世界移植杂志最新文献

{"title":"Update on diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for antibody-mediated rejection in kidney transplantation.","authors":"Tabassum Elahi, Saima Ahmed, Muhammed Mubarak","doi":"10.5500/wjt.v16.i1.111524","DOIUrl":"10.5500/wjt.v16.i1.111524","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) remains a leading cause of kidney allograft failure, posing significant clinical and economic challenges. Donor-specific antibodies against human leukocyte antigens or non-human leukocyte antigens are critical risk factors for AMR and graft loss. The diagnostic criteria and classification of AMR have evolved considerably over the past three decades, driven largely by the Banff classification. The latest Banff 2022 classification introduced two additional subcategories of \"microvascular inflammation, donor-specific antibody-negative, C4d-negative\" and \"probable AMR\". Traditionally, graft monitoring has relied on non-specific markers such as serum creatinine and proteinuria, and the invasive biopsies. Noninvasive tools using blood and urine biomarkers, including cellular assays and molecular profiling, are increasingly being investigated. Technologies such as the Molecular Microscope Diagnostic System show promise, with studies reporting 80% sensitivity and 90% specificity in detecting AMR. Treatment of AMR remains inconsistent. Recent advances, including CD38 antibodies, have demonstrated up to 60% efficacy in reversing AMR, while complement inhibition shows potential in severe early cases. Ongoing clinical trials evaluating high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin, efgartigimod, fostamatinib, and other novel therapies aim to expand treatment options. These developments highlight the need for well-designed clinical trials to validate biomarkers and therapies and to improve long-term outcomes for kidney transplant recipients.</p>","PeriodicalId":65557,"journal":{"name":"世界移植杂志","volume":"16 1","pages":"111524"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12836214/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146094515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nail abnormalities in upper extremity transplantation: Perspectives and insights from systemic diseases and organ transplantation.","authors":"Naga Anvesh Kodali, Ramu Janarthanan, Zeynep Demir, Bedreddin Sazoglu, Omer Faruk Dirican, Dmitry Tuder, Fatih Zor, Yalcin Kulahci, Vijay S Gorantla","doi":"10.5500/wjt.v16.i1.113633","DOIUrl":"10.5500/wjt.v16.i1.113633","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nail changes following upper extremity transplantation (UET) cannot be overlooked as they possess diagnostic and prognostic relevance in allotransplantation of upper limbs. This comprehensive review explores nail and nail bed related changes encountered in UET recipients in the literature. The differential diagnosis of nail abnormalities in UET includes a wide range of systemic, local and iatrogenic conditions other than immune responses to the allograft. It requires interdisciplinary evaluation by primary transplant surgeons, pathologists, dermatologists and immunologists. The possible underlying mechanisms of nail pathology in UET and the management are discussed. It also underscores the importance of onychodystrophy and need for timely intervention and to improve outcomes in UET recipients.</p>","PeriodicalId":65557,"journal":{"name":"世界移植杂志","volume":"16 1","pages":"113633"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12836219/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146094948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green transplant: A scoping review of sustainability challenges and opportunities in transplantation.","authors":"Angeliki Emmanouilidou, Eleni Avramidou, Filippos F Karageorgos, Nikolaos-Andreas Anastasopoulos, Vassilios Papalois, Georgios Tsoulfas","doi":"10.5500/wjt.v16.i1.108837","DOIUrl":"10.5500/wjt.v16.i1.108837","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Green transplant refers to the realization of the importance of understanding and improving the environmental footprint of transplantation through sustainable practices. This involves assessing the entire transplantation process including preoperative evaluation, donation, organ and patient transportation, surgery, postoperative recovery, and follow-up. This is a topic that has not been fully addressed yet, but its importance is being increasingly appreciated in surgery. The aim of this study was to investigate the carbon footprint associated with transplantation and propose sustainable mitigating solutions. A comprehensive review of the existing literature on transplantation was conducted and supplemented with findings from the broader fields of surgical and perioperative care, given the scarcity of available data. The analysis identified the most involved environmental factors and attempted to offer practical solutions based on current sustainability practices. Notably, no study has yet examined the carbon footprint associated with the entire transplantation procedure. Only five studies have attempted to assess the environmental impact of kidney or liver transplants, but they focused, almost explicitly, on specific steps of the process. By employing an extrapolative methodology from the broader surgical field, we determined that the primary contributors to the environmental impact of transplantation are energy, consumables and materials, anesthesia and pharmaceuticals, transportation, and water. This review offers practical solutions utilizing the 5R framework, emphasizing sustainability to ensure transplantation remains clinically and environmentally relevant.</p>","PeriodicalId":65557,"journal":{"name":"世界移植杂志","volume":"16 1","pages":"108837"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12836223/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146094986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Outcomes of basiliximab <i>vs</i> alemtuzumab induction in kidney allograft recipients with matched immunological Profiles: A retrospective cohort study.","authors":"Chukwuma A Chukwu, Philip A Kalra, Marcus Lowe, Kay Poulton, Titus Augustine, Anirudh Rao","doi":"10.5500/wjt.v16.i1.111959","DOIUrl":"10.5500/wjt.v16.i1.111959","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The use of induction immunosuppression agents has improved kidney transplant outcomes, but selecting the optimal agent remains a point of debate.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To compare the long-term outcomes of kidney transplant recipients receiving alemtuzumab <i>vs</i> basiliximab induction, focusing on graft function, acute rejection, infection, malignancy, post-transplant glomerulonephritis, and survival, using a propensity score matched cohort design.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Kidney transplant recipients who received alemtuzumab or basiliximab induction from 2014 to 2019 across two nephrology centres in Northwest England were evaluated. Propensity score matching at a 1:1.5 ratio ensured comparability between cohorts. Baseline characteristics, immunosuppression regimens, and outcomes were analyzed. Linear, binary logistics and Cox proportional hazard regression models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 436 recipients were included, with a median follow-up of 5.2 years. The matched cohort (<i>n</i> = 262) had a mean age of 51.1 ± 13.5 years; 39% were female and 92% were white. There was no significant difference in the cumulative incidence of acute rejection [odds ratio (OR) = 2.10; 95%CI: 0.9-4.9; <i>P</i> = 0.110]. Compared with basiliximab, alemtuzumab was associated with lower estimated glomerular filtration rate at 12 months (-6.6 mL/minute/1.73 m²; 95%CI: -10.5 to -2.7; <i>P</i> < 0.001) and higher risks of cytomegalovirus viremia (OR = 3.2; 95%CI: 1.6-6.5; <i>P</i> < 0.001), BK viremia (OR = 2.4; 95%CI: 1.1-5.5; <i>P</i> = 0.02), post-transplant malignancy (OR = 6.2; 95%CI: 1.6-29.9; <i>P</i> = 0.013), and death-censored graft loss (hazard ratio = 3.6; 95%CI: 1.2-11.4; <i>P</i> = 0.03). No significant differences were observed in post-transplant glomerulonephritis or recipient mortality.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In this propensity score-matched analysis, alemtuzumab induction was associated with lower graft function at 12 months and higher risks of viral infection, post-transplant malignancy, and graft loss compared with basiliximab. These findings highlight the need for further studies to confirm the long-term safety and effectiveness of alemtuzumab in kidney transplantation.</p>","PeriodicalId":65557,"journal":{"name":"世界移植杂志","volume":"16 1","pages":"111959"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12836231/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146095006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bridging gaps in corneal ulcer management: Can photoactivated chromophore for infectious keratitis-corneal collagen cross-linking delay or replace therapeutic keratoplasty?","authors":"Niki I Antonopoulou, Maria S Spyropoulou, Stavros P Papadakos, Garyfalia N Papavasileiou, Andreas C Dimakis","doi":"10.5500/wjt.v16.i1.109740","DOIUrl":"10.5500/wjt.v16.i1.109740","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The retrospective study by Edwar <i>et al</i> reinforces the role of therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty (PK) as a vital intervention in severe, treatment-resistant infectious keratitis. In advanced cases-often complicated by trauma, delayed presentation, and corneal perforation-PK restores globe integrity and provides limited visual recovery. However, its application is constrained by graft-related complications and donor shortages, particularly in low-resource settings. These limitations highlight the need for earlier, globe-sparing strategies to prevent progression and reduce surgical demand. Photoactivated chromophore for infectious keratitis-corneal collagen cross-linking (PACK-CXL) has emerged as a promising adjunct or alternative. With both antimicrobial and tissue-stabilizing effects, PACK-CXL may control infection and preserve corneal structure in earlier stages. A layered treatment framework that incorporates PACK-CXL as an initial intervention and reserves PK for refractory cases may help improve clinical outcomes. Further studies are needed to define their best use in practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":65557,"journal":{"name":"世界移植杂志","volume":"16 1","pages":"109740"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12836206/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146094977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protocol for a global electronic Delphi on integrating artificial intelligence into solid organ transplantation.","authors":"Rowan Abuyadek, Sara A Ghitani, Ramy Shaaban, Muhammad AbdelAziz Quoritem, Mohammed S Foula, Rodaina Osama Abdel Majid, Manar Mokhtar, Yasir Ahmed Mohammed Elhadi, Amr Alnagar","doi":"10.5500/wjt.v16.i1.111103","DOIUrl":"10.5500/wjt.v16.i1.111103","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly recognized as a transformative force in the field of solid organ transplantation. From enhancing donor-recipient matching to predicting clinical risks and tailoring immunosuppressive therapy, AI has the potential to improve both operational efficiency and patient outcomes. Despite these advancements, the perspectives of transplant professionals - those at the forefront of critical decision-making - remain insufficiently explored. To address this gap, this study utilizes a multi-round electronic Delphi approach to gather and analyses insights from global experts involved in organ transplantation. Participants are invited to complete structured surveys capturing demographic data, professional roles, institutional practices, and prior exposure to AI technologies. The survey also explores perceptions of AI's potential benefits. Quantitative responses are analyzed using descriptive statistics, while open-ended qualitative responses undergo thematic analysis. Preliminary findings indicate a generally positive outlook on AI's role in enhancing transplantation processes, particularly in areas such as donor matching and post-operative care. These mixed views reflect both optimism and caution among professionals tasked with integrating new technologies into high-stakes clinical workflows. By capturing a wide range of expert opinions, the findings will inform future policy development, regulatory considerations, and institutional readiness frameworks for the integration of AI into organ transplantation.</p>","PeriodicalId":65557,"journal":{"name":"世界移植杂志","volume":"16 1","pages":"111103"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12836247/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146094987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ocular complications after liver transplantation: A comprehensive review of infectious and non-infectious etiologies.","authors":"Mannat Kaur, Jasmine Arora, Mohammad Naseem, Anmol Singh, Vikash Kumar, Aalam Sohal","doi":"10.5500/wjt.v16.i1.111869","DOIUrl":"10.5500/wjt.v16.i1.111869","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Liver transplantation is a life-saving procedure for patients with end-stage liver diseases and acute liver failure. With advances in surgical techniques and immunosuppressive regimens, patient survival rates have significantly improved. While the systemic complications of post-transplantation are well recognized, ophthalmic manifestations remain underreported. Ophthalmic complications can significantly impair visual function and increase morbidity in these patients. Prolonged immunosuppression makes the patients susceptible to the opportunistic pathogens such as Cytomegalovirus, Candida, Aspergillus, <i>etc.</i> Other common findings include dry eye disease, cataracts and retinal vascular complications which further contribute to the long-term morbidity in these patients. Early ophthalmic evaluation and prompt management are essential to prevent irreversible vision loss and improve post-transplant outcomes. High index of suspicion and multidisciplinary approach is essential to facilitate early diagnosis and treatment. This review highlights the range of ophthalmic complications observed in liver transplant recipients and underscores the need for future research focused on understanding the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and refining the prophylactic protocols to improve outcomes in this unique patient population.</p>","PeriodicalId":65557,"journal":{"name":"世界移植杂志","volume":"16 1","pages":"111869"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12836254/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146094958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Induction therapy in kidney transplant recipients: A consensus statement of Indian Society of Organ Transplantation.","authors":"Vivek B Kute, Manish Ramesh Balwani, Jigar B Shrimali, Amit Pasari, Vijay Kher, Mohan Punabhai Patel, Deodatta Chafekar, Swarnalata Guditi, Pratik Das, Gireesh Mathihally Siddaiah, Suraj Mohan Godara, Vinant Bhargava, Anurag Gupta, Vishal Ramteke, Nishant Deshpande, Priyanka Tolani, Narayan Prasad, Radhika Krishna Patil, Ravi Mohanka, Sandeep Mahajan, Sourabh Sharma, Subho Banerjee, Divyesh P Engineer, Dhananjai Agarwal, Pranjal Kashiv, Arpita Lahiri, Dinesh Khullar, Aneesh Srivastava","doi":"10.5500/wjt.v16.i1.114367","DOIUrl":"10.5500/wjt.v16.i1.114367","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Kidney transplantation (KT) accounts for nearly three-fourths of organ transplants in India, with living donors contributing to 82% of cases. Induction immunosuppression is essential to optimize initial immunosuppression, reduce acute rejections, and enable tailored use of maintenance agents. Rabbit anti-thymocyte globulin (rATG) and interleukin-2 receptor anatagonists (IL-2RA/IL-2RBs) are the most widely used induction therapies. However, data on induction practices across India are limited. To evaluate induction immunosuppression practices across KT centers in India and establish a consensus for different subsets of KT recipients. A nationwide online survey was conducted by the Indian Society of Organ Transplantation (ISOT) among its members (400 KT centers). Responses were analyzed to assess induction practices across diverse donor types, age groups, and immunological risk profiles. Heterogeneity in practices prompted consensus building using a modified Delphi process. Literature review and expert panel discussions (April 2024) were followed by structured voting, and 16 consensus statements were finalized. Of 400 centers approached, 254 participated. rATG was the most commonly used induction therapy, followed by IL-2RBs; alemtuzumab was least used. Significant heterogeneity was observed in type, dose, and duration of induction therapy. Consensus recommendations were framed: rATG for high immunological risk recipients and deceased donor KTs; IL-2RB or low-dose rATG for low immunological risk; rituximab in ABO-incompatible KTs; and tailoring based on age, diabetes, donor type, infection risk, and affordability. This first ISOT consensus provides 16 India-specific statements on induction therapy in KT. It emphasizes risk-stratified, evidence-informed, and context-appropriate induction strategies, supporting standardization of care across the country.</p>","PeriodicalId":65557,"journal":{"name":"世界移植杂志","volume":"16 1","pages":"114367"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12836228/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146094970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Robotic-assisted donor and recipient hepatectomy in liver transplantation: An umbrella review of clinical outcomes, surgical performance, and cost-effectiveness.","authors":"Carlos M Ardila, Daniel González-Arroyave, Jaime Ramírez-Arbelaez","doi":"10.5500/wjt.v16.i1.113034","DOIUrl":"10.5500/wjt.v16.i1.113034","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Robotic assistance is increasingly used for donor and recipient hepatectomy in liver transplantation, yet existing evidence is fragmented and variably indirect.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To evaluate clinical outcomes, surgical performance, and economic effects of robotic-assisted donor and recipient hepatectomy in the transplant pathway.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses 2020 and a priori registration, systematic reviews were included with or without meta-analysis. Four databases were searched through July 2025. Methodological quality was appraised with a measurement tool to assess systematic reviews (AMSTAR 2), and certainty was graded with grading of recommendations assessment, development and evaluation (GRADE). Evidence overlap was calculated <i>via</i> a citation-matrix-based corrected covered area (CCA). Effect sizes were prespecified as risk ratios (RR) for dichotomous outcomes and mean differences for continuous outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Five reviews met the inclusion criteria, four with meta-analyses and one consensus review used only for context. Donor (direct) findings were more favorable for robotics in terms of estimated blood loss (≈ -117 mL) and length of stay (≈ -0.6 days), although with longer operative time (≈ +105 minutes). Absolute risks for donor complications were not estimable from ratio-only data. Recipient (indirect) meta-analysis indicated robotics to be favorable in terms of conversion (RR ≈ 0.41) and severe morbidity (RR ≈ 0.81), with a trend toward lower overall morbidity (RR ≈ 0.92) and no difference in 30-day mortality. Differences in length of stay and operative time were small and heterogeneous. Economic evidence (indirect, network meta-analysis) suggested higher procedural costs for robotic <i>vs</i> laparoscopic intervention, but lower hospitalization costs <i>vs</i> open intervention, with laparoscopy the least expensive overall. AMSTAR 2 ratings were moderate-to-high across the reviews, GRADE certainty was low for key donor continuous outcomes, and low-to-moderate for recipient and economic outcomes. Overlap was slight (graded-corpus CCA = 0.0%; including a contextual non-transplant review increased CCA to ≈ 1.25%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Robotic donor hepatectomy confers perioperative advantages at the cost of longer operative time. Recipient and economic findings are indirect and considered hypothesis-generating. Transplant-specific, prospective comparisons using a minimum standardized dataset and uniform outcome definitions are needed to resolve remaining uncertainties and to clarify the cost-utility correlation.</p>","PeriodicalId":65557,"journal":{"name":"世界移植杂志","volume":"16 1","pages":"113034"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12836215/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146095040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stem cell transplantation in immuno-hematologic and infectious diseases.","authors":"Rhobi Peter Mwita, Öner Özdemir","doi":"10.5500/wjt.v16.i1.114592","DOIUrl":"10.5500/wjt.v16.i1.114592","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Stem cells are pluripotent cells that can divide and differentiate, forming many different types of cells. Stem cells can be obtained from various sources, with embryonic stem cells being the most advantageous as they possess a broad dividing potential. When the standard treatment proves ineffective, stem cells are typically utilized as a final option. Infections and childhood malignancies are among the significant causes of mortality in the pediatric population. Stem cell therapy has shown a decrease in morbidity and mortality when used in patients with favorable conditions like young age and lack of comorbidities. This review discusses how stem cells are prepared and used in treating pediatric diseases like X-linked agammaglobulinemia, diabetes mellitus, aplastic anemia, infections, and leukemia. Technological advancement has played a significant role in producing more specific stem cells using genetic modification methods like clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9, which produce stem cells that target a particular cell type, <i>e.g.</i>, myocytes and hematopoietic cells, further increasing the effectiveness of the therapy. We address the obstacles faced when conducting research related to stem cells, including ethical and legal issues, which hinder the use of this therapy in some fields. We also indicate recommendations for increasing the efficacy of stem cell therapy in the pediatric population.</p>","PeriodicalId":65557,"journal":{"name":"世界移植杂志","volume":"16 1","pages":"114592"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12836208/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146094942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}