Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management最新文献_第6页

Correction: Effect of mechanical pre-treatment on the recovery potential of rare-earth elements and gold from discarded hard disc drives 修正：机械预处理对废弃硬盘中稀土元素和金回收潜力的影响

IF 2.7 4区环境科学与生态学

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management Pub Date : 2024-12-05 DOI: 10.1007/s10163-024-02125-z

Alireza Habibzadeh, Mehmet Ali Kucuker, Mertol Gökelma

引用次数: 0

Eco-friendly recovery of pure and long carbon fibres from aged epoxy matrix composites by H2O2 as an oxidant 以H2O2为氧化剂从老化环氧基复合材料中环保回收纯长碳纤维

IF 2.7 4区环境科学与生态学

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management Pub Date : 2024-12-04 DOI: 10.1007/s10163-024-02126-y

Paul Njeni Mabalane, Kristof Molnar, Yehia Khalifa, Judit E. Puskas, Kolos Molnár, Caroline Khoathane

{"title":"Eco-friendly recovery of pure and long carbon fibres from aged epoxy matrix composites by H2O2 as an oxidant","authors":"Paul Njeni Mabalane, Kristof Molnar, Yehia Khalifa, Judit E. Puskas, Kolos Molnár, Caroline Khoathane","doi":"10.1007/s10163-024-02126-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10163-024-02126-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, we focused on the chemical recovery of carbon fibres from epoxy matrix composite wastes. First, we laminated and cured composite panels from carbon fibre-reinforced prepregs (CFRP) and then aged them under controlled circumstances to simulate their lifespan. Fibre recovery was then carried out by hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) at 6 bar and between 60 and 150 °C. We chose this material because it results in a rapid, cost-efficient, and environmentally friendly process. Besides, we expected it would allow the removal of the polymer matrix without fragmenting the fibres. We aimed to investigate the matrix decomposition in H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, the purity of the obtained fibres and the retention of their mechanical properties. The purity and the structure of the obtained carbon fibres were then characterised by using scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry (TGA), infrared spectroscopy (IR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). We found that H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> was effective in recovering carbon fibres, especially at 150 °C. The mechanical results showed that the retention of the modulus was complete, while the tensile strength and elongation at break decreased by 35% due to microstructural damages. The fibres still have better properties than glass or basalt fibres; therefore, good-quality composites can be made using them.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":643,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management","volume":"27 1","pages":"429 - 445"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10163-024-02126-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142939063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Biochemical properties of compost extract produced by composted green waste and its effect on the growth of Dahlia pinnata Cav., Consolida ajacis (L.) Schur, and Centaurea cyanus L 绿色废弃物堆肥提取液的生化特性及其对大丽花生长的影响。，金针菇（L.）和半人马座蓝藻L

IF 2.7 4区环境科学与生态学

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management Pub Date : 2024-12-04 DOI: 10.1007/s10163-024-02133-z

Zhipeng Feng, Yifan Bai, Lu Zhang

{"title":"Biochemical properties of compost extract produced by composted green waste and its effect on the growth of Dahlia pinnata Cav., Consolida ajacis (L.) Schur, and Centaurea cyanus L","authors":"Zhipeng Feng, Yifan Bai, Lu Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s10163-024-02133-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10163-024-02133-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study looked at the effects of different extraction protocols on the biochemical properties of compost extract (CE) and its effect on the growth of <i>Dahlia pinnata</i> Cav. (dahlia), <i>Consolida ajacis</i> (L.) Schur (delphinium), and <i>Centaurea cyanus</i> L<i>.</i> (cornflower). Composted green waste (CGW) extract was prepared at compost-to-water ratios of 8:1, 8:2, 8:3, and 8:4, employing preservation methods of sterilization and refrigeration, or direct refrigeration. Sterilized CE with compost-to-water ratio of 8:3 exhibited superior biochemical properties (pH value, electrical conductivity, nutrient contents, and enzyme activities). The stem width, root length, flower number, root-shoot ratio, and total chlorophyll contents of dahlia cultivated in the optimal CE significantly increased by 33%, 44%, 115%, 110%, and 28%, respectively; the stem width, root length, flower number, root-shoot ratio, and total chlorophyll content of delphinium in the optimal CE greatly increased by 39%, 25%, 76%, 31%, and 31%, respectively; the stem width, root length, flower number, root-shoot ratio, and total chlorophyll content of cornflower in the optimal CE remarkably increased by 29%, 27%, 108%, 44%, and 17%, respectively. Therefore, the results indicated that CE at a compost-to-water ratio of 8:3, coupled with sterilization and refrigeration effectively promoted plant growth, offering a superior alternative to CGW.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":643,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management","volume":"27 1","pages":"475 - 487"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142939062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Waste glass fibre composites valorization using the fluidised bed: a global warming potential and economic assessment 废玻璃纤维复合材料在流化床中的增值：全球变暖潜势和经济评估

IF 2.7 4区环境科学与生态学

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management Pub Date : 2024-12-02 DOI: 10.1007/s10163-024-02122-2

K. Pender, L. Yang

{"title":"Waste glass fibre composites valorization using the fluidised bed: a global warming potential and economic assessment","authors":"K. Pender, L. Yang","doi":"10.1007/s10163-024-02122-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10163-024-02122-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Glass fibre composites have become widely used in many applications, notably in wind turbine rotors. Fluidised bed valorization has demonstrated glass fibre recycling from waste composites, enabling reuse in traditional composite manufacturing technologies. This paper intendeds to inform long-term strategies for glass fibre composite waste by identify operating conditions that can optimise environmental and economic metrics for fluidised bed valorization. Experimentally derived operating parameters were integrated into energy models for a commercial-scale recycling process. An environmental assessment was conducted to compare the global warming potential of recycled glass fibres with that of virgin materials. In addition, a technoeconomic analysis was performed to assess the viability of the recycling technology at scale. The findings indicate that recycled glass fibre can achieve a global warming potential of less than 2 kg CO2e. per kg, contributing to a net reduction in greenhouse gas emissions when replacing virgin glass fibre. Furthermore, the economic analysis showed that a recycling facility with a capacity of just 10 kt per year could produce recycled glass fibre at a cost of $0.61/kg, significantly lower than the cost of virgin glass fibre. Overall, fluidised bed valorization presents an environmentally and economically sustainable solution for managing glass fibre composite waste.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":643,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management","volume":"27 1","pages":"343 - 353"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10163-024-02122-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142938924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Demineralization strategies of carbon black derived from pyrolysis of waste tires 废轮胎热解炭黑脱矿策略研究

IF 2.7 4区环境科学与生态学

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management Pub Date : 2024-12-01 DOI: 10.1007/s10163-024-02120-4

Victor Ferrer, Héctor Grandón, Cristina Segura, Mauricio Flores

{"title":"Demineralization strategies of carbon black derived from pyrolysis of waste tires","authors":"Victor Ferrer, Héctor Grandón, Cristina Segura, Mauricio Flores","doi":"10.1007/s10163-024-02120-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10163-024-02120-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The pyrolysis of waste tires offers an environmentally friendly solution to the global tire waste problem. Pyrolytic carbon black (PCB) is an important by-product that can be reintroduced into industrial processes. This study aimed to improve the commercial viability of PCB by reducing its ash content. Pyrolysis was optimized at 420 °C for 4 h with a nitrogen flow rate of 1 L min<sup>-1</sup>. Demineralization, crucial for minimizing ash, was carried out using acid and alkali treatments (H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, HNO<sub>3</sub>, HCl, NaOH). Two demineralization strategies were tested, one using fresh acid for three cycles and the other reusing the solution. The most effective method used 1 M HNO<sub>3</sub> at 80 °C for 1 h, reducing the ash content to 1.7%. The demineralized PCB (PCBd) had improved properties, including a BET surface area of 74 m<sup>2 </sup> g<sup>-1</sup>, an iodine number of 57 mg g<sup>-1</sup>, and a particle size distribution up to 140 nm, comparable to commercial carbon blacks. These results highlight the potential of PCBd as a sustainable alternative for tire management and material production.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":643,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management","volume":"27 1","pages":"408 - 419"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142938914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Does simplification of plastic waste separation promote plastic recycling? 简化塑料废物分类是否会促进塑料回收？

IF 2.7 4区环境科学与生态学

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management Pub Date : 2024-11-28 DOI: 10.1007/s10163-024-02119-x

Yuichi Ishimura, Kai Nomura, Daisuke Ichinose

{"title":"Does simplification of plastic waste separation promote plastic recycling?","authors":"Yuichi Ishimura, Kai Nomura, Daisuke Ichinose","doi":"10.1007/s10163-024-02119-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10163-024-02119-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study explores the effects of a policy intervention designed to simplify the standards for plastic waste separation on collection volume and the quality of recyclables. We employ a causal impact analysis based on a Bayesian structural time-series approach to estimate the effects of simplifying the municipal solid waste-separation process for plastic waste in Japan. We find that simplifying plastic waste-separation standards increases plastic packaging waste-collection volume. This effect seems to be largely driven by behavioral changes such as decreased time spent on waste separation. We also find that simplifying home separation increases the percentage of contaminated plastic packaging waste collected for recycling and other materials not subject to collection in the post-collection period. Several robustness and falsification tests corroborated these results. Our results highlight the importance of considering the trade-off between the quantity and quality of recyclables when designing plastic waste recycling policies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":643,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management","volume":"27 1","pages":"316 - 329"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10163-024-02119-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142939449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Assessing the environmental and technical feasibility of re-valorization of demolished road material constructed from dredged sediments 评估用疏浚沉积物筑成的拆卸道路材料重新估价的环境和技术可行性

IF 2.7 4区环境科学与生态学

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management Pub Date : 2024-11-26 DOI: 10.1007/s10163-024-02118-y

Mohammad Almokdad, Rachid Zentar

{"title":"Assessing the environmental and technical feasibility of re-valorization of demolished road material constructed from dredged sediments","authors":"Mohammad Almokdad, Rachid Zentar","doi":"10.1007/s10163-024-02118-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10163-024-02118-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In line with circular economy principles, particularly the concept of “closing the loop”, this study examines the basic physicochemical and short-term mechanical viability of revalorization of waste road materials, specifically recycled sediments (RSD), for secondary use as subbase materials. Geotechnical and environmental characteristics of RSD were analyzed to assess its material evolution in comparison to raw sediments (SD) and to explore its environmental potential under varying pH conditions, applied with the intention of simulating diverse treatment and environmental scenarios. This analysis aimed to provide insight into the differing outcomes of SD valorization and RSD revalorization across the different road types of uses (paved road construction, covered embankments, and unpaved/uncapped road construction). RSD demonstrates enhanced short-term mechanical properties, with higher Immediate California Bearing Ratio (I-CBR) than SD for road use. However, the environmental assessment reveals potential contamination constraints. This research showed that the recycled road material or recycled sediments exhibits enhanced mechanical properties, indicating an increased potential for revalorization despite certain additional environmental constraints.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":643,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management","volume":"27 1","pages":"387 - 407"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142939344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Life cycle assessment of plastic waste management in Mozambique 莫桑比克塑料废物管理的生命周期评估

IF 2.7 4区环境科学与生态学

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management Pub Date : 2024-11-26 DOI: 10.1007/s10163-024-02098-z

Letícia Sarmento dos Muchangos, Lisa Ito, Akihiro Tokai

{"title":"Life cycle assessment of plastic waste management in Mozambique","authors":"Letícia Sarmento dos Muchangos, Lisa Ito, Akihiro Tokai","doi":"10.1007/s10163-024-02098-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10163-024-02098-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Low-income coastal nations such as Mozambique grapple with providing sustainable and effective management of plastic waste (PW), which influences the increase in disease prevalence and of diverse adverse environmental impacts, primarly terrestrial and marine pollution. About 490,000 tons, from domestic generation and imports, make up the total PW in the system. In this study, a life cycle assessment (LCA) was employed to clarify the associated environmental impacts of 1 kg of PW within the waste management system in Mozambique. It was explained that over 95% of PW ended up in open dumpsites, with about 60% open burned, significantly impacting the ecotoxicity and global warming categories—5.49 kg of 1,4-dichlorobenzene (1,4-DCB) for terrestrial ecotoxicity, 4.99 kg of 1,4-DCB for human non-carcinogenic ecotoxicity, and 1.57 kg of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO<sub>2</sub> eq) for global warming potential. The findings provide a quantitative baseline understanding of PW management impacts in the country, thus identifying junctures and opportunities that can help inform and enable the development of policies and strategies for a sustainable PW management system.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":643,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management","volume":"27 1","pages":"624 - 637"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10163-024-02098-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142939345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Comprehensive review on virgin and reclaimed PET fiber concrete integrating surface treatment 原纤维与再生纤维混凝土综合表面处理综述

IF 2.7 4区环境科学与生态学

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management Pub Date : 2024-11-20 DOI: 10.1007/s10163-024-02117-z

S. M. D. V. Suraweera, Sudhira De Silva, Chamila Gunasekara, David W. Law, Champika Ellawala, Sujeeva Setunge

{"title":"Comprehensive review on virgin and reclaimed PET fiber concrete integrating surface treatment","authors":"S. M. D. V. Suraweera, Sudhira De Silva, Chamila Gunasekara, David W. Law, Champika Ellawala, Sujeeva Setunge","doi":"10.1007/s10163-024-02117-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10163-024-02117-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Studies have explored the engineering properties of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) fiber-reinforced concrete, including mechanical strength, crack control, and durability. However, a comprehensive analysis incorporating surface treatment is lacking. This paper provides an extensive analytical database, including previous literature on the mechanical and durability properties of PET fiber-reinforced concrete and the effects of fiber surface treatment on concrete performance. Furthermore, the microstructural and pore-structural properties of PET fiber-reinforced concrete are discussed, detailing the mechanisms behind these properties. This examines the effect of incorporating virgin and recycled PET fibers at mass percentages (wt%) of 0–2 and volume percentage (v%) of 0–12 of total mass/volume. Key findings include that the optimum PET fiber content for tensile and flexural strength is 0.5 v%, while higher contents cause fiber balling, reducing concrete’s performance. Notably, PET fiber-reinforced concrete shows a maximum compressive strength loss of 24% in 3% H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> and 10% loss in pH 12.6 alkaline medium after 120 days. Surface treatment with 20 wt% NaOH and Silane improves compressive strength from 54 to 60 MPa. PET fiber coating with Graphene-oxide and Polydopamine increases frictional and chemical bonding in concrete by 85 and 70%, respectively. The study concludes that surface treatments enhance concrete properties by improving bonding and minimizing fiber degradation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":643,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management","volume":"27 1","pages":"34 - 58"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142939443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A study of residents’ behavior in participating in smart waste sorting system based on structural equation modeling 基于结构方程模型的居民参与智能垃圾分类系统行为研究

IF 2.7 4区环境科学与生态学

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management Pub Date : 2024-11-17 DOI: 10.1007/s10163-024-02115-1

Ming Wang, Kewang Cao, Naseer Muhammad Khan, Xiaoman Hu, Yinuo Zhao, Furong Dong

{"title":"A study of residents’ behavior in participating in smart waste sorting system based on structural equation modeling","authors":"Ming Wang, Kewang Cao, Naseer Muhammad Khan, Xiaoman Hu, Yinuo Zhao, Furong Dong","doi":"10.1007/s10163-024-02115-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10163-024-02115-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Waste classification is vital for addressing the current urban waste crisis. However, existing research on intelligent waste classification systems has limitations compared to traditional methods. This study, grounded in the theory of planned behavior and contextualized within Chinese policy frameworks, surveyed 614 participants from Shanghai, Suzhou, Hangzhou, and other cities. The aim was to analyze residents’ willingness to engage with intelligent waste classification systems and to construct a theoretical model. Structural equation modeling was employed to examine the influence of system usability, incentives, time costs, social impact, behavioral attitudes, and intentions on residents’ participation in intelligent waste classification. The findings reveal that perceived ease of use, perceived motivation, and time cost are significantly positively associated with behavioral attitudes. In addition, time cost, social impact, safety perception, and intelligence perception are strongly linked to residents’ behavioral intentions. The ease of use, incentives, and time costs indirectly affect waste classification behavior through behavioral attitudes, while time costs, social impact, safety perception, and intelligence perception exert indirect effects through behavioral intentions. This study offers valuable insights for enhancing urban residents’ participation in waste classification initiatives.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":643,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management","volume":"27 1","pages":"354 - 368"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142939322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0