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Seizing the Means of Reproduction? Canada, Cancer Screening, and the Colonial History of the Cytopipette. 夺取生育手段?加拿大，癌症筛查，和细胞器的殖民历史。
Canadian Bulletin of Medical History Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Epub Date: 2021-04-05 DOI: 10.3138/cbmh.467-082020
Jennifer Fraser
{"title":"Seizing the Means of Reproduction? Canada, Cancer Screening, and the Colonial History of the Cytopipette.","authors":"Jennifer Fraser","doi":"10.3138/cbmh.467-082020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/cbmh.467-082020","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In recent years, self-sampling has emerged as a compelling way of increasing cervical cancer screening rates within First Nations, Inuit and Métis communities. By allowing women to take their own samples in private, when and where they are most comfortable, home testing kits have been framed as a new, unequivocally feminist technology, and a panacea in Indigenous health. But are these techniques really as ethical and empowering as they have been made out to be? To answer this question, this article traces the history of the uptake and use of cervical cancer screening technologies in Canada. By tracing the mechanics and motivations of two state-sponsored cervical cancer screening studies carried out by Canada's Department of Indian Health Services during the mid to late twentieth century, this piece explores the settler-colonial roots of cancer surveillance, and shows how the implementation of both Pap-testing and DIY forms of screening within Indigenous communities has, at least historically, been more about enacting biopolitical regimes than promoting feminist ideals or improving health outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":55634,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Bulletin of Medical History","volume":"38 1","pages":"128-176"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25577699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Proving Ground: Colombo Plan Fellowships and the Changing Landscape of Health Education in Canada, 1951-69. 试验场:科伦坡计划奖学金和加拿大健康教育的变化，1951-69年。
Canadian Bulletin of Medical History Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Epub Date: 2021-04-05 DOI: 10.3138/cbmh.437-042020
Jill Campbell-Miller
{"title":"The Proving Ground: Colombo Plan Fellowships and the Changing Landscape of Health Education in Canada, 1951-69.","authors":"Jill Campbell-Miller","doi":"10.3138/cbmh.437-042020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/cbmh.437-042020","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article examines the history of the Colombo Plan fellowship program in Canada during the 1950s and 1960s. It will argue that this program had a visible impact on Canadian institutions of learning and health care for three reasons. First, it brought an unprecedented number of students and health care professionals from South and Southeast Asia to Canada; second, it fostered a sense of mission within Canadian institutions about the role education should play in contributing to health and international development overseas; and third, it revealed the challenges and tensions inherent in fulfilling this mission in the context of differences between the objectives of Canadian officials and those of the fellows themselves. With its focus on South and Southeast Asia, the Colombo Plan fellowship program anticipated broader trends regarding the international migration of health workers from that region in later years.</p>","PeriodicalId":55634,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Bulletin of Medical History","volume":"38 1","pages":"1-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25581985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Entre l'arbre et l'écorce : l'évolution de la profession de pharmacien au Québec aux XIXe-XXe siècles. 树与树皮之间:19 - 20世纪魁北克药剂师职业的演变。
Canadian Bulletin of Medical History Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Epub Date: 2021-11-05 DOI: 10.3138/cbmh.530-042021
Johanne Collin
{"title":"Entre l'arbre et l'écorce : l'évolution de la profession de pharmacien au Québec aux XIX<sup>e</sup>-XX<sup>e</sup> siècles.","authors":"Johanne Collin","doi":"10.3138/cbmh.530-042021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/cbmh.530-042021","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In Quebec's historiography, the history of pharmacies and pharmacists straddles the history of medicine, doctors and health, on the one side, and the history of small business and consumerism, on the other. Too much of a hybrid to fit neatly in either of those fields of study, it has largely flown under the historians' radar. This duality is nonetheless fascinating. Not only is it at the very heart of pharmacies' trajectory and evolution in Quebec, but it explicitly highlights the fact that health, medication, and consumerism have historically close ties. Having given the background to an important investigation held in 1899, the paper illustrates the tension between commerce and profession from the mid-19th century to the economic and identity crisis facing pharmacists in the Sixties and Seventies.</p>","PeriodicalId":55634,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Bulletin of Medical History","volume":"38 S1","pages":"S143-S174"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39593328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Pigmented Remedies: The Pharmacy of Colour in Early Modern Europe. 色素疗法:近代早期欧洲的色彩药剂学。
Canadian Bulletin of Medical History Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Epub Date: 2021-11-05 DOI: 10.3138/cbmh.474-102020
Julia Nurse
{"title":"Pigmented Remedies: The Pharmacy of Colour in Early Modern Europe.","authors":"Julia Nurse","doi":"10.3138/cbmh.474-102020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/cbmh.474-102020","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article will examine pigments recently identified in an unpublished conservation survey at the Wellcome Collection that included two 17<sup>th</sup>-century medical manuscripts. These pigments, which were drawn from plant and mineral products, served a dual purpose based on their medicinal and pigmented properties. An exploration of how these pigments were used (and why) by a range of practitioners - including apothecaries, physicians, \"kitchen physicians,\" and artisans - reveals the importance of colour throughout early modern Europe. The persistence of traditional medical theories is revealed by examining evidence across an extensive period covering the 16<sup>th</sup> to the 18<sup>th</sup> century. Receipt books, medical treatises, and health guides are contrasted with artisanal texts reflecting the blurring of boundaries between the worlds of medicine and art. Modern analysis by conservators of colour used in medieval and early modern texts is crucial to the preservation of pigments but also provides a deeper understanding of what and how pigmented products were used in the period and, ultimately, informs our current understandings of early modern life and medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":55634,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Bulletin of Medical History","volume":"38 S1","pages":"S93-S117"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39682383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Introduction-Case by Case: Private and Public Representations of Patients in the Grenfell Mission in Newfoundland and Labrador in the Early 20th Century. 个案介绍:20世纪初纽芬兰和拉布拉多格伦费尔医院患者的私人和公共代表。
Canadian Bulletin of Medical History Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Epub Date: 2021-08-17 DOI: 10.3138/cbmh.513-022021
Jennifer J Connor
{"title":"Introduction-Case by Case: Private and Public Representations of Patients in the Grenfell Mission in Newfoundland and Labrador in the Early 20<sup>th</sup> Century.","authors":"Jennifer J Connor","doi":"10.3138/cbmh.513-022021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/cbmh.513-022021","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article provides context for three studies about early 20<sup>th</sup>-century medical cases in the geographically distributed humanitarian aid organization founded by Wilfred Grenfell in pre-Confederation Newfoundland and Labrador. It situates these studies within historiographical and theoretical approaches to case histories and their publication by medical practitioners, the background for research on the clinical records of the Grenfell organization's main hospital, and the history behind specific case information for coastal patients. While the cases examined cohere through their organizational origin, the authors of these three studies reveal sometimes unexpected representations of the patient in text and illustration. In these ways, both this introductory article and the following three studies emphasize the enduring appeal of narrative approaches to case writing while also pointing to the evolving ethics of publishing medical reports for general readers and scholars. Together they invite renewed attention to the representation of medical cases in publications that increasingly are available globally in internet collections.</p>","PeriodicalId":55634,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Bulletin of Medical History","volume":"38 2","pages":"340-371"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39319846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
« Full and Useful Lives » : La déficience intellectuelle au sein du discours médical canadien (1956-1972). 《完整而有用的生活》:加拿大医学论述中的智力残疾(1956-1972)。
Canadian Bulletin of Medical History Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Epub Date: 2021-08-17 DOI: 10.3138/cbmh.462-072020
Hubert Larose-Dutil
{"title":"« Full and Useful Lives » : La déficience intellectuelle au sein du discours médical canadien (1956-1972).","authors":"Hubert Larose-Dutil","doi":"10.3138/cbmh.462-072020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/cbmh.462-072020","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Articles published between 1956 and 1972 in the <i>Canadian Medical Association Journal</i> (<i>CMAJ</i>) and the <i>Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal</i> (<i>CPAJ</i>) reflect the Canadian medical community's certain interest in mental retardation during this period. Much of the scientific production in this area at that time seems to have been aimed at alleviating the economic burden of mental retardation by making the mentally retarded person autonomous and capable of performing an economic function. This article intends to highlight this ambition to discipline the mentally retarded through the study of the <i>CMAJ</i> and <i>CPAJ</i> articles. It begins with a discussion of the diagnosis of mental retardation, followed by a discussion of the treatments, care and services to be offered. The last part of this text deals with the discourse conveyed in the two journals regarding the mentally retarded that seems unable to live outside of the institution and perform an economic function.</p>","PeriodicalId":55634,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Bulletin of Medical History","volume":"38 2","pages":"320-339"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39319739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
"Unscrupulous and Morally Ill-Prepared" Laymen or Professionals? Controlling Pharmacists during the Brazilian Military Dictatorship. “不择手段、道德准备不足”的外行人还是专业人士?在巴西军事独裁时期控制药剂师。
Canadian Bulletin of Medical History Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Epub Date: 2021-08-17 DOI: 10.3138/cbmh.495-122020
Mariana Broglia de Moura
{"title":"\"Unscrupulous and Morally Ill-Prepared\" Laymen or Professionals? Controlling Pharmacists during the Brazilian Military Dictatorship.","authors":"Mariana Broglia de Moura","doi":"10.3138/cbmh.495-122020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/cbmh.495-122020","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article traces the transformation of the system of control and repression of Brazilian pharmaceutical activities between the 1930s and the 1970s, through a Foucauldian framework of \"differential management of illegalisms.\" The period between 1930 and 1960 can be understood as a process of negotiation between pharmacists and state agencies that achieved a compromise on the differential management of illegalisms in relation to drugs, with a clear distinction between \"laymen\" and \"professionals.\" This compromise came into question during the dictatorship, due to institutional transformations that reinforced the autonomy of institutions of repression and a military struggle against subversion and corruption. Pharmacists and laymen alike were considered potential suspects. This suspicion even extended to the civilian agencies that were at the core of the regulation of the licit drug market. These developments profoundly changed the way illegalisms committed by professionals and state officials were treated, blurring the boundaries that had been established between laymen, professionals, inspectors, and industrialists. The final section of the article focuses on the various ways in which institutions of repression focused on pharmacists and state regulatory control agencies as potential places of subversive activity or corruption.</p>","PeriodicalId":55634,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Bulletin of Medical History","volume":"38 S1","pages":"S31-S71"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39319741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
The History of Saskatchewan's Public Health Association Policy Initiatives, 1954-86: A Regional Comparison for Preventative Health Policy Work in Canada. 萨斯喀彻温省公共卫生协会政策倡议的历史，1954-86年:加拿大预防性卫生政策工作的区域比较。
Canadian Bulletin of Medical History Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Epub Date: 2021-04-05 DOI: 10.3138/cbmh.454-062020
Helen Vandenberg, Wanda Martin, Marie Dietrich Leurer, Andrea Ens
{"title":"The History of Saskatchewan's Public Health Association Policy Initiatives, 1954-86: A Regional Comparison for Preventative Health Policy Work in Canada.","authors":"Helen Vandenberg,&nbsp;Wanda Martin,&nbsp;Marie Dietrich Leurer,&nbsp;Andrea Ens","doi":"10.3138/cbmh.454-062020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/cbmh.454-062020","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>After the Second World War, health prevention work in Canada shifted from a focus on sanitation and hygiene to illness prevention and health promotion. Canada became a significant global leader, beginning with the Lalonde Report of 1974. Yet less is known about the provincial public health associations and how their work differed from that of the national body. The purpose of this article is to examine the Saskatchewan Public Health Association's (SPHA) policy work from 1954 to 1986. Utilizing meeting minutes and newsletters, we found that while both national and provincial associations made efforts to prevent accidents, reduce tobacco use, and fluoridate water, the SPHA tended to advocate more for child health, and the cautious use of nuclear power. At the same time, the SPHA's resolutions tended to ignore emerging factors shaping health, including the social determinants of health, regional inequities, lack of public trust in experts, misinformation, and human psychology. Examining the SPHA's records revealed that region mattered in preventative policy work.</p>","PeriodicalId":55634,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Bulletin of Medical History","volume":"38 1","pages":"93-127"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25577698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
"Imagine the Perfect Vaccine": Homeopathic Vaccine Alternatives and Vaccine Discourse in English Canada. “想象完美的疫苗”:顺势疗法疫苗替代品和加拿大英语中的疫苗话语。
Canadian Bulletin of Medical History Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Epub Date: 2021-04-05 DOI: 10.3138/cbmh.445-052020
Derek Cameron
{"title":"\"Imagine the Perfect Vaccine\": Homeopathic Vaccine Alternatives and Vaccine Discourse in English Canada.","authors":"Derek Cameron","doi":"10.3138/cbmh.445-052020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/cbmh.445-052020","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Advocates of homeopathic vaccines, also known as nosodes, reimagined the risks and benefits of vaccination from 1999 to 2015 by comparing \"risky\" vaccines to \"risk-free\" nosodes. I argue that nosodes allowed for a complementary argument to anti-vaccine discourse, fundamentally altering what had been framed as a choice between the risks of vaccination and the risks of vaccine-preventable disease. Despite evidence of their efficacy being flawed, advocates presented nosodes as an alternative to vaccines and a middle ground between anti-vaccination and vaccination. While a campaign from 2013 to 2015 tried to expose nosodes as ineffective, I argue that the campaign was unsuccessful. Instead, the mainstream media brought more attention to nosodes. The history of nosodes further complicates the history of vaccines and alternative medicine in Canada by adding vaccine alternatives to the growing literature on vaccine hesitancy.</p>","PeriodicalId":55634,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Bulletin of Medical History","volume":"38 1","pages":"32-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25581986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Social Democratic Solidarity and the Welfare State: Health Care and Single-Tier Universality in Sweden and Canada. 社会民主团结和福利国家:瑞典和加拿大的医疗保健和单层普遍性。
Canadian Bulletin of Medical History Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Epub Date: 2020-08-20 DOI: 10.3138/cbmh.443-052020
Gregory P Marchildon
{"title":"Social Democratic Solidarity and the Welfare State: Health Care and Single-Tier Universality in Sweden and Canada.","authors":"Gregory P Marchildon","doi":"10.3138/cbmh.443-052020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/cbmh.443-052020","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although it is not generally done, it is useful to compare the history of the evolution of universal health coverage (UHC) in Canada and Sweden. The majority of citizens in both countries have shared, and continue to share, a commitment to a strong form of single-tier universality in the design of their respective UHC systems. In the postwar era, they also share a remarkably similar timeline in the emergence and entrenchment of single-tier UHC, despite the political and social differences between the two countries. At the same time, UHC was initially designed, implemented, and managed by social democratic governments that held power for long periods of time, creating a path dependency for single-tier Medicare that was difficult for future governments of different ideological persuasions to alter.</p>","PeriodicalId":55634,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Bulletin of Medical History","volume":"38 1","pages":"177-196"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3138/cbmh.443-052020","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38295961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
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