兽医学(英文)最新文献

{"title":"Importance of Body Condition Scoring in Reproductive Performance of Dairy Cows: A Review","authors":"Sayed Ahmad Nazhat, Amanullah Aziz, Jahid Zabuli, Shahpoor Rahmati","doi":"10.4236/ojvm.2021.117018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojvm.2021.117018","url":null,"abstract":"Body \u0000condition score (BCS) is a subjective method of assessing the amount of \u0000metabolizable energy stored in fat and muscle (body reserves) on a live animal. \u0000Body condition scores provide an indication of the energy status of dairy \u0000cattle. It can be used on both heifers and cows, although primarily they are \u0000used on the lactating dairy herd. Adjusting \u0000the nutritional program to obtain desired body condition at different stages of \u0000production is necessary to enhance production efficiency. Females that are too \u0000thin or too fat can be an expensive investment. Nutritional \u0000management is the most crucial one and is a key factor for normal production \u0000and reproduction cycle. Thus, it could \u0000be used as a management and selection tool to improve reproductive performance \u0000in dairy cows.","PeriodicalId":61886,"journal":{"name":"兽医学(英文)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45882733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effort and Recovery in Nellore Oxen during Vaquejada Assessed with Ocular and Tail Infrared Thermography Superficial Temperature","authors":"R. Cruz, César Fabiano Vilela, Diego Barbosa de Freitas, Calena Costa Paixão, C. J. F. L. Silva, K. Trindade, Juliette P. da Silva, H. Manso, H. C. M. Filho","doi":"10.4236/ojvm.2021.117017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojvm.2021.117017","url":null,"abstract":"Infrared \u0000thermography (IRT) has emerged for evaluation of animal welfare. To test the \u0000hypothesis that cattle subjected to vaquejada increased temperature in the eye \u0000(CLO) and tail due to physical effort, a research was developed that aimed to \u0000measure maximum surface temperature in the CLO and base of tail using IRT. \u0000Eighty Nellore cattle were used, which were subjected to physical effort in \u0000three periods (morning, afternoon and night). IRT was performed at CLO and base \u0000of tail, in rest pen/corral (control) and during the vaquejada (pre- and \u0000post-run). Tails’ analysis was divided in 3 points (E1, E2 and E3). ANOVA and \u0000Tukey’s test (p < 0.001) were used for analysis. Temperatures were higher in \u0000morning and afternoon and different from those at night on control (p < \u00000.001). During vaquejada with one run, CLO was higher in pre-run, followed by a \u0000slight reduction in post-run (p < 0.001). Analyzing temperatures variations \u0000at tail, higher temperatures were observed in the morning, followed by the \u0000evening and night (p < 0.001), but without differences within the pre- and \u0000post-run periods. Temperatures at tail’s points were higher in morning period \u0000in cattle with two runs (p < 0.001). Finally, it was concluded that there \u0000were no increases in CLO or at tail’s points after vaquejada races. The IRT \u0000method was efficient in determining surface temperatures in CLO and tail points \u0000in cattle under the same conditions and may be a good noninvasive method for \u0000clinical and welfare assessments.","PeriodicalId":61886,"journal":{"name":"兽医学(英文)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41498967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of a Novel Surgical Technique for Acoustic Transmitter Insertion","authors":"Ashley Kelican, Nathan Huysman, Lauren Anne Van Rysselberge, J. Voorhees, M. E. Barnes","doi":"10.4236/ojvm.2021.117016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojvm.2021.117016","url":null,"abstract":"This \u0000study compared three surgical techniques to implant acoustic transmitters in \u0000rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): 1) acoustic transmitter insertion via a ventral incision closed with two sutures, \u00002) insertion via a ventral incision with no sutures, 3) insertion via a lateral incision with no sutures. A control group consisting of \u0000fish that were only anesthetized and handled was also included. Tag retention, \u0000wound healing, inflammation, growth, and survival were recorded over a 12-week \u0000period. Tag retention was significantly different among the treatments, at 100% \u0000in the unsutured ventral incision group, 89% in the lateral incision group, and \u000063% in the sutured ventral incision group. Surgical wounds in the unsutured \u0000treatment groups showed significantly less inflammation than the sutured \u0000treatment. Wound closure occurred significantly faster in the ventral incision \u0000groups compared to the lateral incision group. The results of this study show \u0000the utility of using unsutured surgical methods for implanting acoustic \u0000transmitters in rainbow trout.","PeriodicalId":61886,"journal":{"name":"兽医学(英文)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48278348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of Hemobiochemical Profiles of Apparently Healthy Exotic Breed of Dogs in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria","authors":"K. Ogbu, K. Ezema, Ijeoma C. Adieme, R. I. Malgwi, Jibreel A. Sabo, Philip N. Ayuba, Samuel A. Nguety, Simone T. Atuna, Francis O. Emeribe, J. Shallmizhili, B. Anene","doi":"10.4236/OJVM.2021.116015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJVM.2021.116015","url":null,"abstract":"The \u0000hematological and serum biochemical profiles of apparently healthy exotic breed \u0000of dogs in Jos, Plateau state, Nigeria was studied in this research. One \u0000hundred and seven exotic breed of dogs were examined from October - December, 2018. The results \u0000from physical, clinical examinations and parasitological examinations were used \u0000to determine apparently healthy exotic breed of dogs which were used in this \u0000study. The parameters measured were rectal temperature, parasitaemia, \u0000hematology which included red blood cells count, hematocrit, mean corpuscular \u0000volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and hemoglobin \u0000content; total white blood cell count, including eosinophils, neutrophils, \u0000lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes counts, and platelets; serum biochemical \u0000parameters also included Aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, \u0000alkaline phosphatase, total proteins, albumin, globulin, blood urea nitrogen, \u0000creatinine, cholesterol and triglyceride, using standard methods. Data \u0000generated from the study were statistically analyzed using students t-test one-way analysis of \u0000variance while the level of significance was measured at p < 0.05. From this study, \u0000hematological and serum biochemical values were comparable to and not different \u0000from those reported for dogs in available literature, but the upper and lower \u0000reference limits (minimum and maximum values) were different for most \u0000parameters. Sex-related significant difference (p < 0.05) occurred only in \u0000WBC and total protein while age-related significant difference occurred only in \u0000total protein and urea level. Breed affected the MCHC and total bilirubin level \u0000which was evident in higher MCHC level in Neapolitan mastiff than Alsatian \u0000breed while total bilirubin was higher in Alsatian breed than Bull mastiff (p \u0000< 0.05). The present study has presented preliminary information on the \u0000range of hematological and serum biochemistry profile of exotic breed of dogs \u0000in Jos, Plateau state, Nigeria which may be useful to biomedical researchers \u0000and veterinary clinicians.","PeriodicalId":61886,"journal":{"name":"兽医学(英文)","volume":"11 1","pages":"226-245"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45204185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Selected Aspects of Camel Immune System and Immune Responses","authors":"Saeed Y. Al Ramadan, K. T. A. Salem, I. Alshubaith, A. Al-Ali, S. Abohelaika, M. Moqbel, A. Alluwaimi","doi":"10.4236/ojvm.2021.116013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojvm.2021.116013","url":null,"abstract":"The camel economy is of considerable importance for arid \u0000countries. In the last decade, studies about camel immune \u0000system and immune responses have recorded increasing interest. However, drawing \u0000a comprehensive picture of the camel immune system remains far from reached. A \u0000major part of this review is to cover the studies of the primary and secondary \u0000immune organs and the markers of the camel immune cells and certain lymphoid \u0000tissues. At the same time, immune responses to different diseases and the \u0000nature of effective immunity were included, with an emphasis on the most \u0000important zoonotic diseases in camels such as MERS CoV; brucellosis. New \u0000findings on the diversity mechanisms of camel immunoglobulin genes were \u0000addressed. However, detail of the mechanism of MHC-restricted cellular immunity \u0000and the mechanism of B lymphocyte activation in camels await further attention. \u0000Interestingly, the gross and the histological structure of the lymphoid tissues \u0000of the camel’s thymus, tonsils, and peyer’s patches have indicated significant differences from other animals in terms of \u0000structure and function. The most peculiar CD expression, such as LPAM-I, MAdCAM-1 and \u0000CX3CR1, in certain camel cells and tissues refers to possible extraordinary \u0000mechanisms of immune hemostasis in camel in comparison to other ruminants. The widely applied \u0000immunodiagnostic techniques to control camel diseases and to assist in \u0000improving the camel resistance were considered. Extensive studies of the camel \u0000immune system were greatly hampered by lack of specific reagents to camel \u0000markers and low funds in the field of camel immunology.","PeriodicalId":61886,"journal":{"name":"兽医学(英文)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44041033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of mRNA Expression of Typical Proteins of Tight Junctions in the Intestinal Mucosa of Broilers (Gallus gallus domesticus)","authors":"E. A. Garcia, Carlos Ignacio Soto Zárate, Francisco Rodolfo González Díaz, J. Bordes, G. Fariña, C. Tovar","doi":"10.4236/ojvm.2021.116014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojvm.2021.116014","url":null,"abstract":"Tight junctions are mainly formed by two types of proteins; claudins and \u0000occludin, both of which are fundamental to maintain the integrity and barrier \u0000function of the intestinal epithelium. This barrier function allows for the absorption \u0000of nutrients, mainly by transcytosis; however, in birds, 90% of the substances \u0000are absorbed by paracellular mechanisms. Despite this, claudins present in the \u0000different parts of the intestinal tract of adult chickens are not known, much \u0000less their functional role. This study aimed to determine the presence of mRNA \u0000of claudins 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 12, 16 and occludin, in the different regions of \u0000the intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, and rectum) in chickens (Gallus \u0000gallus domesticus) through RT-PCR. To meet this goal, 7 weeks old roosters \u0000destined for slaughter and chicken embryos of 16 days of incubation (positive \u0000control) were used. For all the processed samples, amplicons of the expected \u0000size were obtained; claudin 1 (662 pb), claudin 2 (162 pb), claudin 3 (185 pb), \u0000claudin 5 (224 pb), claudin 10 (687 pb), claudin 12 (738 pb), claudin 16 (191 \u0000pb) and occludin (430 pb). To corroborate these findings, obtained amplicons \u0000were sequenced and, subsequently, a basic alignment was performed on the NCBI, \u0000obtaining a correlation of 100% with the original sequences in all analyzed \u0000samples. To our knowledge, the present work represents the first written report \u0000regarding the presence of mRNA of the main proteins involved in tight junction \u0000formation throughout the intestinal tract of domestic chickens of 7 weeks of \u0000age. These findings will allow elucidating the specific function of each of the \u0000reported proteins in the process of paracellular absorption in chickens.","PeriodicalId":61886,"journal":{"name":"兽医学(英文)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48073634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intestinal Protothecosis in a Young Bengal Cat","authors":"S. Manfredini, L. Formaggini, M. Marino, L. Venco","doi":"10.4236/OJVM.2021.115011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJVM.2021.115011","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Intestinal protothecosis is an uncommon and insidious mycotic disease. Only one human case and a few rare \u0000cases in dogs have been reported. To the authors’ knowledge, intestinal \u0000protothecosis has never been reported in cats. Case description: This paper describes \u0000a case of intestinal protothecosis in a nine-month-old male, Bengal cat. The \u0000cat presented because of onset of \u0000haemorrhagic diarrhoea. Investigations allowed diagnosis of intestinal protothecosis, \u0000confirmed by PCR test on faeces. Treatment with itraconazole did not improve \u0000the clinical signs. Treatment with nystatin was prescribed and caused \u0000improvement in the clinical signs and decreased number of pathogens seen on \u0000faecal cytology. PCR on faecal samples was negative two months after treatment, \u0000with complete resolution of symptoms. Conclusion: Infection with Prototheca should be part of the list of differential diagnoses for diarrhoea in cats. nystatin was effective in treating the \u0000infection in this case; this drug should be considered as a first-line \u0000treatment in cats as well as in dogs, in which protothecosis appears to have a poor prognosis. Although protothecosis is \u0000not considered a zoonotic disease, cases of algal infections in companion \u0000animals might be considered indicators of environmental risks for humans.","PeriodicalId":61886,"journal":{"name":"兽医学(英文)","volume":"11 1","pages":"157-164"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48039134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Static Bioimpedance and Dynamic Acoustic Myography Preliminary Assessment of Low Frequency Therapeutic Ultrasound Treatment of the Shoulder Muscle Trapezius: An Equine Study","authors":"Diane lsbell, Sebastian Laguna, A. Harrison","doi":"10.4236/OJVM.2021.114008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJVM.2021.114008","url":null,"abstract":"Background: In \u0000horses, therapeutic ultrasound has been shown to be beneficial for suspensory \u0000ligament injuries, and more generally to stimulate tissue repair and reduce \u0000localized pain. However, it has yet to be examined in relation to soft tissue \u0000injuries sustained during competition or in connection with rider/saddle \u0000interactions. Aim: The aim of the present study was to examine the efficacy \u0000of topical low-frequency therapeutic ultrasound on the shoulder muscles of \u0000injured horses. Methods: Muscle mass and cellular health was assessed for M. trapezius using non-invasive \u0000multi-frequency bioimpedance, and dynamic improvements in M. trapezius and M. \u0000latissimus dorsi were examined using acoustic myography (AMG). A total of 8 \u0000injured horses (painful to palpation and atrophied) were treated using an EQ Pro \u0000Therapy unit, following a set protocol that comprised treatment every other day \u0000for 10 treatments. Pre-treatment values were then compared with post-treatment \u0000measurements (1 & 6 months later). Results: The \u0000mfBIA results for M. trapezius showed \u0000a significant improvement (P 0.05) of EQ Pro Therapy treatment for the membrane \u0000capacitance (Mc) and phase angle (PA) parameters when comparing the Pre vs Post 1 and Post 1 vs Post 2 measurements. Similar improvements were seen for \u0000the AMG measurements for M. trapezius and M. latissimus dorsi where \u0000statistically significant improvements in the muscle efficiency (E-score) and \u0000temporal summation (T-score) as well as the spatial summation (S-score) and \u0000mean of the ST-scores were noted (P 0.05 to P 0.01). Conclusion: The present findings suggest that EQ Pro Therapy treatment is efficacious in terms of equine cases \u0000involving soft tissue shoulder muscle injuries (painful to palpation and atrophied). The main improvements noted were not only increased \u0000muscle mass and cellular health but also improved force production, \u0000better coordination, and \u0000lateral balance, which persisted for at least six months after treatment.","PeriodicalId":61886,"journal":{"name":"兽医学(英文)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47619889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Two Enzyme Immunoassays and Four Lysate Antigens for the Detection of Antibody in Canine Blastomycosis","authors":"M. Day, Arin C Esterbrook, Ignatius Bisharat, Abdullah Saleh Albqomi, Bryn C. Kennell, Russ Manteca, Heaton Oakes, Geoffrey M. Scalarone, G. Scalarone","doi":"10.4236/OJVM.2021.114009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJVM.2021.114009","url":null,"abstract":"Blastomycosis, \u0000the systemic fungal disease of humans and animals caused by Blastomyces \u0000dermatitidis and the cryptic species Blastomyces gilchristii, is often misdiagnosed as a \u0000bacterial or viral pulmonary disease. Therefore, the development of improved \u0000immunodiagnostic assays for this disease has been the primary focus of research \u0000in our laboratory. The present study was designed to evaluate four Blastomyces yeast-phase lysate \u0000antigenic preparations (human, 597, Eagle River, WI; dog, ERC-2, WI; Human, \u0000B5927, Mountain Iron, MN; soil, 85, Georgia, ATCC 56920) for their ability to \u0000detect antibody in 48 serum specimens from dogs with diagnosed blastomycosis \u0000using an indirect ELISA (STD) compared to a biotin-streptavidin ELISA (B-SA). \u0000All four lysate antigens were able to detect antibodies in the specimens with mean absorbance values \u0000ranging from 0.930 (B5927) to 1.142 (ERC-2) with the STD ELSA and from 1.395 \u0000(B5927) to 1.775 (85) with the B-SA ELISA. The results indicated that both \u0000ELISA methods could be utilized for antibody detection, but the B-SA ELISA \u0000exhibited greater sensitivity than the STD ELISA with all four of the lysates.","PeriodicalId":61886,"journal":{"name":"兽医学(英文)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41692499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical Features of Post-Parturient Hemoglobinuria in Dairy Cattle and Buffaloes: A Review","authors":"Shahpoor Rahmati, Amanullah Aziz, M. Tawfeeq, Jahed Zabuli, Sayed Ahmad Nazhat","doi":"10.4236/OJVM.2021.114010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJVM.2021.114010","url":null,"abstract":"Postpartum hemoglobinuria (PPH) is a sporadic noninfectious syndrome \u0000which normally seen in bovine around the world. PPH is most commonly affecting \u0000high-productive cows and buffaloes during the early pregnancy and early \u0000lactation period. PPH stands as a \u0000serious threat to the dairy cattle and buffaloes in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India, affecting a considerable number of \u0000animals every year. It is characterized by hemoglobinuria, intravenous hemolysis, severe anemia, and death due to anemia and hypoxia. However, the \u0000exact mechanism of the mentioned illness is not completely understood. Lots of \u0000comprehensive studies have been done and/or still are in progress in order to \u0000find the exact causes of intravascular hemolysis that is responsible for \u0000hemoglobinuria in the mentioned disease. But, hypophosphatemia in the high \u0000productive milking cows during the early stage of milk production is widely \u0000confident to be \u0000associated with PPH. In different parts of the world, many risk factors had been reported to be associated with \u0000PPH. Decreasing the level of phosphorous in blood serum, interrupted the \u0000phospholipid layers of red blood cells resulting in hemoglobinuria, a decrease in milk \u0000production, anorexia, and the death of animals in the \u0000cause if remained untreated. Urinalysis and hematology findings are the most \u0000commonly suitable diagnostic tools for this disease. Lots of studies have been \u0000suggesting that injection of sodium acid phosphate along with important \u0000minerals and supportive therapy with anti-oxidants \u0000can be used as the therapeutic protocol for the management of PPH.","PeriodicalId":61886,"journal":{"name":"兽医学(英文)","volume":"11 1","pages":"143-155"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47552720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}