potential for DNA loss in this manner associated with sorption to inorganic particles, nor is that information available in protocols that are currently widely implemented in the field. Second, standardization and appropriate controls to ensure QA/QC are critical, but further research is needed to better understand what factors contribute to the impaired extraction efficiency and to identify appropriate controls. For example, Kirschner et al. propose using a defined target cell standard as a standard process control strain (DeTaCS), (6) but this practice has not been evaluated for use as a sample process control in monitoring environmental antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This is particularly important because while studies quantifying a gene originating from a single target organism may be appropriately evaluated using DeTaCS, using DeTaCS for evaluating the recovery of ARGs, which can originate from various target hosts within a single sample, introduces additional complexity. While the potential need for further QA/QC is clear, additional research is needed to determine the most effective approach for implementing these sample process controls within the context of environme","PeriodicalId":7078,"journal":{"name":"ACS Es&t Water","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142203175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geochemical and Hydrological Controls on Manganese in a Weakly-Stratified Drinking Water Reservoir","authors":"Yi Sang, Olivia Pietz, Emily Christiansen, Lena Abu-Ali, Christopher J. Pollock, Christopher W. Sinton, Roxanna Johnston, Matthew C. Reid","doi":"10.1021/acsestwater.4c00355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.4c00355","url":null,"abstract":"Reservoir stratification can lead to high concentrations of dissolved manganese (Mn) in the raw water intake of water treatment facilities, complicating treatment processes. Pathways for Mn release to and precipitation in stratified lakes are not fully understood. We monitored Mn and other water quality parameters in a transiently stratified reservoir in New York State in 2021 and 2022. Moderate drought conditions in 2022 increased the duration of stratification, leading to Mn concentrations up to 35 μM in the raw water intake. Mixed Mn-calcium (Ca) carbonates, but not rhodochrosite (MnCO₃), were supersaturated in the epilimnion, and (Ca,Mn)CO₃ minerals were identified in suspended particulates using X-ray absorption spectroscopy. However, it was unclear whether Mn-bearing carbonates precipitated in the water column or were suspended from lake-bottom sediments, which consisted of 31% (Ca,Mn)CO₃ based on EXAFS analysis. The prevalence of Mn(II) in lake-bottom sediments suggests that reductive dissolution of sedimentary Mn(III/IV) oxides is not the only trigger for Mn release into stratified water columns and that pH-driven effects may also influence Mn release. Warmer temperatures and drier weather under climate change are expected to increase stratification in lakes and reservoirs, likely exacerbating problems associated with high Mn concentrations in surface drinking water sources.","PeriodicalId":7078,"journal":{"name":"ACS Es&t Water","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142203176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Engineering Ni-MOF/g-C3N4 Composite-Infused Polysulfone Membranes with Optimal Rejection, Flux, Antifouling, and Photocatalytic Properties for Wastewater Treatment","authors":"Gayathri Karthik, Sakar Mohan, R. Geetha Balakrishna","doi":"10.1021/acsestwater.4c00451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.4c00451","url":null,"abstract":"Nickel-based metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) with different ligands (terephthalic acid and 2-amino terephthalic acid) were developed and integrated with g-C₃N₄ (GCN) to construct a heterojunction-based composite photocatalyst. This composite was further incorporated into the polysulfone (PSF) at varying concentrations (3, 5, and 7 wt %) to fabricate photocatalytic membranes for the separation and degradation of dyes (rhodamine B/RhB and Congo red/CR) in wastewater. Structural and physiochemical investigations of the developed composites revealed that the Ni-MOF exhibits ligand-dependent properties, influencing both the membrane and photocatalytic properties of the system. Particularly, the Ni-MOF with 2-amino terephthalic acid/g-C₃N₄ (NATP/GCN) composite-infused membranes (NGM-5) demonstrated improved rejection, flux, antifouling, and photocatalytic degradation properties due to the favorable physiochemical features of the NATP/GCN composite. As a result, the NGM-5 showed an enhanced water flux of around 30.9 L/m²/h, while it is ∼25 L/m²/h in the case of bare membrane. The dye (RhB and CR) rejection efficacy of this NGM-5 is around 92 and 88%, respectively, which is double the times higher than that of the bare. Similarly, the RhB/CR dye solution flux of NGM-5 is around 42.3/55.4%, respectively, while it is only around 18.7/14.2% in the case of the bare-membrane. In addition, all modified-membranes showed enhanced fouling resistance compared to bare membranes, estimated through reversible and irreversible-fouling estimations. Furthermore, the photocatalytic efficiency of NGM-5 is appreciable, which degraded around 13.3/6.1% of RhB/CR dye, respectively, under sunlight. This included favorable chemical/electrostatic interactions of the composite with the membrane, leading to a rough surface with improved pore features and channels for effective separation of dyes and suitable band structure to perform effective redox reactions for efficient degradation of the dye molecules under sunlight. These observed results demonstrate that modifying membranes with rationally engineered photocatalysts can have a significant impact on developing multifaceted and dynamic photocatalytic membranes for sustainable applications in membrane-based wastewater treatment technologies.","PeriodicalId":7078,"journal":{"name":"ACS Es&t Water","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142203179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combined Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analyses of Fungal Spore Inactivation in a Continuous UV-LED Reactor: Kinetics, Mechanisms, and Batch Reactor Comparison","authors":"Qiqi Wan, Yiwei Han, Ruihua Cao, Jingyi Wang, Tinglin Huang, Gang Wen","doi":"10.1021/acsestwater.4c00554","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.4c00554","url":null,"abstract":"The contamination of water by fungi poses a potential threat to water quality and safety. UV light emitting diodes (LEDs) have become commercially available, while the majority of studies utilize static batch reactors rather than continuous flow reactors. In this study, the inactivation of three dominant waterborne fungal species by UV-LEDs and their combination with chlorine (Cl₂) was conducted in a continuous reactor. The results revealed that the continuous reactor showed lower inactivation rate constants (<i>k</i>) than the batch reactor due to the heterogeneous hydraulic conditions. Specifically, the addition of Cl₂ in the UV-LED continuous reactor enhanced the disinfection efficiency and inhibited photoreactivation; the survival ratios (8 h photoreactivation) of the three fungal species after UV-LED/Cl₂ inactivation were lower than 10% in the continuous reactor. Cultivability of fungal spores inactivated by UV-LEDs and UV-LED/Cl₂ in a continuous reactor was destroyed first, followed by the loss of membrane integrity. Simultaneously, the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level increased, disrupting cellular antioxidant functions gradually and ultimately leading to complete cell inactivation. Analysis of transcriptomics and metabolomics indicated that there was an upregulation of cytochrome <i>c</i> in the inactivation of <i>Aspergillus niger</i> by UV-LEDs and UV-LED/Cl₂, corroborating the apoptosis of fungal cells during these disinfection processes.","PeriodicalId":7078,"journal":{"name":"ACS Es&t Water","volume":"106 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142203177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}