Life-Basel最新文献

{"title":"Influence of Nutrient Medium Components on In Vitro Tuberization of <i>Solanum tuberosum</i> L. and Subsequent Minituber Production in Aeroponic and Greenhouse Conditions.","authors":"Gayane Hrant Melyan, Yuri Tsatur Martirosyan, Aghvan Jumshud Sahakyan, Hovik Yakshibek Sayadyan, Andreas Shmavon Melikyan, Andranik Hakob Barseghyan, Arayik Sajan Vardanyan, Hamlet Sargis Martirosyan, Margarita Gurgen Harutyunyan, Anzhela Liparit Mkrtchyan, Inna Lendrush Hakobjanyan, Kima Seryozha Dangyan, Khachik Harut Terteryan, Kamo Atam Khazaryan, Meruzhan Haykaram Galstyan","doi":"10.3390/life15020241","DOIUrl":"10.3390/life15020241","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Potatoes, a vital global food crop, have shown remarkable adaptability, significantly contributing to food security. Technological advancements now enable their cultivation from soil-based systems to liquid synthetic nutrient media, even in artificial closed environments without natural light or fertile soil. This study examined the effects of Benzylaminopurine (BAP) and Kinetin (Kin) at concentrations ranging from 0 to 5 mg/L and sucrose concentrations ranging from 20 to 120 g/L on in vitro tuberization, focusing on microtuber size, weight, and tuberization rate. Nodal segments from virus-free '<i>Red Scarlet</i>' in vitro potato plantlets were used as explants. These explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium solidified with 0.5% agar. The study also compared minituber production efficiency under soil-based greenhouse and aeroponic conditions. The highest in vitro potato tuberization rate (90%) was achieved with 80 g/L sucrose and 3.0 mg/L BAP. After induction, virus-free microtubers were transferred to both greenhouse conditions and aeroponic systems for further assessment of minituber production and biochemical composition. These findings demonstrate the potential of aeroponics as a superior method for producing high-quality, pathogen-free minitubers. Aeroponics resulted in significantly higher minituber yields compared to soil-based greenhouse systems, offering a scalable and efficient solution for seed production.</p>","PeriodicalId":56144,"journal":{"name":"Life-Basel","volume":"15 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11856352/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143506092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Perception of the Diaphragm with Ultrasound: Always There Yet Overlooked?","authors":"Kathleen Möller, Max Saborio, Heike Gottschall, Michael Blaivas, Adrian C Borges, Susanne Morf, Burkhard Möller, Christoph F Dietrich","doi":"10.3390/life15020239","DOIUrl":"10.3390/life15020239","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diaphragm ultrasound makes it possible to diagnose diaphragmatic atrophy and dysfunction. Important indications include unclear dyspnea; diaphragmatic elevation; assessment of diaphragm dysfunction in pulmonary, neuromuscular and neurovascular diseases; and in critically ill patients before noninvasive and mechanical ventilation and follow-up of diaphragm thickness and function during mechanical ventilation with potential prediction of prolonged weaning. In patients with respiratory insufficiency and potential diaphragm dysfunction, it is possible to objectify the contribution of diaphragm dysfunction. In addition, assessment of diaphragmatic hernias, tumors and diaphragmatic dysfunction in COVID-19 and diaphragmatic ultrasound in sports medicine have been described. This narrative review includes the sonomorphology of the diaphragm, standardization of ultrasonographic investigation with transducer positions and ultrasound techniques, normal findings and diagnostic criteria for pathological findings. The correct sonographic measurement, calculation and evaluation can ultimately influence further therapeutic procedures for the patient suffering from diaphragm dysfunction in various diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":56144,"journal":{"name":"Life-Basel","volume":"15 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11857681/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143506365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distinct Infection Mechanisms of <i>Rhizoctonia solani</i> AG-1 IA and AG-4 HG-I+II in <i>Brachypodium distachyon</i> and Barley.","authors":"Niranjan Mahadevan, Rozi Fernanda, Yusuke Kouzai, Natsuka Kohno, Reiko Nagao, Khin Thida Nyein, Megumi Watanabe, Nanami Sakata, Hidenori Matsui, Kazuhiro Toyoda, Yuki Ichinose, Keiichi Mochida, Hiroshi Hisano, Yoshiteru Noutoshi","doi":"10.3390/life15020235","DOIUrl":"10.3390/life15020235","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Rhizoctonia solani</i> is a basidiomycete phytopathogenic fungus that causes rapid necrosis in a wide range of crop species, leading to substantial agricultural losses worldwide. The species complex is divided into 13 anastomosis groups (AGs) based on hyphal fusion compatibility and further subdivided by culture morphology. While <i>R. solani</i> classifications were shown to be independent of host specificity, it remains unclear whether different <i>R. solani</i> isolates share similar virulence mechanisms. Here, we investigated the infectivity of Japanese <i>R. solani</i> isolates on <i>Brachypodium distachyon</i> and barley. Two isolates, AG-1 IA (from rice) and AG-4 HG-I+II (from cauliflower), infected leaves of both plants, but only AG-4 HG-I+II infected roots. <i>B. distachyon</i> accessions Bd3-1 and Gaz-4 and barley cultivar 'Morex' exhibited enhanced resistance to both isolates compared to <i>B. distachyon</i> Bd21 and barley cultivars 'Haruna Nijo' and 'Golden Promise'. During AG-1 IA infection, but not AG-4 HG-I+II infection, resistant Bd3-1 and Morex induced genes for salicylic acid (SA) and <i>N</i>-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP) biosynthesis. Pretreatment with SA or NHP conferred resistance to AG-1 IA, but not AG-4 HG-I+II, in susceptible <i>B. distachyon</i> Bd21 and barley Haruna Nijo. On the leaves of susceptible Bd21 and Haruna Nijo, AG-1 IA developed extensive mycelial networks with numerous infection cushions, which are specialized infection structures well-characterized in rice sheath blight. In contrast, AG-4 HG-I+II formed dispersed mycelial masses associated with underlying necrosis. We propose that the <i>R. solani</i> species complex encompasses at least two distinct infection strategies: AG-1 IA exhibits a hemibiotrophic lifestyle, while AG-4 HG-I+II follows a predominantly necrotrophic strategy.</p>","PeriodicalId":56144,"journal":{"name":"Life-Basel","volume":"15 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11856681/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143506178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protease-Resistant, Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Peptides with High Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity.","authors":"Tanil Kocagoz, Betul Zehra Temur, Nihan Unubol, Merve Acikel Elmas, Zeynep Kanlidere, Sumeyye Cilingir, Dilan Acar, Gizem Boskan, Sumeyye Akcelik Deveci, Esma Aybakan, Aslihan Ozcan Yoner, Neval Yurttutan Uyar, Mustafa Serteser, Seray Sahsuvar, Yigit Erdemgil, Zeynep Zulfiye Yildirim Keles, Deniz Demirhan, Sandra Sakalauskaite, Rimantas Daugelavicius, Tugba Arzu Ozal Ildeniz, Ahmet Emin Atik, Erkan Mozioglu, Tarik Eren, Serap Arbak, Guldal Suyen, Ozge Can","doi":"10.3390/life15020242","DOIUrl":"10.3390/life15020242","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a diverse group of small, naturally occurring molecules that orchestrate the innate immune response of various organisms, from microorganisms to humans. Characterized by their broad-spectrum activity against bacteria, fungi and viruses, AMPs are increasingly recognized for their potential as novel therapeutic agents in the face of rising antibiotic resistance. Here, we present several newly designed AMPs, one of which, DTN6, exerts significant activity against several organisms with MIC values as low as 0.5 µg/mL. The D-TN6 peptide influences both bacteria and yeasts. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy results showed that the bacterial membrane is affected by D-TN6, which is resistant to proteases and is effective against antibiotic-resistant pathogens with hemolytic activity and low toxicity. The D-TN6 peptide is effective in vivo against standard <i>S. aureus</i> strains in wounds. Thus, D-TN6 is a potent antibiotic candidate with a broad spectrum of activity. Overall, AMPs are a promising tool for the development of next-generation antimicrobial agents that could mitigate global health threats posed by multidrug-resistant pathogens.</p>","PeriodicalId":56144,"journal":{"name":"Life-Basel","volume":"15 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11856857/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143506247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Health-Related Quality of Life, Body Mass Index and the 10-Metre Walk Test in Patients Awaiting Total Knee or Hip Arthroplasty: A Cross-Sectional Data Analysis with Matched Controls.","authors":"Monika Pavlović, Špela Matko, Ferdinand Prüfer, Stefan Löfler, Michael J Fischer, Vincent Grote, Nejc Šarabon","doi":"10.3390/life15020231","DOIUrl":"10.3390/life15020231","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The study compares the body mass index (BMI), 10-m walk test results, and self-rated health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of patients awaiting total knee or hip arthroplasty with age and sex-matched controls. Additionally, we investigated relationships between these variables to better understand how mobility impairments and HRQoL contribute to the need for surgical intervention. Forty-three patients (age: 66.7 ± 8.7 years) awaiting total knee arthroplasty (<i>n</i> = 23) or total hip arthroplasty (<i>n</i> = 20) and 54 healthy control individuals (age: 65.6 ± 1.5 years) participated in this study. Weight and height were measured, the BMI was calculated, the 10 m walk test was performed, and HRQoL was assessed using the EQ-5D-5L questionnaire. Patients had a significantly higher BMI than controls (<i>p</i> = 0.037), with the majority of both groups classified as overweight or obese (patients, 86%; controls, 73%). Patients also walked significantly more slowly than controls (<i>p</i> < 0.001). HRQoL was significantly lower in patients across all dimensions (<i>p</i> < 0.001), with the greatest impairments observed in mobility, usual activities, and pain. Significant but weak correlations (<i>p</i> = 0.001-0.042, <i>r_s</i> = 0.31-0.48) were found between the HRQoL, BMI, and 10 m walk test results. These findings confirm that patients awaiting total knee or hip arthroplasty exhibit an increased BMI, reduced locomotor function, and impaired HRQoL, highlighting the extent of functional limitations in individuals with end-stage osteoarthritis. The strong association between mobility impairments and HRQoL further underscores the impact of osteoarthritis on daily life and the increasing need for surgical intervention.</p>","PeriodicalId":56144,"journal":{"name":"Life-Basel","volume":"15 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11857075/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143505968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Acute Effects of Moderate-Intensity Aerobic Exercise on Core Executive Functions in Healthy Older Adults: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Erdem Çakaloğlu, Hidayet Suha Yüksel, Fatma Neşe Şahin, Özkan Güler, Erkal Arslanoğlu, Bade Yamak, Mert Aydoğmuş, Onur Mutlu Yaşar, Alper Cenk Gürkan, Mehmet Söyler, Levent Ceylan, Hamza Küçük","doi":"10.3390/life15020230","DOIUrl":"10.3390/life15020230","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is growing interest in examining acute effects of exercise on cognitive functions and neurocognitive outcomes. These behavioral and neurocognitive outcomes have been most frequently investigated in healthy young individuals, but relatively few studies have examined healthy older adults. This study aimed to systematically review the effects of acute moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (MIAE) on core executive functions, including inhibition, working memory, and cognitive flexibility, in healthy older adults. A database search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science was conducted using a systematic search strategy. Acute MIAE interventions assessing core executive functions using randomized or stratified controlled trials investigating healthy older adults were reviewed. Eleven studies were identified, and the behavioral results from all included studies revealed that acute MIAE can improve core executive functions in healthy adults. However, incompatible results were observed in activated areas of the prefrontal cortex following MIAE in older adults. The limited number of studies investigating the effects of MIAE on core executive functions in older healthy adults with moderate overall quality restricts the conclusions. Therefore, more robust quality studies using neuroimaging techniques to investigate core executive functions, especially working memory and cognitive flexibility, are needed to explain the neural and behavioral mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":56144,"journal":{"name":"Life-Basel","volume":"15 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11856442/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143506330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hempseed Water-Soluble Protein Fraction and Its Hydrolysate Display Different Biological Features.","authors":"Annalisa Givonetti, Stelvio Tonello, Chiara Cattaneo, Davide D'Onghia, Nicole Vercellino, Pier Paolo Sainaghi, Donato Colangelo, Maria Cavaletto","doi":"10.3390/life15020225","DOIUrl":"10.3390/life15020225","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hempseeds, from the <i>Cannabis sativa</i> plant, and its derivates are a versatile food option for various dietary preferences. Due to their aminoacidic profile, researchers have studied the presence of bioactive peptides in hempseed proteins. In this study, the water-soluble fraction of hempseed protein was extracted, and the derived peptides were analyzed. The investigation focused on their biological function, particularly their antioxidant activity. Several biological functions have arisen, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition activity, dipeptidyl-peptidase IV, dipeptidyl-peptidase III inhibition, and ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis activation. The hydrolysates show greater 2,2-azinobis-[3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activity compared to the proteins (97.95 ± 4.48 versus 81.04 ± 10.63). Furthermore, the impact of these proteins and peptides on the U937 cell line was evaluated to assess cell viability and their potential role in modulating inflammation associated with gastrointestinal autoimmune diseases. Protein treatment resulted in a significant reduction in cell viability, as opposed to hydrolysates, which did not affect it.</p>","PeriodicalId":56144,"journal":{"name":"Life-Basel","volume":"15 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11856167/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143506071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Divergence of <i>CBF</i> Family in <i>Actinidia arguta</i> and Functional Analysis of <i>AaCBF4</i> Under Cold Stress.","authors":"Sumei Li, Qina Zhang, Zhenzhen Zhang, Peng Zhang, Congcong Li, Leiming Sun, Jinbao Fang, Ran Wang, Feng Wei, Yukuo Li, Miaomiao Lin, Xiujuan Qi","doi":"10.3390/life15020227","DOIUrl":"10.3390/life15020227","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The C-repeat binding factors (CBFs) gene is essential for plants' cold response, which could not only be induced by the inducer of CBF expression (ICE) genes but also activated the expression of the cold-regulated (COR) gene, thereby participating in the ICE-CBF-COR cold response pathway. However, this gene family and its functions in <i>Actinidia arguta</i> remain unclear. In this study, whole-genome identification and functional analysis of <i>CBF</i> family members in <i>A. arguta</i> were performed. Eighteen <i>CBF</i> genes, which were located on four chromosomes and had five tandem repeats, were identified. The proteins encoded by the genes were predicted to be located in the nucleus and cytoplasm. The results of the promoter cis-acting element analysis revealed light response elements, low-temperature response elements, and hormone (methyl jasmonate, gibberellin, salicylic acid, etc.) response elements. We analyzed collinearity with other kiwifruit genomes, and, interestingly, the number of <i>CBF</i> family members differed across geographic locations of <i>A. arguta</i>. RT-qPCR revealed that the expression of the <i>CBF</i> gene family differed under low-temperature treatment; specifically, we observed differences in the expression of all the genes. Based on phylogenetic relationships and RT-qPCR analysis, the expression of <i>AaCBF4.1</i> (<i>AaCBF4</i>) was found to be highly upregulated, and the function of this gene in cold resistance was further verified via overexpression in transgenic Arabidopsis. <i>AaCBF4</i>-overexpressing plants showed higher tolerance to cold stress, showing a higher germination rate, higher chlorophyll content and lower relative electrolyte leakage. In addition, compared with the wild-type Arabidopsis, the overexpressing plants exhibited significantly reduced oxidative damage due to the reduction in reactive oxygen species production under cold stress. Therefore, <i>AaCBF4</i> plays an important role in improving the cold resistance of <i>Actinidia arguta</i> and can be further used to develop kiwifruit germplasm resources with strong cold resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":56144,"journal":{"name":"Life-Basel","volume":"15 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11856347/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143506344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Notch and Hedgehog Signaling Unveiled: Crosstalk, Roles, and Breakthroughs in Cancer Stem Cell Research.","authors":"Sabina Iluta, Madalina Nistor, Sanda Buruiana, Delia Dima","doi":"10.3390/life15020228","DOIUrl":"10.3390/life15020228","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The development of therapies that target cancer stem cells (CSCs) and bulk tumors is both crucial and urgent. Several signaling pathways, like Notch and Hedgehog (Hh), have been strongly associated with CSC stemness maintenance and metastasis. However, the extensive crosstalk present between these two signaling networks complicates the development of long-term therapies that also minimize adverse effects on healthy tissues and are not overcome by therapy resistance from CSCs. The present work aims to overview the roles of Notch and Hh in cancer outburst and the intersection of the two pathways with one another, as well as with other networks, such as Wnt/β-catenin, TGF, and JAK/STAT3, and to explore the shaping of the tumor microenvironment (TME) with specific influence on CSC development and maintenance.</p>","PeriodicalId":56144,"journal":{"name":"Life-Basel","volume":"15 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11856057/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143506376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling Software Limitations in the Assessment of the Minimum Sectional Area and Volume in Cleft LIP and Palate Patients.","authors":"Beethoven Estevao Costa, Renato Yassutaka Faria Yaedú, Maísa Pereira-Silva, André Luis da Silva Fabris, Michele Garcia-Usó, Osvaldo Magro Filho, Simone Soares","doi":"10.3390/life15020226","DOIUrl":"10.3390/life15020226","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The increasing use of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) has led to a growing demand for DICOM software that enables the assessment and measurement of craniofacial structures. This study aimed to compare the airway volume and the minimum axial area in patients with cleft lip and palate using five different imaging software programs: Dolphin3D, InVivo Dental, ITK Snap, InVesalius, and NemoFAB. Initially, 100 CBCT scans were selected by an examiner, and their corresponding DICOM files were collected. The oropharyngeal segments were delineated following the manufacturer's guidelines, using two different segmentation techniques: interactive and fixed threshold. The results were analyzed using the Friedman test and Wilcoxon post hoc test, with a 5% significance level for all statistical tests. The findings for both the minimum axial area and total volume revealed that the median values across the software groups were higher than expected, and significant differences were observed when comparing the groups (<i>p</i> < 0.001). All five software programs showed notable differences in their outputs. Specifically, a statistically significant difference in volume was found across all groups, except between InVivo and ITK-Snap. It is recommended that pre- and post-treatment comparisons be performed using the same software for consistency.</p>","PeriodicalId":56144,"journal":{"name":"Life-Basel","volume":"15 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11855961/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143505907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}