Safety and Health at Work最新文献

{"title":"N,N-Dimethylacetamide Exposure–Induced Acute Liver Failure","authors":"WonYang Kang,&nbsp;Eun Young Kim,&nbsp;Byung-Soon Choi","doi":"10.1016/j.shaw.2026.03.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.shaw.2026.03.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aimed to share the case caused by N,N-Dimethylacetamide (DMAC) exposure. We report a 30-year-old man who died from DMAC exposure–induced acute liver failure after working in the cutting and cleansing of hollow fiber membranes for 5 days. While he was exposed to low-level DMAC by inhalation as the measurement of periodic working environment monitoring, considering his working method, considerable DMAC exposure via dermal absorption was suspected. Therefore, short-term, short-latency DMAC exposure via dermal absorption can cause fatal acute liver failure owing to idiosyncratic reactions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56149,"journal":{"name":"Safety and Health at Work","volume":"17 3","pages":"Pages 426-429"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149033259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Working Time Exposures and Occupational Injury Among Delivery Gig Workers in China: Indirect Pathways Through Sleep Quality","authors":"Hao Wen","doi":"10.1016/j.shaw.2026.07.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.shaw.2026.07.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Delivery gig workers face elevated risks of occupational injury, yet little is known about how working time exposures contribute to injury risk and the pathways underlying this association. This study examined the associations between multiple dimensions of working time exposures and occupational injury and whether sleep quality represented an indirect pathway co-occurring with these associations.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Using cross-sectional survey data from 1,537 delivery gig workers in Shanghai, China, we examined the associations between three dimensions of working time exposures (daily working hours, weekly working days, and night-shift frequency) and occupational injury. Sleep quality was examined as a potential indirect pathway based on the Effort–Recovery Model. We estimated a series of regression models and used bootstrap methods to decompose direct and indirect associations while adjusting for sociodemographic and job-related covariates.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Longer daily working hours and more frequent night shifts were directly associated with higher occupational injury counts. Weekly working days and night-shift frequency showed significant indirect associations with occupational injury through poorer sleep quality. Robustness checks using a binary injury indicator yielded consistent results.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Working time exposures are associated with occupational injury risk among delivery gig workers through both direct exposure–related associations and indirect pathways involving sleep quality. Interventions and policies targeting excessive working hours, night work, and sleep quality may help reduce injury risks in this vulnerable transport workforce.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56149,"journal":{"name":"Safety and Health at Work","volume":"17 3","pages":"Pages 393-400"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149033226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stress, Transition-to-Practice, Burnout, and Turnover Intention in Early-Career Nursing (1981–2025): A Bibliometric and Science-Mapping Analysis","authors":"Alex S. Borromeo,&nbsp;John Paul E. Mendoza,&nbsp;Fritzie V. dela Cruz,&nbsp;Magdalena D. Soyosa,&nbsp;Walton Wider","doi":"10.1016/j.shaw.2026.03.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.shaw.2026.03.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Stress during training, transition-to-practice strain, burnout, and turnover intention are recurring early-career nursing concerns and can be viewed in occupational safety and health terms as work-related psychosocial hazards.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Web of Science records (1970–31 Aug 2025) were screened, yielding 664 eligible articles (earliest eligible year: 1981). Using VOSviewer (version 1.6.20; Centre for Science and Technology Studies [CWTS], Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands) and Biblioshiny (version 5.0; web interface of bibliometrix, developed by Massimo Aria and Corrado Cuccurullo, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy), we mapped the intellectual base via cocitation (minimum cocitation = 12), themes via coword analysis (minimum occurrence = 15; thesaurus-cleaned keywords), and change over time via thematic evolution (1981–1999, 2000–2009, 2010–2019, and 2020–2025).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Five cocitation clusters centered on transition theory, stress/coping, burnout measurement, resilience, and organizational determinants of retention. Coword mapping yielded four thematic clusters spanning transition supports, student stress/mental health, early-career burnout/turnover intention, and well-being/self-efficacy interventions. The literature frequently links stress, transition-to-practice strain, burnout, and turnover intention; when these constructs are framed in a sequential narrative, we interpret this as thematic convergence rather than evidence of a causal or developmental mechanism. Retention was often operationalized via intention rather than observed turnover.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The mapped literature depicts an interconnected psychosocial hazard domain linking education and early practice to retention-risk signals with implications for staffing stability, patient safety, and safety culture. We propose a three-pillar heuristic synthesis: structured residency/preceptorship with protected preceptor time, longitudinal screening using validated stress/burnout tools, and psychologically safe leadership. This framework is an interpretive synthesis informed by mapped themes and central empirical literature, not a validated intervention model and not a direct algorithmic output of the clustering procedure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56149,"journal":{"name":"Safety and Health at Work","volume":"17 3","pages":"Pages 320-330"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149033189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of the Serious Accidents Punishment Act on Occupational Injury Rates in Korea’s Manufacturing Sector: An Interrupted Time-Series Analysis","authors":"Jian Lee,&nbsp;Juyeon Oh,&nbsp;Heejoo Park,&nbsp;Jongmin Lee,&nbsp;Byungyoon Yun,&nbsp;Jin-Ha Yoon","doi":"10.1016/j.shaw.2026.05.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.shaw.2026.05.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The Republic of Korea introduced the Serious Accidents Punishment Act (SAPA) in 2021 to improve workplace safety by holding company leaders legally accountable for serious accidents but its impact on injury trends has not been well established. This study evaluated SAPA’s effect on age–sex-standardized injury incidence rates (ASRs) in the Republic of Korea’s manufacturing sector, examining differences by company size (≥50 vs. &lt;50 employees), sex, and injury type (inpatient vs. outpatient).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Using National Health Insurance Service Cohort data (January 2011–April 2024), we employed interrupted time-series design to assess SAPA’s effects from January 2022. Injury data (International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10^th Edition: S00–T88) were standardized using the 2015 Republic of Korea Statistical Information Service population. Generalized least squares regression analysis with an autoregressive moving average structure was performed to analyze ASR trends across subgroups.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Following SAPA implementation, nonsignificant decreases in both inpatient and outpatient ASR were observed among men in companies with 50 or more employees. Among women, inpatient ASR showed opposite patterns according to company size; however, after Benjamini–Hochberg adjustment for multiple comparisons, these effects did not retain significance in the full 2011–2024 dataset. A sensitivity analysis restricted to 2017–2024 suggested that the increase in &lt;50-employee companies may represent a robust signal in the more recent period.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>SAPA implementation was not associated with statistically significant changes in injury rates in most subgroups after multiple testing adjustment, consistent with the early post-implementation experience of analogous international legislation. Exploratory subgroup analyses suggested differential responses by sex and company size, necessitating longitudinal research to evaluate the law’s long-term preventive effects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56149,"journal":{"name":"Safety and Health at Work","volume":"17 3","pages":"Pages 375-382"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149033190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Workplace HIV and TB Programmes for Laboratory Health Workers: A Rapid Review","authors":"Selelo Ramahlo,&nbsp;Nosimilo Mlangeni,&nbsp;Muzimkhulu Zungu","doi":"10.1016/j.shaw.2026.05.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.shaw.2026.05.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis (TB) remain global health challenges. Health workers (HWs), particularly laboratory HWs who handle infectious samples, face increased occupational risks of infection. Laboratory HWs are essential for disease diagnosis and monitoring, yet their health is endangered by workplace exposures to HIV and TB, potentially leading to workforce depletion and compromised healthcare delivery. Despite existing guidelines and policies for access and implementation of effective occupational health services (OHS), including hazard identification, medical surveillance, and postexposure preventive treatment, these are often obstructed by resource limitations.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This review paper discusses the morbidity of HIV and TB among laboratory HWs, and explores the enablers and barriers to accessing HIV and TB OHS.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A literature search was conducted using the EBSCOhost databases. Relevant keywords identified studies related to HWs, specifically laboratory HWs. Eligible studies were organised using a flow diagram, resulting in 13 papers. Data concerning morbidity, enabling factors, barriers, and recommendations were extracted using a modified tool.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Studies consistently demonstrate a high prevalence of latent TB Infection and active TB among laboratory HWs handling mycobacteria. Barriers to accessing OHS are more frequently reported than enablers, and HIV data specific to laboratory HWs were limited. Recommended interventions include enhanced surveillance, stronger OHS programmes, and integrating OHS and infection control.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Despite growing evidence, gaps remain in implementation, and further studies are needed to assess the real-world application of recommended measures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56149,"journal":{"name":"Safety and Health at Work","volume":"17 3","pages":"Pages 299-307"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149033266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formal Caregivers' Exposure to Workplace Violence in the Swiss Home-care Setting: A Cross-sectional Study","authors":"Baptiste Lucien,&nbsp;Sabine Hahn,&nbsp;Catherine Busnel,&nbsp;Sandra Zwakhalen","doi":"10.1016/j.shaw.2026.07.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.shaw.2026.07.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Workplace violence against formal caregivers is a serious concern, affecting both their well-being and the quality of care. While workplace violence in hospitals is well studied, research on violence in home-care settings remains scarce. This study examines the prevalence, frequency, types, consequences, and risk factors of workplace violence experienced by formal caregivers from care receivers in home-care.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 2022 in a home-care organisation in French-speaking Switzerland using an electronic survey. Formal caregivers were selected using convenience sampling. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, and Pearson's chi-square and Fisher's exact tests. The Holm-Bonferroni method was applied for the post-hoc analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Among 200 participants, 42% reported experiencing at least one form of workplace violence in the past year. Following a workplace violence event, nine affected participants took medical leave, with four being absent for more than seven days. Nursing assistants were less likely to experience workplace violence than registered nurses and health specialists. Formal caregivers with 1-4 years of experience were at higher risk of workplace violence compared to those with longer professional experience.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study is one of the first to examine workplace violence towards formal caregivers in the European home-care context, revealing concerning rates of workplace violence with significant consequences for caregivers, and highlighting the urgent need for greater attention to this phenomenon. Addressing workplace violence in home-care is essential to safeguarding caregiver well-being and preventing workforce shortages.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56149,"journal":{"name":"Safety and Health at Work","volume":"17 3","pages":"Pages 408-414"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149033187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic Peak and Post-pandemic Period on Healthcare Professionals’ Attitudes Toward Patient Safety Culture: A Comparative Study","authors":"Yun-Chen Chang,&nbsp;Jung-Jung Chan,&nbsp;Jui-Cheng Chen,&nbsp;Yu-Chun Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.shaw.2026.03.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.shaw.2026.03.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The COVID-19 pandemic placed unprecedented pressure on healthcare systems, affecting frontline staff through long hours, psychological stress, and resource disparities. In Taiwan, the pandemic’s peak in 2021 and subsequent easing in 2022 brought changes in clinical operations and organizational dynamics. This study explores how these shifts influenced healthcare workers’ perceptions of patient safety culture (PSC) over time.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A cross-sectional survey was administered at a medical center in central Taiwan using the New Chinese version of the Safety Attitudes Questionnaire (New-SAQ). Valid responses were collected from 3,709 healthcare workers across two periods: 2021 (pandemic peak) and 2022 (post-peak). Data were analyzed using SPSS 22.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) for descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, analysis of variance, Pearson correlation, and two-way analysis of variance to assess differences and interactions across roles, time periods, and demographic variables.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>PSC scores showed significant improvement in 2022 compared to 2021. The highest-rated dimensions were teamwork climate, job satisfaction, and perceptions of management, reflecting enhanced collaboration and leadership support. However, stress recognition and resilience (measured via reverse-coded emotional exhaustion) remained low, highlighting ongoing emotional burden. Nurses reported significantly lower scores in job satisfaction and safety climate compared to other professional groups. Strong interrelations were found among dimensions, particularly between teamwork and safety climate (r = .781).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>While PSC improved post-peak pandemic, specific groups—particularly nurses, women, and mid-career professionals—continue to face elevated stress and burnout risks. Healthcare organizations should prioritize leadership engagement, implement flexible work arrangements, and provide targeted resilience training to promote a safer and more supportive work environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56149,"journal":{"name":"Safety and Health at Work","volume":"17 2","pages":"Pages 199-205"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13316004/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148364147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Do Females and Males Experience Occupational Stress Differently? Insights From a Meta-Analysis","authors":"Siu Shing Man,&nbsp;Yizhen Fang,&nbsp;Yingwei Chen,&nbsp;Li Liu,&nbsp;Alan Hoi Shou Chan","doi":"10.1016/j.shaw.2026.03.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.shaw.2026.03.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Occupational stress has been extensively studied due to its key role in shaping the well-being, safety, and productivity of workers. However, existing studies offer conflicting evidence regarding the association between gender and occupational stress. This research systematically reviewed 18 studies with 20 records from the past decade on gender differences in occupational stress, utilizing meta-analysis techniques. Based on the literature review, occupational stress was categorized into physical, psychological, safety, and work stress. Moderators affecting the relationship between gender and occupational stress were analyzed. The findings suggested that female workers exhibited greater work stress (Cohen's <em>d</em> = –0.119, <em>p &lt;</em> 0.001) and less safety stress (Cohen's <em>d</em> = 0.106, <em>p</em> = 0.010) than males. Region was a key moderator significantly affecting the relationship between gender and occupational stress (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05). These findings emphasize the distinct stress challenges faced by female and male workers, highlighting the need for tailored support to decrease occupational stress for workers of both genders, thus enhancing workers' performance, safety, and well-being.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56149,"journal":{"name":"Safety and Health at Work","volume":"17 2","pages":"Pages 179-190"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13316014/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148364150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Noise-induced Hearing Loss Among Dental Personnel in a University Hospital: Occupational Noise Exposure and Lifestyle Factors — A Cross-sectional Analytical Study","authors":"Thitiworn Choosong,&nbsp;Sittichok Teawanan,&nbsp;Ramida Dindamrongkul,&nbsp;Wandee Khaimook,&nbsp;Sasithorn Srimeechai,&nbsp;Paranicha Bunruang,&nbsp;Phattaranun Phiboon,&nbsp;Wannadee Wacharachaipong","doi":"10.1016/j.shaw.2026.02.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.shaw.2026.02.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Sensorineural hearing loss is influenced by multiple factors, with occupational noise exposure being the key contributor. Dental personnel are routinely exposed to high-frequency sounds from clinical instruments. Although average clinic noise levels are typically below the 85 dBA threshold, cumulative exposure and high peak levels may increase the risk of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). This study assessed the workplace noise characteristics, prevalence, and risk factors for NIHL among dental personnel.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This cross-sectional study was conducted with 184 staff members at a university dental hospital. Data collection included questionnaires, otoscopic examinations, pure-tone audiometry, and workplace noise measurements.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Hearing loss was identified in 30.4% of the participants. Individuals over 30 years of age and those who consumed tobacco and/or alcohol had significantly higher risks (odds ratio = 2.93, 5.81, and 3.21, respectively), whereas caffeine consumption showed a protective association. Technical and maintenance staffs were exposed to higher peak and high-frequency noise than clinical or administrative staff, with 8-h time-weighted averages ranging from 64.3 to 68.9 dBA—all below occupational noise exposure limits.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Occupational noise exposure and lifestyle factors contributed to NIHL among dental personnel. Preventive strategies should integrate engineering controls to reduce peak noise alongside health promotion targeting modifiable risks such as tobacco and alcohol use. Early detection and implementation of hearing preservation strategies are essential to reduce the prevalence of NIHL in dental professionals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56149,"journal":{"name":"Safety and Health at Work","volume":"17 2","pages":"Pages 254-261"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13315975/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148364179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Macroergonomics Approach for Developing the Next Generation of Safety Culture Maturity Model","authors":"Wisda Mulyasari,&nbsp;Udisubakti Ciptomulyono,&nbsp;Adithya Sudiarno","doi":"10.1016/j.shaw.2026.02.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.shaw.2026.02.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>A poor safety culture has led to numerous major incidents in the chemical process industry. Empirical evidence proves that sectors with high safety culture maturity (SCM) levels have fewer incidents and accidents. A macroergonomics approach could increase the resilience. This study identifies SCM variables in chemical process-based industries and develops a conceptual framework and model using a macroergonomics approach to achieve organizational resilience.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study will employ a systematic literature review (SLR) approach to conduct an SLR on the safety culture maturity model (SCMM) research. The SLR aims to find measurement variables and models used in previous research. Then, the variables found were classified into five work subsystems: 1) organization, 2) tools and technology, 3) human, 4) job and tasks, and 5) environment. Validation was then proposed by 11 experts using the content validity ratio method to identify relevant variables to measure SCM in chemical process-based industries.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Fifteen variables were classified into the organizational subsystem, six were in the tools and technology subsystem variables, nine were included in the human subsystem variables, five were in the job and task subsystem variables, and six were included in the environment subsystem variables. A six-level SCM model is presented: Pathological, Reactive, Calculative, Proactive, Generative, and Resilient.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This study successfully identified and mapped key variables contributing to SCMM in chemical process-based industries using a macroergonomics approach, resulting in 41 measurement variables. A six-level SCMM can be used to develop measurement tools and improve organizational resilience.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56149,"journal":{"name":"Safety and Health at Work","volume":"17 2","pages":"Pages 172-178"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13315978/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148364155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}