Defence Technology(防务技术)最新文献

{"title":"Discovery of energetic-energetic cocrystal polymorphs with high-energy, low-sensitivity","authors":"Shen Qiao ,&nbsp;Yanwei Tan ,&nbsp;Zening Liu ,&nbsp;Fan Ma ,&nbsp;Shi Huang ,&nbsp;Kangcai Wang ,&nbsp;Yu Liu ,&nbsp;Zongwei Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.05.026","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.05.026","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Herein, a first example of energetic-energetic cocrystal polymorphs with a 1:1 M ratio was discovered by cocrystallizing CL-20 (2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane) with 1,3-DNP (1,3-dinitropyrazole). These two energetic cocrystal polymorphs (cocrystal <strong>1</strong> and cocrystal <strong>2</strong>) exhibit distinct crystal packing styles, which lead to significant variations in their physicochemical properties. Notably, cocrystal <strong>2</strong> has a high density of 1.963 g⋅cm⁻³ at 170 K, exhibiting high detonation performances (9187 m⋅s⁻¹; 38.68 GPa) comparable to HMX (1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane) meanwhile displaying an improved safety (10 J) relative to RDX (1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane), making it a potential high-energy, low-sensitivity energetic material. This work opens up a new strategy to deeply tune properties of energetic materials by constructing energetic-energetic cocrystal polymorphs. These energetic cocrystal polymorphs represent a new field of energetic materials that has not yet been studied.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":58209,"journal":{"name":"Defence Technology(防务技术)","volume":"51 ","pages":"Pages 127-133"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145097691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bismuth's role in quaternary thulium doped tellurite glasses: Achieving optical clarity and radiation shielding","authors":"N.A.M. Rusni ,&nbsp;N.A. Abdul-Manaf ,&nbsp;N. Ahmad ,&nbsp;L. Hasnimulyati ,&nbsp;W.Y.W. Yusoff ,&nbsp;A. Azuraida","doi":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.05.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.05.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores the impact of bismuth oxide (Bi₂O₃) on the optical and radiation shielding properties of transparent, lead-free thulium-doped bismuth borotellurite radiation shielding glass. The investigated glass composition follows the formula [(TeO₂)₇₅ (B₂O₃)₂₅]_{98-<em>x</em>} (Bi₂O₃)_<em>x</em> [Tm₂O₃]₂, where <em>x</em> = 0 mol%, 5 mol%, 10 mol%, 15 mol%, 20 mol%, 25 mol%, and 30 mol%. All glass samples remain transparent, with an optical bandgap (<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>E</mi><mtext>opt</mtext></msub></mrow></math></span>) exceeding 3.1 eV, ensuring visible light transmission. Radiation shielding data from Phy-X and XCom reveal interactions of the photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, and pair production, with minimal relative difference in mass attenuation coefficient (<span><math><mrow><mtext>MAC</mtext></mrow></math></span>) which is between 0.05 and 0.56. At 0.662 MeV photon energy, the 20 mol% and 25 mol% Bi₂O₃ glasses exhibit significantly higher Phy-X <span><math><mrow><mi>M</mi><mi>A</mi><mi>C</mi></mrow></math></span> values than other samples, except RS 520 glass, which contains 71% PbO. Despite incorporating only up to 25 mol% Bi₂O₃, these glasses outperform others in density, half-value layer (<span><math><mrow><mtext>HVL</mtext></mrow></math></span>), and mean free path (<span><math><mrow><mtext>MFP</mtext></mrow></math></span>). Correlating <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>E</mi><mtext>opt</mtext></msub></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><mtext>MAC</mtext></mrow></math></span>, the 20 mol% Bi₂O₃ glass is the best candidate for transparent radiation shielding glass due to its wide optical bandgap which prevents ionization of trapped holes. Significantly, the linkage between <span><math><mrow><mtext>MFP</mtext></mrow></math></span> and molar refraction was also discovered based on the particle size influence on both parameters.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":58209,"journal":{"name":"Defence Technology(防务技术)","volume":"51 ","pages":"Pages 134-144"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145097696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variable reward function-driven strategies for impulsive orbital attack-defense games under multiple constraints and victory conditions","authors":"Liran Zhao,&nbsp;Sihan Xu,&nbsp;Qinbo Sun,&nbsp;Zhaohui Dang","doi":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.05.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.05.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper investigates impulsive orbital attack-defense (AD) games under multiple constraints and victory conditions, involving three spacecraft: attacker, target, and defender. In the AD scenario, the attacker aims to breach the defender's interception to rendezvous with the target, while the defender seeks to protect the target by blocking or actively pursuing the attacker. Four different maneuvering constraints and five potential game outcomes are incorporated to more accurately model AD game problems and increase complexity, thereby reducing the effectiveness of traditional methods such as differential games and game-tree searches. To address these challenges, this study proposes a multi-agent deep reinforcement learning solution with variable reward functions. Two attack strategies, Direct attack (DA) and Bypass attack (BA), are developed for the attacker, each focusing on different mission priorities. Similarly, two defense strategies, Direct interdiction (DI) and Collinear interdiction (CI), are designed for the defender, each optimizing specific defensive actions through tailored reward functions. Each reward function incorporates both process rewards (e.g., distance and angle) and outcome rewards, derived from physical principles and validated via geometric analysis. Extensive simulations of four strategy confrontations demonstrate average defensive success rates of 75% for DI vs. DA, 40% for DI vs. BA, 80% for CI vs. DA, and 70% for CI vs. BA. Results indicate that CI outperforms DI for defenders, while BA outperforms DA for attackers. Moreover, defenders achieve their objectives more effectively under identical maneuvering capabilities. Trajectory evolution analyses further illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed variable reward function-driven strategies. These strategies and analyses offer valuable guidance for practical orbital defense scenarios and lay a foundation for future multi-agent game research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":58209,"journal":{"name":"Defence Technology(防务技术)","volume":"51 ","pages":"Pages 159-183"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145098506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of current studies on the unmanned aerial vehicle-based moving target tracking methods","authors":"Binbin Yan ,&nbsp;Yuxin Wei ,&nbsp;Shuangxi Liu ,&nbsp;Wei Huang ,&nbsp;Ruizhe Feng ,&nbsp;Xiaoqian Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.01.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.01.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have become crucial tools in moving target tracking due to their agility and ability to operate in complex, dynamic environments. UAVs must meet several requirements to achieve stable tracking, including maintaining continuous target visibility amidst occlusions, ensuring flight safety, and achieving smooth trajectory planning. This paper reviews the latest advancements in UAV-based target tracking, highlighting information prediction, tracking strategies, and swarm cooperation. To address challenges including target visibility and occlusion, real-time prediction and tracking in dynamic environments, flight safety and coordination, resource management and energy efficiency, the paper identifies future research directions aimed at improving the performance, reliability, and scalability of UAV tracking system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":58209,"journal":{"name":"Defence Technology(防务技术)","volume":"51 ","pages":"Pages 201-219"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145098555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mesoscopic analysis on projectile motion characteristics in oblique penetration into concrete","authors":"Xiaoyu Li ,&nbsp;Jie Zhang ,&nbsp;Yu Rong ,&nbsp;Zhihua Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.05.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.05.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The motion characteristics of projectile during oblique penetration into concrete were studied using a three-dimensional meso-scale model. The finite element model validation and parameter chosen were conducted by comparing the experimental data, with computational efficiency enhanced through improved mesh refinement. Penetration simulations involving deformable projectiles at various incident angles analyzed the effects of aggregate volume fraction and particle size on ballistic trajectory and terminal deflection. Sensitivity analysis reveals a strong power-law relationship between aggregate content and the projectile's deflection angle. The increase in aggregate content will enhance the confinement effect, shorten the intrusion distance of the projectile, and lead to a decrease in the deflection angle of the projectile. The effect of aggregate particle size on the projectile deflection angle follows a Gaussian distribution. The maximum deflection angle occurs when the aggregate particle size is between 2.7 and 3.1 times the projectile diameter. An increase in particle size reduces the number of aggregate-mortar interfaces at the same aggregate volume fraction, leading to an enlargement of the damage zone in concrete, a decrease in the number of cracks, and an increase in crack length. These findings enhance the understanding of concrete penetration mechanisms and offers valuable insights for engineering structure protection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":58209,"journal":{"name":"Defence Technology(防务技术)","volume":"51 ","pages":"Pages 220-233"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145098556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental and numerical approach of afterburning effects in fuel-rich explosives within confined spaces","authors":"Hu Zhou ,&nbsp;Ange Lu ,&nbsp;Cheng Zheng ,&nbsp;Yiwen Wang ,&nbsp;Xiangshao Kong ,&nbsp;Weiguo Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.05.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.05.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The detonation of fuel-rich explosives yields combustible products that persistently burn upon mixing with ambient oxygen, releasing additional energy through a phenomenon known as the afterburning effect. This process greatly influences the evolution of confined blast loading and the subsequent structural response, which is crucial in confined blast scenarios. Given the complex nature of the reaction process, accurate analysis of the afterburning effect remains challenging. Previous studies have either overlooked the mechanisms of detonation product combustion or failed to provide experimental validation. This study introduces a three-dimensional model to effectively characterize the combustion of detonation products. The model integrates chemical reaction source terms into the governing equations to consider the combustion processes. Numerical simulations and experimental tests were conducted to analyze the combustion and energy release from the detonation products of fuel-rich explosives in confined spaces. Approximately 50% of the energy was released during the combustion of detonation products in a confined TNT explosion. Although the combustion of these products was much slower than the detonation process, it aligned with the dynamic response of the structure, which enhanced the explosive yield. Excluding afterburning from the analysis reduced the center-point deformation of the structure by 30%. Following the inclusion of afterburning, the simulated quasi-static pressure increased by approximately 45%. Subsequent comparisons highlighted the merits of the proposed approach over conventional methods. This approach eliminates the reliance on empirical parameters, such as the amount and rate of energy release during afterburning, thereby laying the foundation for understanding load evolution in more complex environments, such as ships, buildings, and underground tunnels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":58209,"journal":{"name":"Defence Technology(防务技术)","volume":"51 ","pages":"Pages 67-79"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145097692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Linear WDE for performance enhancement of MIMO-OFDM system in the presence of Co-CFO","authors":"Khaled Ramadan ,&nbsp;Emad S. Hassan","doi":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.05.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.05.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Discrete Walsh Hadamard Transform (DWHT) has emerged as an efficient alternative to the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) implementations, particularly in handling channel impairments. In this article, we proposed an efficient Joint Low Complexity Regularized Zero Forcing-Wavelet Domain Equalizer (JLCRLZF-WDE) to replace the traditional Frequency Domain Equalizer (FDE) in DWHT-OFDM systems. Unlike FDE, which requires additional DFT and Inverse DFT (IDFT) computations, the proposed JLCRLZF-WDE directly operates in the Walsh domain, effectively mitigating the computational overhead. The derivation of the proposed JLCRLZF-WDE equations take the effect of the channel, Co-Carrier Frequency Offset (Co-CFO), as well as the noise into account. During the derivation of the system model equations, we assume a Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO)-OFDM communication system through a Rayleigh fading channel. The Bit Error Rate (BER) performance and computational complexity of the proposed and the conventional algorithms are compared, indicating the significance of the proposed algorithm. Simulation results confirm the superiority of the proposed equalizer, demonstrating a 23.68%–28.4% reduction in computational complexity compared to Minimum Mean Square Error (LMMSE)-FDE based on DFT, while maintaining comparable BER performance at various MIMO configuration. Furthermore, at a BER of 10⁻⁴, the JLCRLZF-WDE achieves performance parity with conventional Walsh domain LMMSE equalizers, whereas other equalizers require an additional Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) of 3.06 dB to achieve the same performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":58209,"journal":{"name":"Defence Technology(防务技术)","volume":"51 ","pages":"Pages 51-66"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145097690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-scale impact resistance of flexible microporous metal rubber: Dynamic energy dissipation mechanism based on dynamic friction locking effect","authors":"Qiang Song ,&nbsp;Liangliang Shen ,&nbsp;Linwei Shi ,&nbsp;Ling Pan ,&nbsp;Ang Wang ,&nbsp;Zhiying Ren","doi":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.05.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.05.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Flexible microporous metal rubber (FMP-MR) is widely used in national defense applications, yet its mechanical behavior under high-speed impact conditions remains insufficiently explored. In this study, dynamic and static experiments were conducted to systematically investigate the mechanical response of metal-wrapped microporous materials under impact loading that spanned 10⁶ orders of magnitude. By combining a high-precision numerical model with a spatial contact point search algorithm, the spatio–temporal contact characteristics of the complex network structure in FMP-MR were systematically analyzed. Furthermore, the mapping mechanism from turn topology and mesoscopic friction behavior to macroscopic mechanical properties was comprehensively explored. The results showed that compared with quasi-static loading, FMP-MR under high-speed impact exhibited higher energy absorption efficiency due to high-strain-rate inertia effect. Therefore, the peak stress increased by 141%, and the maximum energy dissipation increased by 300%. Consequently, the theory of dynamic friction locking effect was innovatively proposed. The theory explains that the close synergistic effect of sliding friction and plastic dissipation promoted by the stable interturn-locked embedded structure is the essential reason for the excellent dynamic mechanical properties of FMP-MR under dynamic loading conditions. Briefly, based on the in-depth investigation of the mechanical response and energy dissipation mechanism of FMP-MR under impact loads, this study provides a solid theoretical basis for further expanding the application range of FMP-MR and optimizing its performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":58209,"journal":{"name":"Defence Technology(防务技术)","volume":"51 ","pages":"Pages 97-111"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145097694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrosion-assisted fatigue crack growth behaviour of AA 7075-T651 friction stir welded joints: Influence of extended seawater exposure on microstructure and fracture characteristics","authors":"Karthick Ganesan ,&nbsp;S.R. Koteswara Rao ,&nbsp;T. Srinivasa Rao ,&nbsp;V. Rohit","doi":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.04.021","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.04.021","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the corrosion-assisted fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) of 16 mm thick AA 7075-T651 friction stir welded (FSW) joints. Compact tension (CT) specimens were extracted from both the base material and FSW joints to evaluate FCGR under varying corrosion exposure durations (0, 7, 30, 60, and 90 days) at a constant stress ratio of 0.5. Microstructural analysis of the welds was conducted using optical and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results indicate that the critical stress intensity factor range (Δ<em>K</em>_cr) of FSW joints is lower than that of the base material, primarily due to precipitate dissolution in the weld zone during the FSW process, as confirmed by TEM analysis. The fatigue life of FSW joints was significantly lower than that of the base material, but with prolonged exposure to seawater corrosion, the gap in fatigue life narrowed. Specimens exposed to seawater for more than 60 days exhibited minimal differences in fatigue life between the base material and the FSW joints. This was attributed to the higher corrosion rate of the base material compared to the weld nugget, resulting in the formation of deeper pits that facilitated crack initiation and accelerated fatigue failure. The findings conclude that extended corrosion exposure leads to similar fatigue life and crack growth behaviour in both the base material and FSW joints. SEM and EDX analysis of AA7075-T651 revealed corrosion pits and rust products in initiation zones, ductile striations in growth regions, and secondary cracks with micro voids in fracture zones. FSW joints exhibited ultra-fine grains, smooth ductile fracture in initiation and growth regions, and brittle fracture in the fracture zones under both corroded and uncorroded conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":58209,"journal":{"name":"Defence Technology(防务技术)","volume":"51 ","pages":"Pages 80-96"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145097693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of post weld heat treatment on grain boundary character distribution and corrosion resistance of friction stir welded armour-grade nickel and molybdenum-free high-nitrogen austenitic stainless steel","authors":"Arun Kumar Gurrala ,&nbsp;Raffi Mohammed ,&nbsp;G Madhusudhan Reddy","doi":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.05.016","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.05.016","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines the effects of friction stir welding (FSW) and post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) on the grain boundary character distribution and corrosion resistance of cross sectional (top and bottom) regions of nickel-and molybdenum-free high-nitrogen austenitic stainless steel (HNASS).FSW at 400 rpm and 30 mm/min resulted in finer grains (4.18 μm) and higher coincident site lattice (CSL) boundaries (32.3%) at the top of the stir zone (SZ) due to dynamic recrystallization (DRX). PWHT at 900 °C for 1 h led to grain coarsening (12.91μm the bottom SZ) but enhanced CSL boundaries from 24.6% to 30.2%, improving grain boundary stability. PWHT reduced the kernel average misorientation (KAM) by 14.9% in the SZ-top layer and 20.4% in the SZ-bottom layer, accompanied by a 25% decrease in hardness in the SZ-top layer and 26.7% in the SZ-bottom layer, indicating strain recovery and reduced dislocation density. Potentiodynamic polarization tests (PDP) showed a 18% increase in pitting potential and a 76% reduction in corrosion rate after PWHT. The improvement in corrosion resistance is attributed to the increase in Σ3 twin boundaries, which enhance grain boundary stability and reduce susceptibility to localized corrosion. These findings highlight the role of PWHT in refining the microstructure and strengthening corrosion resistance, making HNASS a promising material for demanding applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":58209,"journal":{"name":"Defence Technology(防务技术)","volume":"51 ","pages":"Pages 246-261"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145098558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}