美国气候变化期刊(英文)最新文献

{"title":"International Cooperation in Adaptation to Climate Change: Foreign Agendas or Local Necessities?","authors":"Paulina Virues-Contreras, Laura Ruelas Monjardin, Beatriz Del Valle-Cárdenas","doi":"10.4236/ajcc.2020.94030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ajcc.2020.94030","url":null,"abstract":"The paper aims to analyze climate change adaptation projects funded from international cooperation in Veracruz, which is a Mexican state. They used 5 criteria based on international, national and local dimensions as well as their relation to climate adaptation. From this evaluation, they were able to determine that the results were particularly negative. Mostly, because the objectives set by donor countries are scarcely related to the objectives and priorities of recipient countries, in this case developing countries, which are the most vulnerable to climate change. This provides insight into international collaborative projects in developing states and their impact on the socioeconomic, environmental and vulnerable ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":69702,"journal":{"name":"美国气候变化期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43019590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Rainfall Variations in South Region, Cameroon","authors":"Séverin Mbog Mbog, B. V. Bot, O. T. Sosso, Lizzette Nsobih, D. Bitondo","doi":"10.4236/ajcc.2020.94026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ajcc.2020.94026","url":null,"abstract":"This study of rainfall variation in the south region of Cameroon has as objective to evaluate the present climate trends in the south region using weather data from 1960 to 2010. To achieve this objective, daily and monthly rainfall data were collected from the Ebolowa weather station. Results of this study show that generally, the south has an average of 1807 mm of rainfall in an average of 165 days. Two rainfall regimes were recognized, the bimodal with four seasons: two dry and two rainy seasons and occupies 88% of the region climatic system. The trimodal with six seasons three dry and three rainy seasons and occupies 22% of the region climatic system. Despite this seasonal repetition, rainfall is experienced in all the months of the year within the 50 years’ study period, with constant seasonal displacement and compensation within the seasons. Generally, there is a constant decrease in rainfall and number of days of rainfall but rainfall is decreasing faster than the number of days and the rainfall patterns are more or less irregular.","PeriodicalId":69702,"journal":{"name":"美国气候变化期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42608867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improvement of Rainfall Prediction Model by Using Fuzzy Logic","authors":"M. Rahman","doi":"10.4236/ajcc.2020.94024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ajcc.2020.94024","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the improvement of the fuzzy inference model for predicting rainfall. Fuzzy rule based system is used in this study to predict rainfall. Fuzzy inference is the actual procedure of mapping with a given set of input and output through a set of fuzzy systems. Two operations were performed on the fuzzy logic model; the fuzzification operation and defuzzification operation. This study is obtaining two input variables and one output variable. The input variables are temperature and wind speed at a particular time and output variable is the amount of predictable rainfall. Temperature, wind speed and rainfall have to construct eight equations for different categories and which are shows the diagram of the graph. Fuzzy levels and membership functions obtained after minimum composition of inference part of the fuzzifications done for temperature and wind speed are considered as they represent the environmental condition enhance a rainfall occurrence which is effect on agricultural production.","PeriodicalId":69702,"journal":{"name":"美国气候变化期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41590939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dagupan River Basin Exposure and Vulnerability Assessment of Buildings Extracted from LiDAR Derived Datasets","authors":"A. M. Paz-Alberto, José A. Espíritu, K. M. Mapanao","doi":"10.4236/ajcc.2020.94029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ajcc.2020.94029","url":null,"abstract":"The Philippines has a geographical and geological setting of a typhoon-prone country. Tropical cyclones have a high incidence of passing through the Philippine islands during the months of September to November with an average time overland at 11 hours north of 14.5° contrasted to 20 hours south of 14.5°. Due to the frequent occurrence of typhoons and tropical cyclones in this country, most of the provinces of the Philippines experience flood-related disasters that affect the people, their livelihood and many infrastructures. It is deemed necessary for the Philippines to come up with strategies to prevent further damage to its people and their properties. In this study, through the use of important parameters such as earth observations, Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) and Geographic Information System (GIS), assessment of buildings in Dagupan, the Philippines with the possibility of being affected by floods during different typhoon scenarios was done. GIS overlay analysis of the CLSU Phil-LiDAR 1 Project outputs, the 3D building GIS database, and flood hazard maps was done for the assessment. One (1) meter resolution LiDAR Digital Elevation Models (DEMs), geo-tagged video captured data and high-resolution images in Google Earth were used for processing and analysis to produce a 3D building GIS database. HEC HMS and HEC RAS were used to develop flood models that were used to produce flood hazard maps with different hazard levels. The results of this study were the series of flood exposure maps and vulnerability maps with statistics at different rainfall scenarios. Moreover, the buildings that will be affected by flood in the area were quantified and these were categorized according to their type. It was observed that as the rainfall return period increases, the number of buildings predicted to be exposed and vulnerable to flood also increases. The houses, business establishments, government offices, hospitals and other building types that are at risk of being affected by the flood were counted. Through analysis, it was predicted that there is a higher risk of building exposure and vulnerability during the 100-year rainfall return period. Out of the 71,884 buildings extracted from the area, a predicted 69,214 buildings will be exposed to flood during the 100-year rainfall return period, 59,137 buildings, 9253 buildings, 824 buildings at low, medium and high flood hazard level, respectively. Moreover, a total of 9297 buildings are foreseen to be vulnerable to flood, 4614 buildings, 4368 buildings, 315 buildings at low, medium and high flood hazard levels, respectively. The maps produced through the study are a valuable asset for the development and preparedness of the community in the Dagupan floodplain. Warnings and other information on evacuation measures will be easier to disseminate through the use of the produced maps in this study.","PeriodicalId":69702,"journal":{"name":"美国气候变化期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42183825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the Correlation between Forest Degradation and Climate Variability in the Oluwa Forest Reserve, Ondo State, Nigeria","authors":"Felix Ndukson Buba, E. N. Gajere, Ferdinand Fang Ngum","doi":"10.4236/ajcc.2020.94023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ajcc.2020.94023","url":null,"abstract":"Between 1981 and 1994, Nigeria lost 3.7 million hectares of its forests. It is estimated that less than 4% of Nigeria’s rainforest cover is left. Reckless use and abuse of the forest reserves in Nigeria lead to degradation. However, the relationship between forest degradation and climate variability has not been clearly elucidated. This study assesses the trend of forest degradation between 1986, 2002 and 2014 in the study area and also examines the correlation between forest degradation and climate variability using temperature and rainfall parameters. Classification of Landsat images (TM 1986, ETM+ 2002, and OLI 2014) and change analysis using NDVI values of three-timed period were performed to observe forest degradation in the study area. NDVI values were calculated by combining bands 4 (near infrared) and 3 (visible red) for Landsat TM and ETM+ and bands 5 (near infrared) and 4 (visible red) for Landsat OLI using the spatial analysis extension in ArcGIS environment Linear regression statistical analysis was employed to determine the correlation between forest degradation and climate variability. The results show a fluctuation in the trend of forest degradation, while a positive correlation coefficient of 0.58 shows that there is a relationship between forest degradation and temperature and rainfall variability. The study concludes that though there is a positive correlation between forest degradation and climate variability in the study area, the relationship is weak and not strong enough to make generalizations.","PeriodicalId":69702,"journal":{"name":"美国气候变化期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49016040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Extreme Precipitation Intensity on Tea Production in the North-East of Bangladesh","authors":"M. Farukh, M. A. Rahman, S. Sarker, M. Islam","doi":"10.4236/ajcc.2020.94028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ajcc.2020.94028","url":null,"abstract":"Bangladesh is a flood prone country where precipitation amount is irregular but sometimes extreme. Among the climatic parameters, precipitation is assumed as one of the vital indicators of ongoing climate change scenarios and is equally important for tea production. In this study, 7 and 9 tea estates of Sylhet and Sreemangal were selected to analyze tea production in relation to extreme precipitation intensity. Precipitation patterns namely 90th, 95th and 99th percentile were analyzed to find out the contribution of extreme precipitation and tea production. To attain the objectives, 3 hourly, daily, monthly, and total precipitation data from 1971 to 2014 were collected from Bangladesh Meteorological Department and Bangladesh Agricultural Development Board. Tea production data were collected from Bangladesh Tea Board, Sylhet. To find out extreme level of precipitation 90th, 95th, 99th percentile precipitation days were identified and analyzed. The analyses show that 1974, 1976, 1977, 1993, 1988, 1990, 2000, 2001, 2002, and 2004 were extreme precipitation years. The average precipitation of Sylhet was higher in 2000 than in 1992 and 2014. In Sreemangal, extreme precipitation was higher in 2014 than in 1992 and 2000. For both the regions, tea production was higher in 2000 and lower in 1992 and 2014. The result shows that more extreme precipitation was responsible for higher amount of tea production. The results suggest that extreme precipitation intensity was one of the responsible factors for higher amount of tea production in Sylhet and Sreemangal.","PeriodicalId":69702,"journal":{"name":"美国气候变化期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44352797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soil Carbon Sequestrations in Forest Soils in Relation to Parent Material and Soil Depth in South-Eastern Nigeria","authors":"C. Chris-Emenyonu, E. Onweremadu, J. Njoku, C. Ahukaemere, Benarden Ngozi Aririguzo","doi":"10.4236/ajcc.2020.94025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ajcc.2020.94025","url":null,"abstract":"There has been increased interest in soil organic carbon in recent times because of its role in carbon sequestration. Different parent materials affect soil properties and hence will influence how much carbon is sequestered by soil. The study was conducted in June 2019 to investigate soil carbon stock in forest soils with respect to their parent materials in three States in South-eastern Nigeria. Sampling was aided by the location map of the area and free soil survey method was used to locate sampling points. 0ne profile was dug in each location and described using the Food and Agricultural Organization guideline. A total of twelve soil samples were collected and analyzed for selected properties. Results showed that sand content was significantly higher in soils under coastal plain sands (851.96 g·kg−1) and was lowest in soils of Imo clay shale (605.60 g·kg−1). Clay content was higher in soils of Imo clay shale (277.34 g·kg−1) and was lowest in coastal plain sand (118.80 g·kg−1). Silt and clay had moderate variation in coastal plain sand (>15 ≤ 35%) and high variations in Asu River and Imo clay shale (CV > 35%). The soils studied were generally acidic with values ranging (3.52) in soils formed from coastal plain sand, followed by forest soils of Imo clay shale (3.64) and Asu river group (3.85). Soil organic carbon decreased with increase in soil depth in all soil parent materials studied. Mean values ranged from 6.14 g·kg−1 in soil underlain by coastal plain sand to 10.62 g·kg−1) in soils of Imo clay shale. Soil carbon sequestered under the three different parent materials ranged from 1575 - 4676.41 (g·cm−2). Also, soil depth had a notable impact on carbon sequestration with values ranging from 1529.42 - 4374.0541 (g·cm−2) and the thicker the horizon, the more carbon sequestered. Hence, the study concluded that more carbon is sequestered in the subsurface horizons of the soil pedons than in the epipedons.","PeriodicalId":69702,"journal":{"name":"美国气候变化期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43847651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Climate Variability on Yams (Dioscorea spp.) Production in Central and Northern Benin","authors":"Fiacre Hermann Adifon, G. Atindogbé, Daouda Orou Bello, I. Balogoun, I. Yabi, J. Dossou, L. Ahoton, A. Saïdou","doi":"10.4236/ajcc.2020.94027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ajcc.2020.94027","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change poses an important constraint to agricultural sector and food security in tropical African countries dominated by rain-fed agriculture. This research focuses on the effects of climate variability on yam production in central and northern Benin. Daily climate data such as temperatures, precipitation, potential evapotranspiration, relative humidity and insolation from 1981 to 2016 were collected at the direction of METEO-Benin. A survey was then conducted with 351 producers to collect their perceptions of the effect of climate variability on the yams production. Descriptive statistics, principal component analysis (PCA) followed by trend analyses, Lamb index calculations and the agro-climatic stress index were carried out. The distribution of rain during the yam cycle (91.5% of those surveyed), the ambient temperature (84.9%), insolation (83.5%), the amount of rainwater that fell during the rainy season (82.2%) and the harmattan (53.3%) are perceived by sociolinguistic groups as climatic factors affecting the growth, the tuberization and yield of yams according to the producers. The results indicate an upward trend in temperature over the period 2001 to 2016 in the transition zone (28.4°C) and in the Northeast (27.76°C) and over the period from 2001 to 2011 in the North-West of Benin (27.71°C), where the average annual temperature during these periods is higher than normal (27.82°C in the center, 27.44°C in the Northeast and 27.42°C to the northwest). This research also shows an instability of the rains with a regular decrease in the rainfall in the Centre and the North-East of the country. The agro-climatic stress index (ISA) and above all the annual rainfall constitute the main climatic factors which determine the yield of yam in the various growing areas in Benin. The average annual temperature and that of January in the transition zone, the rains of January and April in the North-East zone and the relative humidity in the North-West zone also probability determine the yield of the yam.","PeriodicalId":69702,"journal":{"name":"美国气候变化期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47638758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lightning Changes in Response to Global Warming in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","authors":"Osmar Pinto J., I. Pinto","doi":"10.4236/ajcc.2020.93017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ajcc.2020.93017","url":null,"abstract":"Physical concepts based on the Clausius-Clapeyron relation and on the thermodynamics and aerosol characteristics associated with updrafts, global climate models assuming different parametrizations and lightning-related output variables, and lightning-related data (thunderstorm days) are being used to infer the lightning incidence in a warmer planet, motivated by the global warming observed. In all cases, there are many gaps to be overcome making the lightning response to the global temperature increase still unpredicted. Values from almost 0% (no increase) to 100% have been estimated, being 10% the most common value. While the physical concepts address only part of the problem and the global climate models need to make many simple assumptions, lightning-relate data have strong time and space limitations. In this context, any new evidence should be considered as an important contribution to better understand how will be the lightning incidence in the future. In this article, we described new results about the occurrence of thunderstorms from 1850 to 2010 (a period of 160 years) in the city of Rio de Janeiro, in the Southeast of Brazil. During this period thunderstorm days were recorded in the same location, making this time series one of the longest series of this type available worldwide. The data support an increase of 21% in the mean annual thunderstorm days during the period, while surface temperature increased by 0.6°C during the period. Considering that the mean annual number of thunderstorm in the beginning of this period was 29, we found an increase of one thunderstorm day per 0.1°C of increase in the surface temperature. Assuming that the number of lightning flashes per thunderstorm remains approximately constant during the period, this number corresponds to an increase in the lightning flash rate of approximately 35% per °C of increase of temperature. In addition, considering that the increase of the global temperature during the period was almost the same that observed in Rio de Janeiro, we can conclude that this increase in the lightning flash rate is due to the global warming with no effect of urban activity. Finally, we found that monthly thunderstorm days and monthly mean surface temperature show a linear correlation with a coefficient of 0.9 along the period.","PeriodicalId":69702,"journal":{"name":"美国气候变化期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45676343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Appraisal of Adaptation Measures to Climate Variability by Smallholder Irish Potato Farmers in South Western Uganda","authors":"F. Mugagga, A. Nimusiima, Julius Elepu","doi":"10.4236/ajcc.2020.93015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ajcc.2020.93015","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change and variability are a reality and have had marked effects on both human and ecological systems. Adaptation to such effects either directly or indirectly is viewed as a novel way of reducing the spread of the associated risks. The study was conducted in Rubanda District with a general aim of evaluating the effectiveness of adaptation measures to climate variability used by smallholder Irish potatoes farmers. Specifically, we sought to appraise small-holder Irish potato farmers’ perceptions about the effectiveness of climate variability adaptation measures and implications on Irish potato productivity. We undertook a cross-sectional study to collect data from total of 197 farmers using a structured questionnaire. Other participatory methods such as focus group discussions and key informant interview were also used to complement the household survey. Data were analyzed using SPSS Version 23 to generate descriptive statistics as well as relationships between the adaptation measures and the productivity of the Irish potatoes using a Cobb-Douglas production function. The Cobb-Douglas model revealed that the use of fertilizers was significantly and positively associated with productivity of Irish potato (P < 0.001). Furthermore, Smallholder Irish potato farmers perceived the use of technology, terracing, early planting and application of fertilizers as the most effective climate variability adaptation measures. The study recommends that measures that are cost-effective, efficient and coherent should be promoted to offset the impacts of climate variability which would include the adoption of improved potato varieties and use of fertilizers with proper management of erosion. Off-season planting of Irish potatoes in the wetlands should be discouraged by the local administration and the National Environment Management Authority. This calls for a collective action involving the agricultural practitioners and inline civil society organizations to ensure that farmers have access to such inputs.","PeriodicalId":69702,"journal":{"name":"美国气候变化期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45705710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}