Isau Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, María Encarnación Holgado Rojas, Miguel Angel Quispe Ordoñez, Mishari García Roca, Anatoly Cárdenas Medina, Willians Quispe Ancco, Roger Oswaldo Poccohuanca-Aguilar, Zoila Magaly Cuba Córdova, Jackeline Greta Meza Calvo, Tatiana Ibeth Sanjuan Giraldo
{"title":"Patterns of Diversity, Structure and Local Ecology of Arthropod-Pathogenic Fungi in the Amazonian Forest of Cusco and Madre de Dios Regions, Southern Peru","authors":"Isau Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, María Encarnación Holgado Rojas, Miguel Angel Quispe Ordoñez, Mishari García Roca, Anatoly Cárdenas Medina, Willians Quispe Ancco, Roger Oswaldo Poccohuanca-Aguilar, Zoila Magaly Cuba Córdova, Jackeline Greta Meza Calvo, Tatiana Ibeth Sanjuan Giraldo","doi":"10.3390/d15111122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/d15111122","url":null,"abstract":"The ecological role and potential management of arthropod-pathogenic fungi (APF) in neotropical forests are of great importance, but they are still little studied. The present study achieves a first estimation of diversity patterns, structure and local ecology of APF in the Amazonian forests of the Cusco and Madre de Dios regions in southern Peru. We sampled 39 localities in five basins, examining 277 specimens, four families and 20 genera with 82 species (40% morphospecies). The most diverse families were Cordycipitaceae with 51 species and Ophiocordicipitaceae (22). Cusco obtained a greater diversity: four families, 18 genera and 58 morphospecies, with the Urubamba and Amarumayu basins having greater diversity (31 and 20 species); for the Madre de Dios basin, there was 28 species. In both regions, the richness values were corroborated by Fisher’s Alpha and Chao-1 indexes, the latter identifies Amarumayu and Araza with maximum values. The NMDS analysis showed a good pattern of separation of the two APF communities, although an important group was shared. Elevation was identified as the environmental variable with the strongest influence on diversity and structure. The dominance analysis identified Ophiocordyceps australis and Paraisaria amazonica as hyperdominant, due to their density and distribution. The local ecological patterns in Pongo de Qoñec show that the richness of entomopathogens is largely favored by low understory light, associated with pristine or little-impacted habitats. We conclude that this first approximation of the knowledge of the high diversity of APF in southern Peru is still insufficient, but it demonstrates the importance of their conservation and represents enormous potential for sustainable management.","PeriodicalId":56006,"journal":{"name":"Diversity-Basel","volume":"37 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135872148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Possible Reasons Affecting Different Phytophthora infestans Populations in Tomato and Potato Isolates in Thailand","authors":"Nattaya Srisawad, Kamonsiri Petchaboon, Supajit Sraphet, Piengtawan Tappiban, Kanokporn Triwitayakorn","doi":"10.3390/d15111121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/d15111121","url":null,"abstract":"Late blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, is one of the most important diseases affecting tomato and potato production worldwide. In Thailand, the disease is widespread in the north and northeast, especially in the Chiang-Mai and Tak provinces. The mating type, metalaxyl sensitivity, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotype, RG57 fingerprinting, and microsatellite were used to characterize the P. infestans populations. The study revealed that the P. infestans of tomato isolates in Thailand are of the same lineage as those from 1994 until 2002. The clonal lineages that were found in the potato populations have changed since 1994. The changes in P. infestans isolates in the potato populations have likely been the result of the import of seed potatoes to Thailand. Furthermore, the P. infestans populations in potatoes show resistance to metalaxyl, whereas those from tomato isolates show sensitivity to fungicides. The reasons for the different responses can be attributed to (i) the use of metalaxyl, (ii) the host preferences of P. infestans, and (iii) the migration of new genotypes from infected potato seeds.","PeriodicalId":56006,"journal":{"name":"Diversity-Basel","volume":"111 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136022811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Estefany Goncalves, Federico Casimiro-Soriguer Solanas, Javier García-Caballero, Noelia Hidalgo-Triana
{"title":"Terrestrial Alien Flora of the Iberian Alboran Coast: Assessment, Attributes, and Future Implications","authors":"Estefany Goncalves, Federico Casimiro-Soriguer Solanas, Javier García-Caballero, Noelia Hidalgo-Triana","doi":"10.3390/d15111120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/d15111120","url":null,"abstract":"Although Mediterranean coastal regions in southern Spain have high floristic diversity and numerous Habitats of Community Interest (HCIs) identified by the European Union Directive Council, they are also vulnerable to invasive plants. In our study, we aimed to create a checklist of terrestrial alien taxa in the Iberian area of the Alboran coast, assess each species’ current invasion, analyse the influence of environmental attributes on invasion, estimate the richness of alien species per HCI group, and evaluate each species’ potential invasiveness based on its reproductive and dispersal attributes. The checklist that we developed includes 123 alien taxa, most belonging to the Asteraceae, Asparagaceae, and Poaceae families. Notably, 20% of the species are super invaders that occupy more than 20% of HCIs. We also identified Aloe vera, Cylindropuntia spp., Agave salmiana, Opuntia spp., and Paspalum spp. as incipient invaders with the potential for future expansion. Although most alien flora in the HCIs are not regulated by Spanish legislation (RDL 630/2013), monitoring and eradication plans are crucial. Advocating the cessation of using those plants in gardens and reducing anthropogenic pressure are also essential, as human activities worsen invasion dynamics and facilitate the introduction and establishment of invasive species.","PeriodicalId":56006,"journal":{"name":"Diversity-Basel","volume":"63 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136159703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Expression Profiling of Salt-Responsive Genes and Transcription Factors in Leaf Transcriptome of Arabidopsis thaliana","authors":"Nahaa M. Alotaibi, Aala A. Abulfaraj","doi":"10.3390/d15111119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/d15111119","url":null,"abstract":"This investigation discerns the expression profiles of genes within the leaf transcriptome of Arabidopsis thaliana subjected to salt stress (200 mM NaCl). Notably, the pivotal role of indole acetic acid emerged as a keystone orchestrating a multifaceted cascade of regulatory events aimed at enhancing the plant’s adaptability under salt-induced stress. Cluster analysis elucidated upregulation of gene families with pivotal roles in supporting the availability of carbon dioxide, ameliorating photosynthetic processes and mitigating the deleterious effects of reactive oxygen species under salt stress. Analysis also unveiled the participation of several transcription factor families in the orchestration of a multitude of genes under salt stress. The investigation singled out a solitary TF, denominated as BH100, which was validated through RNA-Seq and qPCR, utilizing a VIGS line featuring the knockdown of the BH100 gene. This transcription factor was implicated in the upregulation of the FRO gene, thereby establishing a link between the synchronized expression of these two genes and their role in promoting iron acquisition under salt stress. In summation, our study unveiled the regulatory frameworks and salt-responsive genes underpinning the response of Arabidopsis to salt stress. We present compelling arguments for the potential applicability of this information in the realm of molecular breeding programs.","PeriodicalId":56006,"journal":{"name":"Diversity-Basel","volume":"32 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136263483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Juan Manuel Molina, Seokjin Yoon, Mariano Elisio, Akihide Kasai
{"title":"Bioenergetic Model of the Highly Exploited Shark Mustelus schmitti under a Global Warming Context","authors":"Juan Manuel Molina, Seokjin Yoon, Mariano Elisio, Akihide Kasai","doi":"10.3390/d15111118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/d15111118","url":null,"abstract":"Bioenergetic models are tools that allow the evaluation of the effect of environmental variables on fish growth. Successful implementation of this approach has been achieved in a few elasmobranch species. Our objective was to develop a bioenergetic model for Mustelus schmitti. The model developed showed a good fit to the field data available and accurately described the growth of this species. The practical example developed in this study provides novel population estimates of prey consumption and daily ration for the species. Results also indicate that this species would be susceptible to the effects of climate change. In the simulated climate change scenarios, the energy budget of M. schmitti was significantly altered, with increased food consumption and impaired growth. While there exists a number of limitations for the model developed in this article, namely its limitation to immature individuals, and its restricted temperature model, it provides an important tool for the management of this and other shark populations under heavy exploitation.","PeriodicalId":56006,"journal":{"name":"Diversity-Basel","volume":"241 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136236152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Teresa Maggio, Federica Cattapan, Manuela Falautano, Daniel Julian, Roberto Malinverni, Elena Poloni, Walter Sanseverino, Sara Todesco, Luca Castriota
{"title":"eDNA Metabarcoding Analysis as Tool to Assess the Presence of Non-Indigenous Species (NIS): A Case Study in the Bilge Water","authors":"Teresa Maggio, Federica Cattapan, Manuela Falautano, Daniel Julian, Roberto Malinverni, Elena Poloni, Walter Sanseverino, Sara Todesco, Luca Castriota","doi":"10.3390/d15111117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/d15111117","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most important causes of biodiversity loss are non-indigenous species (NIS), in particular invasive ones. The dispersion of NIS mainly depends on anthropogenic activities such as maritime traffic, which account for almost half of the total NIS introduction in the European seas, as reported by the European Environmental Agency. For this reason, NIS management measures are mainly focused on commercial ports (i.e., ballast water management and Marine Strategy Framework Directive monitoring), underestimating the role of marinas and tourist harbors; these host small vessels (<20 m), such as recreational, fishery, and sail ones without ballast waters, but are also responsible for NIS arrival and spread through the bilge water as well as from hull fouling. With the aim of paying attention to marinas and tourist harbors and validating an innovative molecular methodology for NIS surveillance and monitoring, in the present work, eDNA metabarcoding of cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) was applied to both bilge waters and adjacent ones to assess species composition and particularly NIS presence. A total of 140 OTUs/species with extra-Mediterranean distribution were found in the bilge samples; several of these are most likely ascribed to food contamination (e.g., Salmo salar). Excluding food contamination species, twelve of these found in the bilge waters were already known as NIS in the Mediterranean Sea, belonging to algae, mollusks, crustaceans, annelids, echinoderms, and fishes. Nine of these species are new to Italian waters. The results obtained in the present work support the importance of NIS monitoring in marinas and small harbors, particularly in the bilge waters, through eDNA metabarcoding, having detected several potential NIS that otherwise would not have been discovered.","PeriodicalId":56006,"journal":{"name":"Diversity-Basel","volume":"6 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136262397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dalius Butkauskas, Ieva Ignatavičienė, Adomas Ragauskas, Vytautas Rakauskas
{"title":"Temporal Variation of Genetic Diversity in Rutilus rutilus Populations from Lithuania Using mtDNA Markers in the Context of Anthropogenic Activities","authors":"Dalius Butkauskas, Ieva Ignatavičienė, Adomas Ragauskas, Vytautas Rakauskas","doi":"10.3390/d15111113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/d15111113","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most abundant fish species, Rutilus rutilus, is widely distributed in Lithuania and its potential to adapt to environmental changes attracted our interest. Unfortunately, it is not properly understood how anthropogenic activities can affect the genetic diversity within this species. We studied three populations of roaches (samples collected in the Neris and Žeimena rivers, and Lake Drūkšiai) over a period of five years (from 2017 to 2022) to determine genetic diversity using mtDNA D-loop and ATP6 genetic markers. Genetic diversity parameters, AMOVA analysis, haplotype network, and PCoA analysis revealed a greater genetic variability in roach samples collected in 2017, and the greatest differences were noticed in the population inhabiting Lake Drūkšiai, as compared with other samples studied over a five-year period. Differences in genetic diversity detected after a five-year period led us to the assumption that roach populations may be related to the effects of natural (changing climatic conditions) and anthropogenic (operating nuclear power plant) origin.","PeriodicalId":56006,"journal":{"name":"Diversity-Basel","volume":"39 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134908907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nik Ojdanič, Mateja Germ, Maša Andlovic, Dorotej Černela, Igor Zelnik
{"title":"Distribution of Aquatic Macrophytes in the Littoral of Lake Bohinj (Slovenia)","authors":"Nik Ojdanič, Mateja Germ, Maša Andlovic, Dorotej Černela, Igor Zelnik","doi":"10.3390/d15111115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/d15111115","url":null,"abstract":"In alpine Lake Bohinj, which is an LTER site and a part of the national park, the occurrence and depth distribution of submerged and emerged aquatic macrophytes were analyzed. Nine submerged and one emergent macrophyte taxa were found in the lake: Myriophyllum spicatum, Chara virgata, Chara aspera, Potamogeton lucens, Potamogeton alpinus, Potamogeton crispus, Potamogeton perfoliatus, Potamogeton pusillus, Ranunculus circinatus with the synonym Batrachium foeniculaceum and the emergent species Phragmites australis. The depth of the vegetation zones was measured using a depth meter and their coordinates were recorded using a GNSS antenna with RTK receiver. These data were used along with a DEM of lake depths to accurately map the potential zone of macrophyte growth, which was based on the depths of macrophyte distribution. The potential zone of macrophyte growth consisted of 28 different transects and covered 240.14 ha of the lake. The macrophytes covered 5.55 ha. The most common and abundant species was M. spicatum. A significant difference in macrophyte cover was found between the south and north shores of the lake, with the south shore having more patches with a larger total area. A clear difference in macrophyte cover was also noted between the main inflow and outflow of the lake. The presence of macrophytes and their diversity varied in different parts of the lake due to differences in slope, depth and type of substrates.","PeriodicalId":56006,"journal":{"name":"Diversity-Basel","volume":"105 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135012921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Assessment of Anthropogenic Impacts on the Genetic Diversity of Phragmites australis in Small-River Habitats","authors":"Jolanta Patamsytė, Carla Lambertini, Jurgita Butkuvienė, Donatas Naugžemys, Donatas Žvingila","doi":"10.3390/d15111116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/d15111116","url":null,"abstract":"Common reed is often used as a model plant to study the anthropogenic impacts on ecosystems at local and global scales. As a community-forming species, it is directly exposed to the impacts of human activities on the ecosystem. The aim of our study was to evaluate the patterns of genetic diversity in common reed stands located in habitats that are differently affected by anthropogenic factors. We studied whether riverbed modifications, land cover in the neighborhood of the stand and the chemical and physical parameters of the river water affect the genetic diversity of P. australis at the studied sites. Using DNA fingerprinting, we genotyped 747 plants from 42 sites located in 16 small Lithuanian rivers. Bayesian clustering and principal coordinate analysis revealed two main gene pools at the population (river) level. At the site level (i.e., considering all sites independently of their rivers), polymorphism was high even between sites in the same river. Our study revealed a negative relationship between the concentration of nitrogen compounds and the genotypic richness of P. australis populations. We did not find any correlations between the other chemical parameters of the water and the parameters of the genetic diversity. Additionally, there were no genetic differences between sites in modified and unmodified river sections or between sites that differed in land cover type in the neighborhood of the stand.","PeriodicalId":56006,"journal":{"name":"Diversity-Basel","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135013215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vladimir S. Lebedev, Daniil A. Mirzoyan, Georgy I. Shenbrot, Evgeniya N. Solovyeva, Varvara Yu. Bogatyreva, Alexandra A. Lisenkova, Enkhbat Undrakhbayar, Gansukh Sukhchuluun, Konstantin A. Rogovin, Alexei V. Surov, Anna A. Bannikova
{"title":"A Molecular Phylogeny of Stylodipus (Dipodidae, Mammalia): A Small Genus with a Complex History","authors":"Vladimir S. Lebedev, Daniil A. Mirzoyan, Georgy I. Shenbrot, Evgeniya N. Solovyeva, Varvara Yu. Bogatyreva, Alexandra A. Lisenkova, Enkhbat Undrakhbayar, Gansukh Sukhchuluun, Konstantin A. Rogovin, Alexei V. Surov, Anna A. Bannikova","doi":"10.3390/d15111114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/d15111114","url":null,"abstract":"A range-wide phylogenetic/phylogeographic study of the three-toed jerboas of the genus Stylodipus is conducted using the mitochondrial cytb gene and fragments of several nuclear genes. The genus has been believed to include three species: S. telum (W Central Asia, SE Europe), S. andrewsi (E Central Asia), and S. sungorus (Dzungar basin). Our data support the dichotomy between S. andrewsi and the other taxa forming S. telum species group. Within the latter, both mtDNA and nuclear loci indicate a species-level divergence between S. telum and the S. t. birulae lineage (Zaisan depression, NE Kazakhstan), previously considered a subspecies of S. telum and here elevated to full species. S. sungorus is recovered as a close sister group to S. birulae on the basis of nuclear data but clustered with S. telum in the mitochondrial tree. The latter taxon is the most variable and includes two closely related eastern and western sublineages, separated by the Volga-Ural sands and joined by a more divergent S. t. karelini lineage (E Kazakhstan). The observed mitonuclear discordance is hypothesized to occur due to mtDNA introgression resulting from hybridization between S. sungorus and S. t. karelini, which highlights the important role of reticulations in the evolution of Dipodidae.","PeriodicalId":56006,"journal":{"name":"Diversity-Basel","volume":"66 7","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134910377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}