Journal of the Indian Institute of Science最新文献

{"title":"Relativistic Quantum Mechanics and Quantum Field Theory","authors":"Urjit A. Yajnik","doi":"10.1007/s41745-025-00478-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41745-025-00478-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Relativistic quantum mechanics can be considered to have begun with a search for wave equations corresponding to each intrinsic spin. However, relativistic quantum physics differs fundamentally from the non-relativistic wave mechanics. It requires a formalism allowing creation and destruction of particles. This gets proper treatment only in a framework called quantum field theory. This article is a semi-historic account of the intriguing new features which emerge as a part of quantum field theory. Such a discussion is impossible without a basic presentation of the formalism itself. Hence some mathematics is included in finer print. The article is directed mostly to those familiar with essential classical mechanics and basic quantum mechanics, though I strive to provide a flavour of the subject to the keenly interested nonphysics reader.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":675,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Indian Institute of Science","volume":"105 :","pages":"43 - 62"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145296686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Computational Modeling of Solid–Liquid Interfaces: From Ab Initio Methods to Machine-Learning Potentials","authors":"Abhinav S. Raman","doi":"10.1007/s41745-025-00475-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41745-025-00475-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Solid–liquid interfaces, especially those involving water and aqueous solutions, play a prominent role in contemporary environmental and energy applications. Chemical reactions at these interfaces ranging from geochemical processes to electrocatalysis are impacted by the local interface structure and its dynamic evolution, which poses a significant challenge to both experimental and computational approaches in providing an accurate molecular-level characterization under operating conditions. This review summarizes the computational modeling efforts starting from first-principles based methods to state-of-the-art simulations using machine-learning potentials that have been at the forefront in advancing our understanding of these complex systems. A road map for the future is also provided by identifying the unresolved questions that persist.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":675,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Indian Institute of Science","volume":"105 :","pages":"547 - 569"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148695339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reuse of Treated Wastewater: A Key Driver for Achieving All Sustainable Development Goals","authors":"Manjari Manisha,&nbsp;Kavita Verma,&nbsp;H. N. Chanakya,&nbsp;Lakshminarayana Rao","doi":"10.1007/s41745-025-00473-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41745-025-00473-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Water scarcity poses a critical challenge globally, with its implications extending across socioeconomic, environmental, economic and public health domains. This study highlights the transformative role of treated wastewater reuse in achieving the United Nations’ sustainable development goals (SDGs), particularly in resource-limited contexts like India. Globally, the reuse of treated wastewater has been increasingly recognized as a vital strategy for achieving sustainable water security. In India, only 37% of urban wastewater undergoes treatment, with an even smaller portion (1–3%) reused, highlighting significant gaps in the nation’s water security. However, successful initiatives such as Karnataka’s Koramangala-Challaghatta valley project, Chennai project, Surat model, and Nagpur model demonstrate that treated wastewater can effectively replenish groundwater, enhance agricultural productivity, serve industrial purposes, and reduce the health burden. Through a systematic review, this study explores the multifaceted contributions of wastewater reuse, positioning it not only as a cornerstone for achieving SDG-6 (clean water and sanitation) but also as a catalytic force driving progress across all other SDGs through natural resource conservation, increased agricultural production, employment generation, technological innovation, income enhancement, and greenhouse gas reduction. By serving as a pivotal pillar of sustainable development, wastewater reuse promotes a synergistic integration among social well-being, environmental conservation, and economic resilience. It recommends that decision-makers prioritize continuous water quality monitoring, adopt cost-effective technological innovations, implement decentralized wastewater treatment systems and encouraging collaboration among stakeholders. By implementing this integrative approach, nations can make significant strides toward achieving global sustainable development goals.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":675,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Indian Institute of Science","volume":"104 4","pages":"989 - 1021"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145160612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ASTRA-CST at the Start Line (1974–1990)","authors":"H. N. Chanakya,&nbsp;Dhruv Raina","doi":"10.1007/s41745-025-00469-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41745-025-00469-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A number of research institutes sought to address this disconnect in the post-independence development path and the IISc responded with its own research programmes dedicated to the needs of rural India in 1974 with the setting up of the Centre for Application of Science and Technology to Rural Areas (ASTRA, now renamed Centre for Sustainable Technologies (CST). What commenced as a discourse on alternative developmental models with a thrust on appropriate technologies centred around renewable energy and local resources gradually crystallised by the late 1980s into ideas of sustainable development. As its canvas of concerns grew, the ASTRA-CST had to reorient its vision incorporating the larger ‘sustainable development goals (SDG) as we understand today. The paper attempts to fathom how certain fields of research and development (R&amp;D) became mainstreamed at this Centre and led to various technology development efforts. The first phase of activity of ASTRA-CST has not been adequately discussed in literature and this paper attempts to extend and to address that shortcoming. At this time, villages of rural India could best be described as reasonably closed ecosystems with moderate interactions achieving a low-level equilibrium. However, there was very little data about the various material flows, natural and man-made resource cycles, especially that relevant to land productivity, food consumption and its production pattern, water resource and security, health, rural industry, resource transformations and underlying skills, processes and efficiencies, residue management and re-use, environmental impacts, etc. and evolving such a knowledge-base was the key output of the first phase. The second phase involving various ‘homegrown’ technological and socio-technical interventions including stages of participatory technology development efforts resulted in large scale ‘dissemination’. A third phase addressed larger sustainable technologies solutions transgressing boundaries of the rural and urban that had marked the earlier phases. It is heartening to note that in some areas such as biomethanation, water-wastewater reuse, eco-friendly houses, biomass based alternative fuel platforms, rural industrial skilling, participatory technology development, etc. have gradually become policies at the national and global level and ASTRA-CST’s contribution is yeoman.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":675,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Indian Institute of Science","volume":"104 4","pages":"769 - 778"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145171469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Information Acquisition, Scrambling, and Sensitivity to Errors in Quantum Chaos","authors":"P. G. Sreeram,&nbsp;Abinash Sahu,&nbsp;Naga Dileep Varikuti,&nbsp;Bishal Kumar Das,&nbsp;Sourav Manna,&nbsp;Vaibhav Madhok","doi":"10.1007/s41745-025-00472-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41745-025-00472-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Quantum chaos is the study of footprints of classical chaos in the quantum world. The quantum signatures of chaos can be understood by studying quantum systems whose classical counterpart is chaotic. However, the concepts of integrability, non-integrability and chaos extend to systems without a classical analogue. Here, we first review the classical route from order into chaos. Since nature is fundamentally quantum, we discuss how chaos manifests in the quantum domain. We briefly describe semi-classical methods, and discuss the consequences of chaos in quantum information processing. We review the quantum version of Lyapunov exponents, as quantified by the out-of-time ordered correlators (OTOC), Kolmogorov–Sinai (KS) entropy and sensitivity to errors. We then review the study of signatures of quantum chaos using quantum tomography. Classically, if we know the dynamics exactly, as we maintain a constant coarse-grained tracking of the trajectory, we gain exponentially fine-grained information about the initial condition. In the quantum setting, as we track the measurement record with fixed signal-to-noise, we gain increasing information about the initial condition. In the process, we have given a new quantification of operator spreading in Krylov subspaces with quantum state reconstruction. The study of these signatures is not only of theoretical interest but also of practical importance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":675,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Indian Institute of Science","volume":"105 :","pages":"97 - 122"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145296449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introducing Sustainable Technology and Industry in Aspirational District, Yadgir to Provide Livelihoods and Strengthen Human Capital","authors":"Veena S. Rao,&nbsp;H. I. Somashekar,&nbsp;Gopikrishna Konga,&nbsp;Harshita M. Chinnaswamy","doi":"10.1007/s41745-025-00470-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41745-025-00470-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper explains a unique, multi-sectoral convergence and development project for women self help groups covering sustainable technology, women’s economic empowerment and livelihoods, horticulture, health and nutrition, and education in Yadgir Aspirational District. Yadgir is the most backward district of Karnataka with extremely poor human development indicators, low per-capita income and minimal industrialization. Sustainable technology has been introduced in this district for the first time for setting up a small scale nutritious food production unit run by self help group women, for producing VitaPoshan, a fortified, nutritious multi-grain food, for children, adolescents, adults and family, made from locally available agri-horticulture produce. An accompanying strong multi-layered communication strategy has resulted in progressive behavior change regarding health, nutrition, sanitation practices, already visible in families. This initiative is expected to accelerate improvement of the health/nutritional status of the family/community; economic empowerment of women; higher learning capacity of children; upward social mobility and higher income within families–in short, strengthen Yadgir’s human capital.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":675,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Indian Institute of Science","volume":"104 4","pages":"971 - 987"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145167714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Need of Revitalizing Sustainable Water Practices along with Modern Technologies to Combat Water Crises in India","authors":"Kavita Verma,&nbsp;Manjari Manisha,&nbsp;N. U. Shivali,&nbsp;R. M. Santrupt,&nbsp;H. N. Chanakya,&nbsp;Lakshminarayana Rao","doi":"10.1007/s41745-025-00471-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41745-025-00471-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>India faces an escalating water crisis, marked by diminishing water resources and increasing demand due to rapid population growth, urbanization, and industrialization. This paper highlights the urgent need to revitalize sustainable water practices in modern India to ensure long-term water security and environmental sustainability. Traditional water conservation methods, which have sustained communities for centuries, are now overshadowed. Challenges associated with water management and factors influencing changes in sustainable water practices are discussed in detail. The study explores how integrating these time-tested sustainable practices with contemporary technological advancements can address the pressing water issues. Furthermore, the paper examines the role of community-based initiatives and government policies/programs/schemes in promoting sustainable water practices. A case study from Karnataka is presented to demonstrate the example of the successful revitalization of sustainable water practices with modern sustainable methods to overcome water crises. This case study illustrated the positive impacts on local water security, agricultural productivity, and community resilience. In conclusion, revitalizing sustainable water practices by combining traditional wisdom with modern technology in India is imperative for tackling the current water crisis. India can develop a robust, sustainable water management framework that ensures water availability, supports economic growth, and protects the environment for future generations. </p></div>","PeriodicalId":675,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Indian Institute of Science","volume":"104 4","pages":"779 - 810"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145166500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review of Advancements in Solvent Recovery from Hazardous Waste","authors":"S. Srishti,&nbsp;Aparna Anilkumar,&nbsp;Yagnaseni Roy","doi":"10.1007/s41745-025-00466-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41745-025-00466-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The recovery and reuse of organic solvents from hazardous waste is a sustainable alternative to conventional solvent disposal options. The current work explores recent breakthroughs as well as the versatility of available solvent recovery technologies. Membrane-based separation processes are emerging as superior alternatives to traditional energy-intensive distillation due to (a) recovery of high-purity products, (b) significantly reduced energy consumption, (c) lower operational expenses, and (d) emissions reduction. Nevertheless, distillation-based technologies remain relevant due to their versatility in handling complex solvent mixtures. Hybrid methods, combining the separation and energy efficiency of membranes with the resilience of distillation, offer an optimal solution that is cost-effective and has a low environmental impact. Technology hybridization reduces operational energy and emissions while overcoming the constraints of stand-alone membrane systems such as the high capital requirement. For instance, integrating vapor permeation with distillation reduces ethanol dehydration energy requirements by 63%, while hybrid pervaporation-distillation achieves a 91% reduction in life cycle emissions for isopropanol recovery in comparison to conventional methods. Vapor permeation-distillation further demonstrates 77% cost savings compared to conventional azeotropic distillation. Additionally, adsorption-based approaches, such as hot gas pressure swing adsorption, yield 83–89% isopropanol from aqueous mixtures at industrial scales. Recent advancements in membrane materials, including poly(vinyl alcohol)-silica nanoparticle composites, have improved energy efficiency and reduced CO₂ emissions during separation processes. Future advancements in solvent recovery would facilitate zero-liquid discharge and circular economy objectives, a fundamental aspect of sustainable industrial processes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":675,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Indian Institute of Science","volume":"104 4","pages":"811 - 825"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145165235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editor's Desk","authors":"Gondi Kondaiah Ananthasuresh","doi":"10.1007/s41745-025-00468-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41745-025-00468-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":675,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Indian Institute of Science","volume":"104 4","pages":"765 - 766"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145162883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EPR Paradox, Bell Inequalities and Peculiarities of Quantum Correlations","authors":"Apoorva D. Patel","doi":"10.1007/s41745-025-00465-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s41745-025-00465-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Quantum theory revolutionised physics by introducing a new fundamental constant and a new mathematical framework to describe the observed phenomena at the atomic scale. These new concepts run counter to our familiar notions of classical physics, and pose questions about how to understand quantum physics as a fundamental theory of nature. Peculiarities of quantum correlations underlie all these questions, and this article describes their formulation, tests and resolution within the standard framework of quantum theory.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":675,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Indian Institute of Science","volume":"105 :","pages":"85 - 95"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145296711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}