Diversity-Basel最新文献_第9页

Human–Shark Interactions: Citizen Science Potential in Boosting Shark Research on Madeira Island 人与鲨鱼的互动:促进马德拉岛鲨鱼研究的公民科学潜力

3区生物学

Diversity-Basel Pub Date : 2023-10-04 DOI: 10.3390/d15101062

Luís Berimbau, Ander Larrea, Ana Cristina Costa, Paulo Torres

{"title":"Human–Shark Interactions: Citizen Science Potential in Boosting Shark Research on Madeira Island","authors":"Luís Berimbau, Ander Larrea, Ana Cristina Costa, Paulo Torres","doi":"10.3390/d15101062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/d15101062","url":null,"abstract":"Sharks are regularly considered to be an indicator of the ocean ecosystem’s health and are generally difficult to study in their natural environment. Citizen science has been increasing, being a cost-effective method for particularly important species that have low encounter rates or are logistically challenging to sample. Madeira Island has a considerable gap in terms of its coastal shark species data and studies, which this work aims to complement. To achieve this goal, online questionnaires to citizens and specific interviews of spearfishers were conducted, with questions related to species size, distribution, and behaviour. Exactly 129 reports of shark sightings were obtained, including seven different species exhibiting four different types of behaviour around the coastal areas of the different municipalities of Madeira Island. Individuals seem to aggregate around the east and west edges of the island due to localised upwelling phenomena. Also, a relation was found between size and distance to coast and depth, as smaller sharks tend to stay close to the shore, probably reflecting the role of Madeira as a nursery area, but further studies are necessary to confirm the reliability of this hypothesis.","PeriodicalId":56006,"journal":{"name":"Diversity-Basel","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135590512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Aggregations of a Sessile Ctenophore, Coeloplana sp., on Indo-West Pacific Gorgonians 印度-西太平洋柳珊瑚上一种无柄栉水母的聚集

3区生物学

Diversity-Basel Pub Date : 2023-10-03 DOI: 10.3390/d15101060

Kaveh Samimi-Namin, Michel R. Claereboudt, Bert W. Hoeksema, Catherine S. McFadden, Nicholas Bezio, Gustav Paulay

引用次数: 1

Molecular Cartography of a Hawaiian Coral Assemblage 夏威夷珊瑚组合的分子制图

3区生物学

Diversity-Basel Pub Date : 2023-10-03 DOI: 10.3390/d15101061

Joseph W. P. Nakoa, John H. R. Burns, Kanoelani Steward, Lauren M. Kapono, Clifford A. Kapono

{"title":"Molecular Cartography of a Hawaiian Coral Assemblage","authors":"Joseph W. P. Nakoa, John H. R. Burns, Kanoelani Steward, Lauren M. Kapono, Clifford A. Kapono","doi":"10.3390/d15101061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/d15101061","url":null,"abstract":"Coral reefs are declining due to multiple factors including overfishing, anthropogenic pollution, and ocean acidification. Diseases affecting corals have increased in recent decades, yet the etiology of nearly all diseases remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated three-dimensionally mapped molecules and microbes from healthy and diseased coral tissue sampled across the landscape of a coral assemblage at the Wai‘ōpae tide pools, Southeast Hawai‘i Island. A 3D molecular cartographic platform was used in combination with molecular networking tools to characterize healthy coral tissue and tissue affected by the disease growth anomaly (GA). Tissues of healthy Montipora flabellata and Montipora capitata exhibited higher microbial diversity compared to Porites lobata and GA-affected M. capitata corals. Increases in relative abundance of Ulvophyceae and sterols were observed in GA lesions, while chlorophyll decreased. Conversely, healthy coral tissues were characterized by the presence of cyanobacteria in the order of Stramenopiles, in addition to higher relative chlorophyll levels. Leveraging innovative molecular cartography provides new insight into molecular characteristics of coral colonies, and helps to better understand how diseases affect the molecular landscape of corals.","PeriodicalId":56006,"journal":{"name":"Diversity-Basel","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135744654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Genetic and Ecological Approaches to Introduced Populations of Pumpkinseed Sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus) in Southwestern Europe 欧洲西南部南瓜子翻车鱼引种种群的遗传和生态研究

3区生物学

Diversity-Basel Pub Date : 2023-10-02 DOI: 10.3390/d15101059

Angela Lambea-Camblor, Felipe Morcillo, Jesús Muñoz, Anabel Perdices

{"title":"Genetic and Ecological Approaches to Introduced Populations of Pumpkinseed Sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus) in Southwestern Europe","authors":"Angela Lambea-Camblor, Felipe Morcillo, Jesús Muñoz, Anabel Perdices","doi":"10.3390/d15101059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/d15101059","url":null,"abstract":"Freshwater systems are among the most affected by the introduction of exotic species. The pumpkinseed sunfish Lepomis gibbosus, a centrarchid native to eastern North America, is listed among the top ten introduced freshwater fishes with the greatest ecological impact globally. Despite this, genetic and evolutionary studies of the species are still scarce. Here, we analyzed the genetic variability of introduced populations of L. gibbosus using three mitochondrial genes (COI, d-loop, and ND1). In addition, we used species distribution modeling to compare the niche of introduced versus native populations to assess the present and potential future distribution of the species under different climate change scenarios. Compared with the native populations, introduced ones present a lower level of genetic variability, indicating these populations originated from a small number of individuals from the native (Atlantic) population in the USA and Canada. The low variability was likely driven by a founder effect and subsequent bottleneck, as often occurs in invasive species. Our modeling results suggest not only that L. gibbosus modified its niche during the invasion process in Europe but also the possible global expansion of the species under future climatic conditions, which could facilitate its establishment in almost all continents.","PeriodicalId":56006,"journal":{"name":"Diversity-Basel","volume":"102 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135830748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Hotspot of Subterranean Biodiversity on the Brink: Mo So Cave and the Hon Chong Karst of Vietnam 边缘地下生物多样性的热点:越南莫梭洞和汉冲喀斯特

3区生物学

Diversity-Basel Pub Date : 2023-10-02 DOI: 10.3390/d15101058

Louis Deharveng, Cong Kiet Le, Anne Bedos, Mark L. I. Judson, Cong Man Le, Marko Lukić, Hong Truong Luu, Ngoc Sam Ly, Tran Quoc Trung Nguyen, Quang Tam Truong, Jaap Vermeulen

{"title":"A Hotspot of Subterranean Biodiversity on the Brink: Mo So Cave and the Hon Chong Karst of Vietnam","authors":"Louis Deharveng, Cong Kiet Le, Anne Bedos, Mark L. I. Judson, Cong Man Le, Marko Lukić, Hong Truong Luu, Ngoc Sam Ly, Tran Quoc Trung Nguyen, Quang Tam Truong, Jaap Vermeulen","doi":"10.3390/d15101058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/d15101058","url":null,"abstract":"The southern part of the Mekong Delta Limestones of Vietnam (MDL-HC or Hon Chong karst) comprises numerous small limestone hills. It is a hotspot of biodiversity for soil and cave invertebrates. Here, we synthesize the results of biological surveys carried out in Hang Mo So, the richest MDL-HC cave for troglobionts, and in surrounding karsts. Methodologies for the ecological characterization of species are discussed, with emphasis on parallel sampling (external soil plus cave). Hang Mo So has 27 troglobionts, including many still undescribed. An additional 40 cave-obligate species are known from other caves of MDL-HC. Among them, several are expected to be found in Hang Mo So. Most troglobionts of MDL-HC are endemic. Several relictual taxa without close relatives in Southeast Asia occur in Hang Mo So and in MDL-HC, reflecting an ancient origin of the fauna. The reasons for this richness are uncertain, but the cause of its current destruction—quarrying—is all too evident. Most of the original 4 km2 of the MDL-HC karst has been destroyed or soon will be, ultimately leaving only 1.6 km2 unquarried. Endemic species linked to karst habitats are, therefore, under clear threat of extinction. The Hon Chong karst (MDL-HC) was listed among the ten most endangered karsts on the planet 25 years ago. Today it would probably top the list.","PeriodicalId":56006,"journal":{"name":"Diversity-Basel","volume":"2022 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135830517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Trophic Ecology during the Ontogenetic Development of the Pelagic Thresher Shark Alopias pelagicus in Baja California Sur, Mexico 墨西哥下加利福尼亚南部远洋长尾鲨个体发育过程中的营养生态学

3区生物学

Diversity-Basel Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI: 10.3390/d15101057

Clara Sánchez-Latorre, Felipe Galván-Magaña, Fernando R. Elorriaga-Verplancken, Arturo Tripp-Valdez, Rogelio González-Armas, Alejandra Piñón-Gimate, Antonio Delgado-Huertas

{"title":"Trophic Ecology during the Ontogenetic Development of the Pelagic Thresher Shark Alopias pelagicus in Baja California Sur, Mexico","authors":"Clara Sánchez-Latorre, Felipe Galván-Magaña, Fernando R. Elorriaga-Verplancken, Arturo Tripp-Valdez, Rogelio González-Armas, Alejandra Piñón-Gimate, Antonio Delgado-Huertas","doi":"10.3390/d15101057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/d15101057","url":null,"abstract":"The trophic ecology of the Pelagic Thresher shark (Alopias pelagicus) was evaluated based on chemical ecology using stable isotope ratios of carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) in the vertebrae and muscles. Individuals were caught between August 2013 and October 2019 on both the coasts of Baja California Sur, Mexico. In Bahía Tortugas, the mean vertebrae (n = 35) values were 12.72 ± 1.06‰ (δ15N) and −14.79 ± 0.61‰ (δ13C), while in muscles (n = 32) these values were 16.63 ± 0.76‰ (δ15N) and −17.18 ± 0.39‰ (δ13C). In Santa Rosalía, the mean vertebrae (n = 125) isotopic values were 14.4 ± 1.59‰ (δ15N) and −14.18 ± 0.51‰ (δ13C), while in muscles (n = 43), these values were 18.08 ± 0.96‰ (δ15N) and −16.43 ± 0.34‰ (δ13C). These results show higher δ15N values in Santa Rosalía as an effect of baseline isotopic differences between the two regions, whereas the δ13C values were lower in Bahía Tortugas, suggesting offshore ecological behavior (p < 0.05). In Santa Rosalía, there were significant differences by sex for δ15N in muscle, whereas the δ13C showed ontogenetic shifts, indicating that neonates feed in coastal areas more commonly than juveniles or adults (p < 0.05). Neither sex nor ontogenetic differences were observed in Bahía Tortugas (p > 0.05), suggesting a high overlap between their isotopic niches. Therefore, Alopias pelagicus uses the same ecological niche throughout its life, and there is consistency between sexes. The mean trophic position for both tissues and regions was 4.5, which corresponds to a tertiary predator, without any differences between stages or sex. Due to their higher energetic needs, juveniles and females showed the greatest isotopic niche amplitude; thus, their ecological niche is the widest.","PeriodicalId":56006,"journal":{"name":"Diversity-Basel","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135408832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Advancing Forensic Chemical Analysis to Classify Wild and Captive Turtles 推进法医化学分析对野生和圈养海龟的分类

3区生物学

Diversity-Basel Pub Date : 2023-09-30 DOI: 10.3390/d15101056

John B. Hopkins, Cheryl A. Frederick, Derek Yorks, Erik Pollock, Matthew W. H. Chatfield

{"title":"Advancing Forensic Chemical Analysis to Classify Wild and Captive Turtles","authors":"John B. Hopkins, Cheryl A. Frederick, Derek Yorks, Erik Pollock, Matthew W. H. Chatfield","doi":"10.3390/d15101056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/d15101056","url":null,"abstract":"The diets and environments that individuals experience can vary greatly within and among wildlife populations. These individual experiences can be compared using the chemical signatures of animal tissues, which can differentiate animals into groups, including those raised in the wild versus those held in captive facilities. In this study, we compared different combinations of four stable isotope ratios and 15 trace elements derived from the claw tips of captive wood turtles throughout the eastern U.S. and wild wood turtles (Glyptemys insculpta) from Maine to develop predictive models used to determine their origins. The purpose of this work is to develop an objective statistical tool that law enforcement can use to help prosecute poachers. We found that the chemical signatures of 14 (12 trace elements and 2 stable isotope ratios) of the 19 markers we explored were different between wild and captive wood turtles, thus reflecting the differences in their diets and environments. We found that our stable isotope ratio model had nearly perfect predictive accuracy in classifying wild wood turtles as wild and captive wood turtles as captive, whereas our trace element and combined model were 100% accurate, thus validating this statistical approach for determining the origins of confiscated wood turtles from Maine.","PeriodicalId":56006,"journal":{"name":"Diversity-Basel","volume":"217 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136342281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Silent Extinction of Species and Taxonomists—An Appeal to Science Policymakers and Legislators 物种和分类学家的无声灭绝——对科学政策制定者和立法者的呼吁

3区生物学

Diversity-Basel Pub Date : 2023-09-30 DOI: 10.3390/d15101053

Ivan Löbl, Bernhard Klausnitzer, Matthias Hartmann, Frank-Thorsten Krell

{"title":"The Silent Extinction of Species and Taxonomists—An Appeal to Science Policymakers and Legislators","authors":"Ivan Löbl, Bernhard Klausnitzer, Matthias Hartmann, Frank-Thorsten Krell","doi":"10.3390/d15101053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/d15101053","url":null,"abstract":"The science of taxonomy, albeit being fundamental for all organismic research, has been underfunded and undervalued for about two generations. We analyze how this could happen, particularly in times of a biodiversity crisis, when we have increased awareness amongst the population and decision makers that knowledge about species we share the planet with is indispensable for finding solutions. We identify five major issues: the habit of holding taxonomy in low esteem; the focus on inappropriate publication metrics in evaluating scientific output; the excessive focus on innovative technology in evaluating scientific relevance; shifting priorities in natural history museums away from their traditional strengths; and changing attitudes towards specimen collecting and increasing legislation regulating collecting and international exchange of specimens. To transform taxonomy into a thriving science again, we urgently suggest significantly increasing baseline funding for permanent positions in taxonomy, particularly in natural history museums; reviving taxonomic research and teaching in universities at the tenured professor level; strongly increasing soft money for integrative taxonomy projects; refraining using journal-based metrics for evaluating individual researchers and scientific output and instead focusing on quality; installing governmental support for open access publishing; focusing digitizing efforts to the most useful parts of collections, freeing resources for improving data quality by improving identifications; requiring natural history museums to focus on collection-based research; and ending the trend of prohibitive legislation towards scientific collecting and international exchange of taxonomic specimens, and instead building legal frameworks supportive of biodiversity research.","PeriodicalId":56006,"journal":{"name":"Diversity-Basel","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136248806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Diversity of Zooplankton in the Rice Fields in Suphan Buri Province, Thailand, with a New Record of Cyclopoid Copepod 泰国素潘武里省稻田浮游动物多样性及一种新记录的环状桡足类

3区生物学

Diversity-Basel Pub Date : 2023-09-30 DOI: 10.3390/d15101054

Supiyanit Maiphae, Thanida Saetang, Natthida Jantawong, Koraon Wongkamhaeng, Narisara Piyasaengthong

{"title":"Diversity of Zooplankton in the Rice Fields in Suphan Buri Province, Thailand, with a New Record of Cyclopoid Copepod","authors":"Supiyanit Maiphae, Thanida Saetang, Natthida Jantawong, Koraon Wongkamhaeng, Narisara Piyasaengthong","doi":"10.3390/d15101054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/d15101054","url":null,"abstract":"Rice fields are dynamic ecosystems with complex niche structures for organisms, and they have been hypothesised to have high biodiversity. Accordingly, in this study, the diversity of zooplankton in rice fields in Suphan Buri Province, a large area of rice plantations in the central region of Thailand, was examined. A total of 100 species, including 52 rotifers, 18 cladocerans, and 30 copepods, were recorded, including Mesocyclops kayi, which was a new record in Thailand. A high Simpson’s diversity index (0.63) and a low Pielou’s species evenness index (0.02) confirmed various potential niches for zooplankton in this ecosystem, leading to a low Jaccard similarity index both among the current rice fields and those in other regions. Moreover, the species richness estimators suggested that more species are expected to be discovered in the rice fields. Rotifer and copepod communities are influenced by local environmental variables, including dissolved oxygen, salinity, conductivity, and chlorophyll a. The results of this study fill a gap in the knowledge regarding the diversity and ecology of zooplankton in rice fields. However, further research is needed to fully comprehend the function of this ecosystem and the actual diversity in Thailand.","PeriodicalId":56006,"journal":{"name":"Diversity-Basel","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136342796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Plumage Variation and Sex Ratio in the Brown-Backed Parrotlet (Touit melanonotus; Psittacidae) 褐背鹦鹉羽毛变异及性别比例的研究鹦鹉科)

3区生物学

Diversity-Basel Pub Date : 2023-09-30 DOI: 10.3390/d15101055

Marina Vivianne Carcassola, Fernanda Bocalini, Mercival Roberto Francisco, Luís Fábio Silveira

{"title":"Plumage Variation and Sex Ratio in the Brown-Backed Parrotlet (Touit melanonotus; Psittacidae)","authors":"Marina Vivianne Carcassola, Fernanda Bocalini, Mercival Roberto Francisco, Luís Fábio Silveira","doi":"10.3390/d15101055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/d15101055","url":null,"abstract":"The Brown-backed Parrotlet, Touit melanonotus, is a rare endemic bird to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, currently considered as “Vulnerable” in the Brazilian Red List of Threatened Species. We estimated the sex ratio of a wild flock of T. melanonotus using molecular markers, examined morphological variation in 34 museum specimens to test for sexual dimorphism, and conducted a literature review about sex ratio in Psittacidae for comparative purposes. We found a sex ratio of 0.8:1 (male/female; n = 29) in T. melanonotus, and a χ2 Goodness-of-fit test showed no significant difference from equality (p > 0.05). We describe three main categories in plumage: the first (and most common) comprises uniformly lime green birds, slightly darker on the head. The second is composed of individuals who are overall lighter, with the breast feathers washed with light greenish gray, and feathers of the head being dark lime green, presenting a sharp contrast with the breast feathers. The third and the rarest one is composed of birds with light greenish gray underparts with emerald green and darker upper parts. T. melanonotus has no apparent sexual dimorphism. We found no evidence of geographic variation. Sex ratio deviation may not be a parameter increasing the vulnerability of the species. Data like these represent a big leap in the knowledge of the species and has the potential to help and inform conservation efforts.","PeriodicalId":56006,"journal":{"name":"Diversity-Basel","volume":"167 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136343588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0