Phonetica最新文献

{"title":"Acoustic Discriminability of the Complex Phonation System in !Xóõ.","authors":"Marc Garellek","doi":"10.1159/000494301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000494301","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Phonation types, or contrastive voice qualities, are minimally produced using complex movements of the vocal folds, but may additionally involve constriction in the supraglottal and pharyngeal cavities. These complex articulations in turn produce a multidimensional acoustic output that can be modeled in various ways. In this study, I investigate whether the psychoacoustic model of voice by Kreiman et al. (2014) succeeds at distinguishing six phonation types of !Xóõ. Linear discriminant analysis is performed using parameters from the model averaged over the entire vowel as well as for the first and final halves of the vowel. The results indicate very high classification accuracy for all phonation types. Measures averaged over the vowel's entire duration are closely correlated with the discriminant functions, suggesting that they are sufficient for distinguishing even dynamic phonation types. Measures from all classes of parameters are correlated with the linear discriminant functions; in particular, the \"strident\" vowels, which are harsh in quality, are characterized by their noise, changes in spectral tilt, decrease in voicing amplitude and frequency, and raising of the first formant. Despite the large number of contrasts and the time-varying characteristics of many of the phonation types, the phonation contrasts in !Xóõ remain well differentiated acoustically.</p>","PeriodicalId":55608,"journal":{"name":"Phonetica","volume":"77 2","pages":"131-160"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000494301","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36948471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evidence for Incomplete Neutralization in Chilean Spanish.","authors":"Mariška A Bolyanatz","doi":"10.1159/000493393","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000493393","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/aims: </strong>In Chilean Spanish, syllable- and word-final /s/ are frequently weakened to an [h]-like segment or completely deleted. In word-final position, /s/ serves as the plural morpheme, so its deletion renders a site for potential neutralization with singular items. Chilean scholars have previously described differences in the vowel preceding weakened or deleted /s/ distinguishing it from non-/s/-final words, but this putative incomplete neutralization has not yet been acoustically verified, nor have its conditioning factors been explored. The primary purpose of this study was to assess via phonetic analysis of spontaneous speech whether neutralization of final vowels in singular words and plural words in Chilean Spanish is indeed incomplete, as hypothesized by scholars during the 20th century. Additionally, these vowels were also compared to the vowels of monomorphemic /s/-final words in order to ensure that the attested singular-versus-plural differences were not simply indicative of closed syllable laxing processes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Vowels were extracted from the spontaneous speech of 20 Chilean Spanish speakers and acoustically analyzed via VoiceSauce.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results revealed that final /a/ vowels of plural words were found to be breathier than singular vowels but less breathy than the final vowels of monomorphemic words, and that plural /o/ was significantly fronted. They also demonstrated increased breathiness on /e/ vowels closed by /s/, regardless of morphological status.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These results provide the first account of incomplete neutralization of plural vowel correlates in spontaneous speech in Chilean Spanish, and they offer evidence for closed syllable processes in this particular dialect, in alignment with an exemplar-theoretic approach.</p>","PeriodicalId":55608,"journal":{"name":"Phonetica","volume":"77 2","pages":"107-130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000493393","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36739157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Acoustic Analyses of L2 English: The Search for Systematic Variation.","authors":"Rebecca Laturnus","doi":"10.1159/000508387","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000508387","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/aims: </strong>Previous research has shown that exposure to multiple foreign accents facilitates adaptation to an untrained novel accent. One explanation is that L2 speech varies systematically such that there are commonalities in the productions of nonnative speakers, regardless of their language background.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic acoustic comparison was conducted between 3 native English speakers and 6 nonnative accents. Voice onset time, unstressed vowel duration, and formant values of stressed and unstressed vowels were analyzed, comparing each nonnative accent to the native English talkers. A subsequent perception experiment tests what effect training on regionally accented voices has on the participant's comprehension of nonnative accented speech to investigate the importance of within-speaker variation on attunement and generalization.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Data for each measure show substantial variability across speakers, reflecting phonetic transfer from individual L1s, as well as substantial inconsistency and variability in pronunciation, rather than commonalities in their productions. Training on native English varieties did not improve participants' accuracy in understanding nonnative speech.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings are more consistent with a hypothesis of accent attune-ment wherein listeners track general patterns of nonnative speech rather than relying on overlapping acoustic signals between speakers.</p>","PeriodicalId":55608,"journal":{"name":"Phonetica","volume":"77 6","pages":"441-479"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000508387","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38177351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review of Klaus J. Kohler, Communicative Functions and Linguistic Forms in Speech Interaction, Cambridge Studies in Linguistics 156, Cambridge University Press, 2018","authors":"W. Barry","doi":"10.1159/000504451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000504451","url":null,"abstract":"This book is timely in many ways. At the biographical level, it is a diamond jubilee publication, presenting for discussion, for the first time in one place, many of Klaus Kohler’s (K.K.’s) views and theories that have crystallized over his 60 very active and productive years in phonetics. It is also a strong missionary statement for, and practical demonstration of, a new speech and language research paradigm which goes beyond the descriptive formalisms that have stimulated and given direction to speech and language research since the late 1950s, but which have ultimately limited its scope. The book argues vigorously for a speech and language science which places the communicative functions of human interaction at its center (hence the book’s title) and relates all formal manifestations of this interaction to them, at whatever level (articulatory/ gestural, acoustic/auditory, and lexical/syntactic) with no hierarchy. All formal aspects have an equal potential to carry a communicative function. So, nothing against formalization, but it should be recognized as the means, not mistaken for the end! K.K.’s work is therefore eminently relevant to anyone interested in the forms and structures of speech and language function in interpersonal communication. This covers linguists of any hyphenated specialization, but also speech and language engineers seeking to go beyond automatic recognition and synthesis towards comprehension and expression. A shift of goalposts is disturbing to players who are used to an established playing field. Hard evidence for this kind of change is necessary. K.K. presents his case carefully and in detail within the general domain of speech prosody, providing extensive discussion of the scientific background, including his own and colleagues’ experimental results. He compares the performance of different approaches and, since it is not generally known, presents the Kiel System of Prosodic Labelling (PROLAB). Graphic (Praat-based) representations of speech signals and acoustic examples (.wav files, available at www.cambridge.org/ Received: June 29, 2019 Accepted: October 30, 2019 Published online: December 18, 2019","PeriodicalId":55608,"journal":{"name":"Phonetica","volume":"9 1","pages":"320 - 324"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73632826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vowel-to-Vowel Coarticulation in Spanish Nonwords","authors":"Jenna T. Conklin, Olga Dmitrieva","doi":"10.1159/000502890","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000502890","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The present study examined vowel-to-vowel (VV) coarticulation in backness affecting mid vowels /e/ and /o/ in 36 Spanish nonwords produced by 20 native speakers of Spanish, aged 19–50 years (mean = 30.7; SD = 8.2). Examination of second formant frequency showed substantial carryover coarticulation throughout the data set, while anticipatory coarticulation was minimal and of shorter duration. Furthermore, the effect of stress on vowel-to-vowel coarticulation was investigated and found to vary by direction. In the anticipatory direction, small coarticulatory changes were relatively stable regardless of stress, particularly for target /e/, while in the carryover direction, a hierarchy of stress emerged wherein the greatest coarticulation occurred between stressed triggers and unstressed targets, less coarticulation was observed between unstressed triggers and unstressed targets, and the least coarticulation occurred between unstressed triggers with stressed targets. The results of the study augment and refine previously available knowledge about vowel-to-vowel coarticulation in Spanish and expand cross-linguistic understanding of the effect of stress on the magnitude and direction of vowel-to-vowel coarticulation.","PeriodicalId":55608,"journal":{"name":"Phonetica","volume":"48 1","pages":"294 - 319"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82299681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Front & Back Matter","authors":"","doi":"10.1159/000504077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000504077","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55608,"journal":{"name":"Phonetica","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89072115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Publications Received for Review","authors":"Chunsheng Yang, F. Cangemi, Meghan Clayards","doi":"10.1159/000503550","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000503550","url":null,"abstract":"Each fascicle of Phonetica provides a list of the publications that have been received for review. Readers who would like to write critical commentaries on any of these books for Phonetica are requested to contact: Prof. O. Niebuhr, Syddank Universitet, DK–6400 Sonderborg, Denmark, olni@sdu.dk, who will arrange for the copies to be sent to them. At the same time, he will inform them about the expected length of the review as well as other technical details, and suggest a date for submitting the manuscripts. The time allotted for preparing reviews will on principle be kept as short as possible in order to enable Phonetica to fulfill its obligation of keeping its readers up to date with publications in the field of speech science. Readers are also welcome to suggest any other book in our field for review in Phonetica, over and above the ones named in the list of received publications. Professor Niebuhr will then take the necessary steps to obtain copies from the publishing firms.","PeriodicalId":55608,"journal":{"name":"Phonetica","volume":"49 1","pages":"479 - 479"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76641086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temporal Aspects of Word Initial Single Consonants and Consonants in Clusters in Spanish","authors":"M. Gibson, S. Sotiropoulou, S. Tobin, A. Gafos","doi":"10.1159/000501508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000501508","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We examined gestural coordination in C1C2 (C1 stop, C2 lateral or tap) word initial clusters using articulatory (electromagnetic articulometry) and acoustic data from six speakers of Standard Peninsular Spanish. We report on patterns of voice onset time (VOT), gestural plateau duration of C1, C2, and their overlap. For VOT, as expected, place of articulation is a major factor, with velars exhibiting longer VOTs than labials. Regarding C1 plateau duration, voice and place effects were found such that voiced consonants are significantly shorter than voiceless consonants, and velars show longer duration than labials. For C2 plateau duration, lateral duration was found to vary as a function of onset complexity (C vs. CC). As for overlap, unlike in French, where articulatory data for clusters have also been examined, clusters where both C1 and C2 are voiced show more overlap than where voicing differs. Further, overlap was affected by the C2 such that clusters where C2 is a tap show less overlap than clusters where C2 is a lateral. We discuss these results in the context of work aiming to uncover phonetic (e.g., articulatory or perceptual) and phonological forces (e.g., syllabic organization) on timing.","PeriodicalId":55608,"journal":{"name":"Phonetica","volume":"1 1","pages":"448 - 478"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91181152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Book notice: Second Language Acquisition of Mandarin Chinese Tones — Beyond First-Language Transfer","authors":"M. Yan","doi":"10.1159/000501803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000501803","url":null,"abstract":"Second Language Acquisition of Mandarin Chinese Tones – Beyond First-Language Transfer by Hang Zhang, as the title suggests, looks at how second-language (L2) learners, specifically non-tonal language speakers, i.e. English, Japanese and Korean speakers, learn Mandarin Chinese tones. This book offers novel contributions to the research of the L2 acquisition with the aim to figure out the factors of learners’ errors that are beyond learners’ first language (L1). The book is structured in seven chapters, which can be further divided into four main parts as follows: The first part (chapters 1 and 2) offers an introduction to the phonetics and phonology of Mandarin Chinese tones, prosodic structures of the three languages that are the native languages of L2 groups (English, Japanese and Korean) researched in this book, and a comprehensive overview of the previous research devoted to the L1 and L2 acquisition of Chinese tones. Chapter 1 also highlights the importance and difficulty of learning Chinese tones. Chapter 2 particularly focuses on three puzzles that previous research has not resolved with the explanation of L1 transfer, i.e. “(1) positional effects of contour tones (how T2 and T4 are constrained by anticipatory coarticulation), (2) the order of the acquisition of Mandarin tones (the difficulty of the acquisition of identical tone pairs compared to nonidentical tone pairs), and (3) the paradox of T3 (the acquisition of the notorious T3)” (p. 26). The second part (chapter 3) presents the methodology that was used to address the three puzzles discussed in the previous chapter. This part provides the information on test materials, participants, recording procedure, guidelines on assessing L2 tones and a very brief summary of the statistical analyses of the data used in the next part. The chapter emphasizes a detailed and logical description of how native Chinese speakers judge the correctness of a token produced by participants. In addition to correctness judgements, pitch values were also measured and evaluated as one of the assessment criteria. The third part, which is constituted by the book’s three core chapters 4–6, describes the research questions, hypotheses, research findings and discussions of the experiments corresponding to the three puzzles raised in the first part. Each of the three chapters focuses on one aspect, so the three chapters are basically independent of each other, but they are also closely linked to each other as they are supported by the same set of data. Chapter 4 investigates the role of anticipatory coarticulation in the production of T2 and T4 in disyllabic Chinese words by first introducing the nature of anticipatory tone coarticulation and then calculating the accuracy rates, maximum F0 and error types of these tones as produced by the three groups of learners. The results show that beyond L1 transfer, anticipatory dissimilation results in particular error patterns by L2 adult learners. Chapter 5 is organized in ","PeriodicalId":55608,"journal":{"name":"Phonetica","volume":"52 1","pages":"238 - 241"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89938265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Front & Back Matter","authors":"","doi":"10.1159/000502465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000502465","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55608,"journal":{"name":"Phonetica","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73340387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}