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Algorithmic Regulation in Media and Cultural Policy: A Framework to Evaluate Barriers to Accountability 媒体和文化政策中的算法监管:评估问责障碍的框架
IF 0.9
Journal of Information Policy Pub Date : 2019-12-01 DOI: 10.5325/jinfopoli.9.2019.0307
R. Hunt, F. McKelvey
{"title":"Algorithmic Regulation in Media and Cultural Policy: A Framework to Evaluate Barriers to Accountability","authors":"R. Hunt, F. McKelvey","doi":"10.5325/jinfopoli.9.2019.0307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/jinfopoli.9.2019.0307","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The word “algorithm” is best understood as a generic term for automated decision-making. Algorithms can be coded by humans or they can become self-taught through machine learning. Cultural goods and news increasingly pass through information intermediaries known as platforms that rely on algorithms to filter, rank, sort, classify, and promote information. Algorithmic content recommendation acts as an important and increasingly contentious gatekeeper. Numerous controversies around the nature of content being recommended—from disturbing children's videos to conspiracies and political misinformation—have undermined confidence in the neutrality of these systems. Amid a generational challenge for media policy, algorithmic accountability has emerged as one area of regulatory innovation. Algorithmic accountability seeks to explain automated decision-making, ultimately locating responsibility and improving the overall system. This article focuses on the technical, systemic issues related to algorithmic accountability, highlighting that deployment matters as much as development when explaining algorithmic outcomes. After outlining the challenges faced by those seeking to enact algorithmic accountability, we conclude by comparing some emerging approaches to addressing cultural discoverability by different international policymakers.","PeriodicalId":55617,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Information Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76459880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 13
The Political Economy of Media Capabilities: The Capability Approach in Media Policy 媒介能力的政治经济学:媒介政策中的能力方法
IF 0.9
Journal of Information Policy Pub Date : 2019-12-01 DOI: 10.5325/jinfopoli.9.2019.0063
Litschka
{"title":"The Political Economy of Media Capabilities: The Capability Approach in Media Policy","authors":"Litschka","doi":"10.5325/jinfopoli.9.2019.0063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/jinfopoli.9.2019.0063","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In this article, the implications and application possibilities of the capability approach by Amartya Sen for normative discussions about media policy are explored. It gives an overview of some important streams of heterodox political-economic approaches in economics and their role in a “mediatized” world and centers on two concepts of major interest for media policies: the potential media capabilities can have for media users in a mediatized economy, and the important role of publicity and mass media when questions of justice are concerned. For both issues, the capability approach offers interesting insights from a political-economic perspective.","PeriodicalId":55617,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Information Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87467691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 11
Political Manipulation and Internet Advertising Infrastructure 政治操纵和互联网广告基础设施
IF 0.9
Journal of Information Policy Pub Date : 2019-12-01 DOI: 10.5325/jinfopoli.9.2019.0370
Crain, Nadler
{"title":"Political Manipulation and Internet Advertising Infrastructure","authors":"Crain, Nadler","doi":"10.5325/jinfopoli.9.2019.0370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/jinfopoli.9.2019.0370","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Disinformation and other forms of manipulative, antidemocratic communication have emerged as a problem for Internet policy. While such operations are not limited to electoral politics, efforts to influence and disrupt elections have created significant concerns. Data-driven digital advertising has played a key role in facilitating political manipulation campaigns. Rather than stand alone incidents, manipulation operations reflect systemic issues within digital advertising markets and infrastructures. Policy responses must include approaches that consider digital advertising platforms and the strategic communications capacities they enable. At their root, these systems are designed to facilitate asymmetrical relationships of influence.","PeriodicalId":55617,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Information Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83272194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 29
Political Manipulation and Internet Advertising Infrastructure 政治操纵和互联网广告基础设施
IF 0.9
Journal of Information Policy Pub Date : 2019-12-01 DOI: 10.5325/jinfopoli.9.1.0370
Matthew Crain,Anthony Nadler
{"title":"Political Manipulation and Internet Advertising Infrastructure","authors":"Matthew Crain,Anthony Nadler","doi":"10.5325/jinfopoli.9.1.0370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/jinfopoli.9.1.0370","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Disinformation and other forms of manipulative, antidemocratic communication have emerged as a problem for Internet policy. While such operations are not limited to electoral politics, efforts to influence and disrupt elections have created significant concerns. Data-driven digital advertising has played a key role in facilitating political manipulation campaigns. Rather than stand alone incidents, manipulation operations reflect systemic issues within digital advertising markets and infrastructures. Policy responses must include approaches that consider digital advertising platforms and the strategic communications capacities they enable. At their root, these systems are designed to facilitate asymmetrical relationships of influence.","PeriodicalId":55617,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Information Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138506546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Let's Meet Halfway: Sharing New Responsibilities in a Digital Age 让我们各让一半:在数字时代分担新的责任
IF 0.9
Journal of Information Policy Pub Date : 2019-12-01 DOI: 10.5325/jinfopoli.9.1.0336
A. Heldt
{"title":"Let's Meet Halfway: Sharing New Responsibilities in a Digital Age","authors":"A. Heldt","doi":"10.5325/jinfopoli.9.1.0336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/jinfopoli.9.1.0336","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Which legal instrument can effectively address current challenges in social media governance and how do companies take their share, shifting away from opaque enforcement of terms of services and increasingly copying governmental structures? In a first step, this article describes and analyzes the way that states address hate speech and misinformation in their respective regulatory projects. Secondly, it examines how social media platforms sanction unwanted content and integrate (or plan on integrating) procedural rules such as appeal and due process principles in their moderation policies. Large social media platforms tend to adopt new structures that resemble administrative law—an uncommon development for non-state actors.","PeriodicalId":55617,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Information Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89739928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Between Integration and Protection of National Sovereignty in the European Union's Radio Spectrum Policy: Uncovering Potential Research Avenues 欧盟无线电频谱政策的整合与国家主权保护之间:发掘潜在的研究途径
IF 0.9
Journal of Information Policy Pub Date : 2019-12-01 DOI: 10.5325/JINFOPOLI.9.2019.0174
Maria Massaro
{"title":"Between Integration and Protection of National Sovereignty in the European Union's Radio Spectrum Policy: Uncovering Potential Research Avenues","authors":"Maria Massaro","doi":"10.5325/JINFOPOLI.9.2019.0174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/JINFOPOLI.9.2019.0174","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article stresses the importance to understand the institutional context in which decisions on radio spectrum use are taken. In particular, this article focuses on the European Union's (EU) institutional context. The history of EU radio spectrum policy is narrated highlighting the tension between the EU integration process and protection of national sovereignty. This tension sets the stage to discuss two research areas which call for further attention: lack of legitimacy of EU law and use of soft power to promote EU integration. Investigating these areas may contribute to identify institutional barriers to better decision making for radio spectrum use.","PeriodicalId":55617,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Information Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86648718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
The Influence of Topography and Fracking on Cellular Network Availability in Unserved Areas of North Central Pennsylvania 地形和水力压裂对宾夕法尼亚州中北部未服务地区蜂窝网络可用性的影响
IF 0.9
Journal of Information Policy Pub Date : 2019-12-01 DOI: 10.5325/jinfopoli.9.1.0238
Benjamin W. Cramer
{"title":"The Influence of Topography and Fracking on Cellular Network Availability in Unserved Areas of North Central Pennsylvania","authors":"Benjamin W. Cramer","doi":"10.5325/jinfopoli.9.1.0238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/jinfopoli.9.1.0238","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract North Central Pennsylvania suffers from sparse cellular network coverage due to the longstanding challenges of low populations and rugged topography that are common in other remote areas. However, in recent years the natural gas (“fracking”) industry has entered the region and enjoys much better network coverage than citizens. Based on field research by the author, this article analyzes the geographical, economic, and political causes of these patterns. The article considers the impact on local citizens and recommends solutions based on existing Pennsylvania law.","PeriodicalId":55617,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Information Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138506530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Political Economy of Media Capabilities: The Capability Approach in Media Policy 媒介能力的政治经济学:媒介政策中的能力方法
IF 0.9
Journal of Information Policy Pub Date : 2019-12-01 DOI: 10.5325/jinfopoli.9.1.0079
Michael Litschka
{"title":"The Political Economy of Media Capabilities: The Capability Approach in Media Policy","authors":"Michael Litschka","doi":"10.5325/jinfopoli.9.1.0079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/jinfopoli.9.1.0079","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this article, the implications and application possibilities of the capability approach by Amartya Sen for normative discussions about media policy are explored. It gives an overview of some important streams of heterodox political-economic approaches in economics and their role in a “mediatized” world and centers on two concepts of major interest for media policies: the potential media capabilities can have for media users in a mediatized economy, and the important role of publicity and mass media when questions of justice are concerned. For both issues, the capability approach offers interesting insights from a political-economic perspective.","PeriodicalId":55617,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Information Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138506542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Capabilities for What? Developing Sen's Moral Theory For Communications Research 什么能力?发展森的传播研究道德理论
IF 0.9
Journal of Information Policy Pub Date : 2019-12-01 DOI: 10.5325/jinfopoli.9.2019.0043
N. Couldry
{"title":"Capabilities for What? Developing Sen's Moral Theory For Communications Research","authors":"N. Couldry","doi":"10.5325/jinfopoli.9.2019.0043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/jinfopoli.9.2019.0043","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article reviews debates about the application of Amartya Sen's capabilities theory to the understanding and regulation of media and communications. It argues that Sen's insistence on the complexity of ethical reasoning, and the underlying complexity of “the good,” makes the capabilities approach the most suitable general approach for considering what media justice is. In particular, the advantages of Sen's approach compared with Martha Nussbaum's specification of particular human capabilities are discussed. Possible supplements of capabilities thinking by the concept of recognition are also discussed, and their limits noted.","PeriodicalId":55617,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Information Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82593784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 16
Notice After Notice-and-Consent: Why Privacy Disclosures Are Valuable Even If Consent Frameworks Aren't 通知和同意之后的通知:为什么即使同意框架没有，隐私披露也是有价值的
IF 0.9
Journal of Information Policy Pub Date : 2019-12-01 DOI: 10.5325/JINFOPOLI.9.2019.0037
Daniel Susser
{"title":"Notice After Notice-and-Consent: Why Privacy Disclosures Are Valuable Even If Consent Frameworks Aren't","authors":"Daniel Susser","doi":"10.5325/JINFOPOLI.9.2019.0037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5325/JINFOPOLI.9.2019.0037","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The dominant legal and regulatory approach to protecting information privacy is a form of mandated disclosure commonly known as “notice-and-consent.” Many have criticized this approach, arguing that privacy decisions are too complicated, and privacy disclosures too convoluted, for individuals to make meaningful consent decisions about privacy choices—decisions that often require us to waive important rights. While I agree with these criticisms, I argue that they only meaningfully call into question the “consent” part of notice-and-consent, and that they say little about the value of notice. We ought to decouple notice from consent, and imagine notice serving other normative ends besides readying people to make informed consent decisions.","PeriodicalId":55617,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Information Policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82099361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 32
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