Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology最新文献

{"title":"Electromyographic assessment of agonist and antagonist muscles related to the anterior cruciate ligament following surgical Reconstruction: A Cross-Sectional study","authors":"Ricardo Paredes ,&nbsp;Carlos Crasto ,&nbsp;António Mesquita Montes ,&nbsp;Anabela André ,&nbsp;Soraia Pereira ,&nbsp;Diana Guedes ,&nbsp;Leonel Alves ,&nbsp;José L. Arias-Buría","doi":"10.1016/j.jelekin.2025.103044","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jelekin.2025.103044","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR), neuromuscular control alterations may persist, increasing the risk of reinjury. <strong><em>Objectives:</em></strong> This study aimed to investigate electromyographic (EMG) muscle activation and the co-contraction index (CCI) of ACL-related agonist and antagonist muscles during side-hop tasks in ACLR individuals, offering novel insights into neuromuscular strategies during dynamic tasks. <strong><em>Methods:</em></strong> A cross-sectional study was conducted with 15 ACLR individuals and 15 participants without ACL injury (N-ACLR). Participants performed side-hop tasks while kinematic, kinetic, and EMG data were recorded during the preparatory and loading phases. Statistical analyses were performed at a 95 % confidence level. <strong><em>Results:</em></strong> During ipsilateral side hops, ACLR individuals exhibited higher semitendinosus (ST) activity in the initial contact (IC) and risk phases and increased quadriceps:hamstrings (Q:H) CCI in the risk phase compared to N-ACLR (p &lt; 0.05). In contralateral side hops, ACLR individuals demonstrated higher Q:H CCI in the preparatory phase and higher vastus lateralis:biceps femoris (VL:BF) CCI in the IC and risk phases (p &lt; 0.05). <strong><em>Conclusion:</em></strong> ACLR individuals display altered neuromuscular strategies during side-hop tasks compared to N-ACLR, highlighting adaptations in muscle activation and co-contraction patterns.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56123,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology","volume":"84 ","pages":"Article 103044"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144779662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnostic value of EMG of sternocleidomastoid and trapezius in assessing bulbar lower motor neuron involvement in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients","authors":"Jiarui Zhao ,&nbsp;Jiongming Bai ,&nbsp;Hongfen Wang ,&nbsp;Ying Zhang ,&nbsp;Jinghong Zhang ,&nbsp;Yahui Zhu ,&nbsp;Xinyuan Pang ,&nbsp;Zhaohui Chen ,&nbsp;Li Ling ,&nbsp;Hongmei Cheng ,&nbsp;Mao Li ,&nbsp;Xusheng Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.jelekin.2025.103040","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jelekin.2025.103040","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The diagnostic value of needle electromyography (EMG) of sternocleidomastoid (SCM) and trapezius (TRA) in assessing bulbar lower motor neuron involvement (LMN) remained controversial. 203 sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients were enrolled to assess the correlation between EMG abnormalities in SCM and TRA and bulbar LMN involvement. Additionally, difference analysis and diagnostic consistency analysis of EMG abnormalities in GEN (genioglossus), SCM, and TRA were compared. Finally, separate effects of EMG abnormalities in GEN, SCM, and TRA on diagnostic gradings were examined according to the Awaji-Shima criteria. 22 (18.2 %) and 65 (53.7 %) patients without bulbar LMN involvement showed EMG abnormalities in SCM and TRA. In contrast, 19 (23.2 %) and 11 (13.4 %) patients with bulbar LMN involvement showed normal EMG results in SCM and TRA. Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that both EMG abnormalities in SCM and TRA were correlated with bulbar LMN involvement (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.001). SCM showed electrophysiological characteristics similar to GEN when compared to TRA. However, TRA (67.0 %) showed significantly higher rates of EMG abnormalities than SCM (41.9 %) and <span><span>GEN</span><svg><path></path></svg></span> (40.4 %) in the whole study population. Reclassified diagnostic gradings showed no significant difference when evaluating EMG abnormalities in individual muscles to indicate bulbar LMN involvement (<em>P</em> = 0.072). EMG abnormalities in SCM and TRA could not fully represent bulbar LMN involvement but were correlated with it. It’s advisable to prioritise TRA as a better option when a patient cannot tolerate an EMG examination in the GEN. To enhance the diagnostic evaluation, an EMG examination of GEN could be served as the last choice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56123,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology","volume":"84 ","pages":"Article 103040"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144714033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Algorithm for jitter measurement in neuromuscular junction disease","authors":"Armando Malanda ,&nbsp;Daniel Stashuk ,&nbsp;César Valle ,&nbsp;Javier Rodríguez-Falces ,&nbsp;Javier Navallas ,&nbsp;Mamede de Carvalho ,&nbsp;José Castro ,&nbsp;Oscar Garnés-Camarena","doi":"10.1016/j.jelekin.2025.103042","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jelekin.2025.103042","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The objective of this work was to extend the evaluation of a recently proposed method for estimating neuromuscular jitter within motor unit potential (MUP) trains extracted from muscles suffering neuromuscular junction disease. The method detects, within the MUP duration, “single-fiber” intervals that have likely been produced by single muscle fibers. Jitter is then estimated between pairs of these “single-fiber” intervals using an algorithm which incorporates the traditional mean consecutive difference (MCD) parameter.</div><div>Electromyographic (EMG) recordings from facial muscles of 15 patients with symptoms related to myasthenia gravis were obtained. MUP trains were extracted using DQEMG software and manual jitter measures were obtained using an ad-hoc graphical interface, which emulates single fiber EMG protocols. Automatic measures for two different values of an internal threshold parameter were obtained and compared to manual measures. 5 %, 25 %, 75 % and 95 % percentiles for the differences between the automatic and manual jitter measurements were [−3.74, −1.47, 1.24, 3.47 μs] and [−6.45, −2.07, 1.65, 7.16 μs], for the two threshold values, respectively. Therefore, very small statistical and clinical differences were found between the automatic and manual jitter measures, supporting the method as an accurate tool for jitter assessment or as a guiding aid for manual procedures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56123,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology","volume":"84 ","pages":"Article 103042"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144696864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An articulated ankle foot orthosis with plantarflexion resistance decreased soleus and tibialis anterior muscle activity, and plantarflexion moment of the paretic lower limb of persons with stroke","authors":"Oluwaseye P. Odanye ,&nbsp;Emily A. Steffensen ,&nbsp;Aaron D. Likens ,&nbsp;Elisa S. Arch ,&nbsp;Brian A. Knarr","doi":"10.1016/j.jelekin.2025.103041","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jelekin.2025.103041","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ankle foot orthoses (AFOs) are important devices for assisting persons with stroke during walking, especially in mediating dorsiflexor weakness. The plantarflexion (PF) resistances of AFOs have been shown to augment dorsiflexor muscle function during the stance and swing phases of gait. However, it is not clear how this translates to the muscle activities of their paretic lower limbs. To further explore this question in stroke rehabilitation, 3D technology was used in designing and fabricating an individual-specific articulated AFO, which we assembled with a mechanical joint that enabled the application of PF resistances. We investigated the impact of regulating two PF resistances (PF1, PF2) on their paretic lower limb muscle activity. At PF2, there was significantly lower mean muscle activity for the Soleus in LR and the Tibialis anterior in the second rocker, pre-swing, and swing phases. The device only impacted the activity of the medial gastrocnemius muscle at the second rocker. The findings corroborated evidence regarding how AFOs with PF resistance impact the muscle activity of stroke survivors following a single session use; however, longitudinal studies are necessary to establish the impacts with long-term use, as most stroke survivors use AFOs long-term.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56123,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology","volume":"84 ","pages":"Article 103041"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144656287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparing motor unit number estimation techniques","authors":"M.I.B. Debenham ,&nbsp;O. Roussel ,&nbsp;C.J. McNeil ,&nbsp;M.J. Berger ,&nbsp;B.H. Dalton","doi":"10.1016/j.jelekin.2025.103030","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jelekin.2025.103030","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>It is unclear how comparable motor unit number estimates (MUNEs) are when derived from a non-invasive technique involving repetitive peripheral nerve stimulation vs. one involving volitional contractions and intramuscular recordings of single motor units (MUs). Therefore, this study examined MUNEs from MScanFit (MScan) and Decomposition-Enhanced Spike-Triggered Averaging (DE-STA). Eighteen participants (8 females, 10 males; 29.7 ± 7.1 years) sat with their right leg positioned in an isometric myograph while surface electromyography (EMG) was recorded from the tibialis anterior (TA). The MScan protocol isolated and derived the size of single MUs by repeatedly stimulating the common fibular nerve at progressively weaker currents to model a compound muscle action potential (CMAP) stimulus–response curve. For DE-STA, a concentric needle electrode was inserted into the TA, and participants performed 30-s isometric dorsiflexion contractions at 25 % of maximal voluntary torque to obtain ≥20 individual surface MU potentials (S-MUPs; i.e., single MUs extracted from the surface EMG signal based on needle-detected spikes). Both techniques used the same maximal CMAP to calculate a MUNE, yet MScan used a mathematical model to simulate the recorded CMAP stimulus–response, which was compared to the recorded scan to minimize disagreement; whereas DE-STA compared the size of the maximal CMAP to the average S-MUP. There was no difference between the MUNE calculated via DE-STA (132 ± 26 MUs) and MScan (142 ± 22 MUs; p = 0.11), and the bias (10.0 MUs) and limits of agreement (67.6 vs −47.6 MU difference) suggests that either technique may independently offer a reasonable MU estimate for the TA of young adults.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56123,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology","volume":"84 ","pages":"Article 103030"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144632856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shoulder load during wheelchair-related activities of daily life","authors":"Ursina Arnet ,&nbsp;Dirkjan (H. E. J.) Veeger ,&nbsp;Wiebe H.K. de Vries","doi":"10.1016/j.jelekin.2025.103027","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jelekin.2025.103027","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Manual wheelchair users experience significant upper extremity strain, leading to a high prevalence of shoulder pain. Identifying modifiable risk factors for shoulder complaints is crucial for developing effective interventions. Consequently, it’s important to quantify shoulder load (magnitude, frequency and duration) experienced by manual wheelchair users throughout the day.</div><div>This study aims to quantify the magnitude of shoulder load during various daily activities, including wheelchair propulsion at different speeds and inclines, ascending and descending ramps, weight relief lift, material handling and desk work. Ten able-bodied participants performed these activities while their upper extremity kinematics and exerted forces were measured. The analysis focused on glenohumeral contact force and rotator cuff muscle forces using the Delft Shoulder and Elbow Model.</div><div>Highest mean glenohumeral contact forces were found during weight relief lift (1363 ± 1204 N), followed by descending a ramp (997 ± 1043 N) and fast propulsion (802 ± 742 N). The supraspinatus muscle generated the greatest force during weight relief lift (327 ± 490 N) and fast propulsion (184 ± 205 N). These findings provide a first reference for estimating joint load in daily activities. By combining these data with the individual activity frequency and duration, personalized shoulder load exposure can be assessed, informing the development of targeted interventions to reduce shoulder pain in manual wheelchair users.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56123,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology","volume":"84 ","pages":"Article 103027"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144517828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Probability Density Function (PDF) of surface EMG with increasing force: a comparison between the tibialis anterior and the vastus lateralis","authors":"Silvia Recalde-Villamayor ,&nbsp;Javier Navallas ,&nbsp;Cristina Mariscal ,&nbsp;Armando Malanda ,&nbsp;Javier Rodriguez-Falces","doi":"10.1016/j.jelekin.2025.103029","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jelekin.2025.103029","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>The process by which the surface EMG signal is progressively filled up with motor unit potentials has so far been investigated only in the quadriceps muscles. However, the sEMG filling process is influenced by anatomical, physiological, and neural factors, and thus may be different for each muscle. Here, we sought to characterize the sEMG filling process of the <em>tibialis anterior</em> (TA) and compare it to that of the <em>vastus lateralis</em> (VL).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Surface EMG signals were recorded from the TA and VL muscles of healthy subjects as force was gradually increased from 0 to 80% MVC. The sEMG filling process was analyzed by measuring the EMG filling factor (FF), an index determined by the shape of the probability density function (PDF) of the sEMG signal.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>(1) The sEMG filling process showed significant differences between the TA and VL muscles (p &lt; 0.05).</div><div>(2) In the TA, the degree of sEMG filling at the onset of the contraction was low (FF &lt; 0.45) for 72 % of male subjects and 53 % of female subjects, whereas, in the VL, the degree of initial sEMG filling was low for 89 % of male subjects, but only in 12 % of female subjects.</div><div>(3) In the TA, the sEMG at high forces (&gt;40 % MVC) contained spikes with largely different amplitudes (FF ∼ 0.5), whereas, in the VL, the sEMG contained spikes with comparable amplitudes (FF ∼ 0.63).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>(1) At high forces, the TA PDF was close to Laplacian, whilst the VL PDF was nearly Gaussian; (2) The sEMG filling curves are more informative in the TA than in the VL; (3) The sEMG filling process is muscle and gender specific.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56123,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology","volume":"84 ","pages":"Article 103029"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144548708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A standard operating procedure for the evaluation of vertical jumps performance through surface electromyography assessment: A scoping review","authors":"Luca Petrigna ,&nbsp;Alessandra Amato ,&nbsp;Giorgia Longo ,&nbsp;Alessandro Castorina ,&nbsp;Simona Pajaujiene ,&nbsp;Giuseppe Musumeci","doi":"10.1016/j.jelekin.2025.103028","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jelekin.2025.103028","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>The Countermovement Jump (CMJ) and the Squat Jump (SJ) are widely adopted tests to assess muscle strength and power. Neuromuscular data of the jump performance could be provided by surface Electromyography (EMG). While from a biomechanical and technical point of view, there are articles that support the two vertical jumps, less is published regarding surface EMG and the jumps. The objective of the present study was to review the literature to better understand the protocols adopted for a surface EMG evaluation during the CMJ and the SJ and eventually to propose a Standard Operating Procedure (SOP). A SOP could be a useful tool to better understand, compare, and interpret the findings.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A scoping review was performed. Data were collected on PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus till 20^th December 2024. The articles were screened against the eligibility criteria and narratively discussed.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 54 articles met the eligibility criteria. The articles present important differences in the methodology and the procedures followed. Differences were also detected in the hardware and the data analysis. From the common information of the articles, a SOP was proposed.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Different methodologies were adopted to evaluate neuromuscular function during the CMJ and the SJ tests. This makes difficult to compare the data. A SOP was proposed with information and guidelines related to muscles, hardware, and data processing. In this way, future studies could follow similar protocols increasing the possibility to compare the findings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56123,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 103028"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144366253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The relationship between voluntary and electrically evoked muscle contractile properties in young women","authors":"Madison J. Fry,&nbsp;William S. Zoughaib,&nbsp;Richard L. Hoffman,&nbsp;Andrew R. Coggan","doi":"10.1016/j.jelekin.2025.103024","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jelekin.2025.103024","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Isokinetic dynamometry and neuromuscular electrical stimulation [NMES] are commonly used to assess muscle contractile function, but few studies have investigated the relationship between the two, particularly in women. Thirty young women (age 23 ± 5 y) therefore performed maximal knee extensions on an isokinetic dynamometer at angular velocities of 0.00–6.28 rad/s, after which NMES of the quadriceps was used to determine unpotentiated and potentiated twitch contractile properties as well as the torque-frequency relationship. Voluntary isometric peak torque was correlated with peak torque, absolute rate of torque development, and the absolute rate of relaxation during potentiated twitches (ie, r = 0.557, 0.585, and −0.650, P = 0.00786, 0.00411, and 0.000779, respectively). Voluntary isokinetic peak torques at 1.57 and 3.14 rad/s were also correlated with the potentiated absolute rate of torque development (ie, r = 0.597, P = 0.00309 and r = 0.551, P = 0.00849, respectively). No other significant correlations were found between voluntary and electrically evoked muscle contractile properties, including various measures of the torque-frequency relationship. Although there is some relationship between voluntary and NMES indices of muscle contractility, such results are only moderately well-correlated at best. The two techniques should therefore be considered complementary rather than interchangeable.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56123,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 103024"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144289131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neural control of human inspiratory muscles. What have we learnt from the study of single motor units?","authors":"Jane E. Butler ,&nbsp;Simon C. Gandevia ,&nbsp;Anna L. Hudson","doi":"10.1016/j.jelekin.2025.103026","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jelekin.2025.103026","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This review covers the knowledge gains made about human respiratory neural drive resulting from ∼30 years of single motor unit recordings from human inspiratory muscles. Section 2 illustrates the non-uniformity of output across the various inspiratory motoneurone pools innervating diaphragm, scalene, intercostal, and genioglossus muscle activity during quiet breathing and during voluntary breathing. Section 3 describes the rostrocaudal graded timing and magnitude of respiratory neural drive across the parasternal intercostal and external intercostal muscles, which identified a principle of motoneurone recruitment termed the principle of neuromechanical matching that has been since identified as a principle of motor control more generally. Section 4 focuses on the changes in diaphragm motor unit discharge and morphology in ageing, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cervical spinal cord injury, linking increased drive to breathe to the changes in respiratory mechanics, with the intriguing findings that this is not always associated with a cortical contribution to breathing (i.e. change in the central control of breathing). Our studies have revealed an elaborate organisation of respiratory neural drive to the motoneurones to match the anatomical and functional complexity of the muscles themselves.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56123,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 103026"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144472106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}