Gabriella Melo Oliveira , Tamires Camila Talamonte de Oliveira , Tiago Morales-Silva , Lucas Del Bianco Faria
{"title":"Impacts of seed-feeding beetles and their parasitoids on seed germination of Leucaena leucocephala and Senna multijuga (Fabaceae) in Brazil","authors":"Gabriella Melo Oliveira , Tamires Camila Talamonte de Oliveira , Tiago Morales-Silva , Lucas Del Bianco Faria","doi":"10.1016/j.actao.2022.103886","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actao.2022.103886","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We investigated the influence of seed-feeding beetles (Chrysomelidae, Bruchinae) and their parasitoids on the germination performance of two Fabaceae, <em>Leucaena leucocephala</em> and <em>Senna multijuga</em>. We collected 150 fruits per species in forest fragments in the city of Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil, between July and August 2020. Seeds were examined and separated into predated and non-predated categories. The predated category was divided into two subcategories: predated by Coleoptera (Bruchinae) (PCO) and predated in the presence of Coleoptera parasitoids (PARCO). The non-predated category was divided into artificially injured (AI), intact seeds without insect infestation (IS), and intact seeds with insect infestation (SIF). Seeds of <em>S. multijuga</em> and <em>L. leucocephala</em> germinated to 40% and 30%, respectively. PCO and PARCO seeds not only had a negative and restricting influence on <em>S</em>. <em>multijuga</em> germination (no germination) but also contributed to a large proportion of non-viable predated seeds (38%). PCO (7%) and PARCO (23%), on the other hand, improved <em>L</em>. <em>leucocephala</em> germination. This work represents one of the first attempt to evaluate the parasitoid effect on seeds germination. Our results contribute to a better understanding of the effect of herbivore predation and the presence of parasitoids on host plant seed germination, which can be critical to mother plant fitness depending on plant species. Further studies are necessary to determine the extend seed consumption by beetles and the presence of their parasitoids may facilitate or impair seed germination, and consequently plant fitness in other systems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55564,"journal":{"name":"Acta Oecologica-International Journal of Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49853717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kenichiro Watanabe , Tomohiro Yoshida , Akihiro Nakamura
{"title":"Effects of resource size on invertebrate assemblages in water-filled treeholes","authors":"Kenichiro Watanabe , Tomohiro Yoshida , Akihiro Nakamura","doi":"10.1016/j.actao.2022.103884","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actao.2022.103884","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Water-filled treeholes are important habitat patches for aquatic invertebrates in forest ecosystems. A detailed understanding of the interspecies relationships that occur within them will help in understanding how invertebrate diversity is maintained in forests, particularly with respect to resource utilization. The sequential use of the same food resource among several different species is called a processing chain. In this study, we focused on the aspects of leaf litter in the treeholes as a food and habitat resource, and tested the following hypotheses using artificial containers as treeholes with three different leaf litter samples categorized as “untreated”, “fragmented”, and “pulverized”: (1) inorganic ions would leach out as leaf fragmentation progresses, resulting in water acidification, which consequently affects invertebrates. (2) filter-feeder species that consume microorganisms and fine particle organic matter increase as leaf fragmentation progresses. (3) differences in the size of leaf litter fragments affect the inhabitant species and cause differences in the assemblage structure of invertebrates. We observed an increase in pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) with increasing the fragmentation of leaf litter; however, the results were marginally non-significant. The assemblage composition of aquatic invertebrates did not show clear patterns in relation to the leaf litter treatments. Invertebrate assemblages from treeholes with pulverized leaf litter appeared to be associated with increasing DO. We found that the filter-feeder <em>Tripteroides bambusa</em> (Diptera: Culicidae) was dominant under conditions where treeholes contained fine particles of leaf litter, while the benthic inhabitant Ceratopogonidae sp. (Diptera) dominated under conditions with coarse leaf litter fragments. Our results suggest that fragmentation of leaf litter may have different effects on the different dominant species. We conclude that resource processing does not necessarily have positive effects on the species.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55564,"journal":{"name":"Acta Oecologica-International Journal of Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49854205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ketlen Bona , Jacques H.C. Delabie , Eliana Cazetta
{"title":"Effects of anthropogenic disturbances on diaspore removal by ants: A meta-analysis","authors":"Ketlen Bona , Jacques H.C. Delabie , Eliana Cazetta","doi":"10.1016/j.actao.2023.103893","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.actao.2023.103893","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Anthropogenic changes in natural landscapes are identified as a major driver of biodiversity loss worldwide. Consequently, important ecosystem functions, such as seed dispersal by animals, can be lost, which threaten the stability of essential ecological processes. Given the current scenario of large seed disperser's loss, secondary dispersal by ants has been identified as an important alternative to mitigate the impacts caused by human changes. However, empirical evidence shows contradictory effects of anthropogenic disturbances on diaspore removal by ants. Here, we conducted a global meta-analysis from 22 studies (65 comparisons) comparing diaspore removal by ants in disturbed versus preserved areas to investigate general trends to different anthropogenic disturbances. Specifically, we evaluate: (i) the effects of anthropogenic disturbances on diaspore removal by ants comparing temperate and tropical regions, and (ii) comparing different disturbance types (agriculture related disturbances, fragmentation, mining, fire, etc.) on diaspore removal by ants. We found an overall negative effect of anthropogenic disturbances on diaspore removal by ants (26% decrease), both in temperate and tropical regions (38% and 19% decrease, respectively). In addition, diaspore removal by ants responded negatively to disturbances related to fragmentation (24% decrease) and mining (83% decrease). However, we found no evidence of effects in areas subjected to agricultural processes (0.9% decrease). Our findings suggest that human disturbances might compromise crucial early stages to the natural regeneration in ecosystems such the seed dispersal.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55564,"journal":{"name":"Acta Oecologica-International Journal of Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45105001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Liam M. Crowley , Katharine Ivison , Abigail Enston , Dion Garrett , Jon P. Sadler , Jeremy Pritchard , A. Robert MacKenzie , Scott A.L. Hayward
{"title":"A comparison of sampling methods and temporal patterns of arthropod abundance and diversity in a mature, temperate, Oak woodland","authors":"Liam M. Crowley , Katharine Ivison , Abigail Enston , Dion Garrett , Jon P. Sadler , Jeremy Pritchard , A. Robert MacKenzie , Scott A.L. Hayward","doi":"10.1016/j.actao.2022.103873","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actao.2022.103873","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Arthropods underpin fundamental ecological processes such as herbivory, pollination and nutrient cycling, and are often responsive to subtle changes in environmental conditions. Thus, changes in their abundance and phenology may be crucial indicators of system-wide responses to climate change.</p><p>The new Birmingham Institute for Forest Research (BIFoR) Free Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment (FACE) facility provides a unique opportunity assess arthropod diversity and abundance in mature deciduous forest and the effect of sampling method and seasonality. This is an essential first step before attempting to measure the potential impacts of climate change, such as elevated CO<sub>2</sub>, on arthropod populations. Two fundamental criteria are: i) diverse sampling methods in order to effectively assess diversity and in particular, differences between structural layers of the woodland system, e.g., ground, sub-canopy and canopy layers, ii) a temporal resolution that can identify seasonal patterns of change (phenology). This paper sets out the methodological approaches employed to achieve these objectives.</p><p>A total of 22,568 invertebrates from 108 families were sampled across 12 months of continuous sampling using a range of techniques from forest floor to canopy. Diptera were the most abundant order sampled and had the greatest number of families represented (45). Phenology patterns generally followed the anticipated seasonal cycle, with increasing abundance and diversity from spring to summer. Temperature was the best environmental predictor of abundance within Malaise and pitfall traps. Precipitation was not correlated with any monthly patterns of trap data. Yellow pan traps collected more arthropods than white or blue traps. Canopy beating yielded a greater diversity than that in the understory samples.</p><p>These data provide an important baseline from which to assess any future impacts of eCO<sub>2</sub> over the 10-year BIFoR FACE experiment, and highlight the importance of employing diverse sampling methods, temporal replication and measuring environmental factors over appropriate timescales.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55564,"journal":{"name":"Acta Oecologica-International Journal of Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49853716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xue Jiang , Li He , Yanping Qu , Banghong Jian , Dongzhou Deng , Mei Liu , Jingtian Yang , Yunlong Ma , Dechao Chen , Yi Huang
{"title":"Effects of grazing exclusion on vegetation community characteristics over 22 years in the Zoige alpine meadows from China","authors":"Xue Jiang , Li He , Yanping Qu , Banghong Jian , Dongzhou Deng , Mei Liu , Jingtian Yang , Yunlong Ma , Dechao Chen , Yi Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.actao.2023.103892","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actao.2023.103892","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The grazing exclusion is a core policy implement applied by governments to rehabilitate degraded grasslands in China. However, the effects of grazing exclusion on species diversity, interspecific association, and niche overlap values changes in the Zoige alpine meadows are still unclear. The purpose of the paper aims to answer the following questions: (1) How do species diversity, interspecific association, and niche overlap values changes in grazed sites with time? (2) When is the optimal exclusion in the Zoige alpine meadows? Based on the method of space-for-time substitution, we investigated the amount of plant species in seven grazing exclusions established separately in 1996, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2016, and 2017 (representing seven succession stages of 22, 11, 9, 7, 6, 2, and 1 years after grazing exclusion, respectively), compared with free grazing. Aboveground plant biomass remarkably increased with time under short-term fencing, but no differences were found under long-term fencing. As for underground plant biomass, it obviously increased with time under short-term fencing, but significantly decrease under long-term fencing. Moreover, plant species richness firstly decreased and then increased with time under short-term fencing, while it significantly decrease under long-term fencing. The analysis of variance test showed that all species pairs in short-term fencing have a positive correlation, while negative correlation in long-term fencing. The niche breadth values of total species ranged from 0 to 0.75. These results indicated that short-term fencing for less than two years is beneficial to vegetation recovery in the Zoige alpine meadows.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55564,"journal":{"name":"Acta Oecologica-International Journal of Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49853882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amanda Souza dos Santos , Jerônimo Boelsums Barreto Sansevero , Marilena Menezes Silva Conde , Rita de Cássia Quitete Portela
{"title":"Monkey overabundance indirectly affects community seed rain via a disruptive interaction with a keystone palm species","authors":"Amanda Souza dos Santos , Jerônimo Boelsums Barreto Sansevero , Marilena Menezes Silva Conde , Rita de Cássia Quitete Portela","doi":"10.1016/j.actao.2023.103895","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.actao.2023.103895","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In predator-free fragmented remnants of Brazil's Atlantic Forest, capuchin monkeys (<em>Sapajus nigritus)</em> have become an overabundant consumer of palm heart (<em>Euterpe edulis</em>, palmito), negatively impacting the species local abundance. As palmito fruits are keystone resources for many frugivorous animals, the decline in abundance of reproductive plants may reduce food resources for dispersal agents and alter their foraging patterns. Changes in frugivore foraging patterns might translate into changes in zoochorous seed abundance and seed rain richness. Besides, when palmito is a dominant canopy species in lowland forests, population decline may lead to an increase in the amount of light reaching the understory. In our study, we have shown that in areas where predation by capuchin monkeys have eliminated palmito, the abundance and richness of zoochorous seeds in the seed rain are lower compared with areas with lower or no impact of capuchin-monkeys. The abundance of zoochorous seeds in the seed rain is lower in periods of palmito fruiting in areas where the palm occurs. Canopy openness was found to be higher in the area where capuchin-monkey predation of palm heart was higher. We have concluded that the impact of capuchin monkeys on palmito affects seed rain abundance, most likely due to changes in frugivore foraging patterns. In addition, changes in palmito abundance led to changes in the extent of canopy openness in the area of our study. Therefore, monkey predation on a keystone plant may lead to a series of indirect cascading impacts, potentially affecting plant community and forest regeneration dynamics.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55564,"journal":{"name":"Acta Oecologica-International Journal of Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44320697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mutualistic interaction network structure between bird and plant species in a semi-arid Neotropical environment","authors":"Tarcísio Dourado Santos , Adauto de Souza Ribeiro","doi":"10.1016/j.actao.2023.103897","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.actao.2023.103897","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Mutualistic interactions between animals and plants are essential for ecosystem functioning, providing ecosystem services such as pollination and seed dispersal. The temporal dynamics of plant phenology and animal abundance, induced by seasonal variation in precipitation and resource availability, may influence the structure of animal-plant interaction network. In this paper, we analyzed the mutualistic network structure between birds and plants in a seasonally tropical dry forest in Brazil during the dry and rainy seasons. We recorded 160 interactions between 21 bird species and 11 plant species. In general, networks had low connectance (<em>C</em> = 26%), nestedness (<em>wNODF</em> = 27.54), and modular pattern (<em>Qw</em> = 0.33). Despite the number of interactions being higher in the rainy season, network parameters were consistent across the seasons and presented no explicit differences. However, the network connectance was slightly higher in the rainy season than in the dry season, while the specialization index was higher in the dry season than in the rainy season. <em>Elaenia</em> sp., <em>Mimus saturninus</em>, and <em>Cyanocorax cyanopogon</em> were the bird species that presented the highest number of links. On the other hand, <em>Xiquexique gounellei, Cereus jamacaru</em>, and <em>Pilosocereus pachycladus</em> were the most consumed plant species. The generalized pattern observed suggests that bird-plant interaction in Caatinga may be appropriate to the variable and irregular patterns found in dry forests. Our data reinforce the role of species of the Cactaceae family in maintaining bird communities in semiarid environments. Therefore, due to the high functional importance of those cacti species in influencing both the network stability and the species maintenance in the community, priority attention should be given to them in conservation programs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55564,"journal":{"name":"Acta Oecologica-International Journal of Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47415191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Factors affecting variability in fleshy cone production of Juniperus macrocarpa","authors":"José Carlos Muñoz-Reinoso","doi":"10.1016/j.actao.2023.103899","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.actao.2023.103899","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>Juniperus macrocarpa</em> woodlands represent the mature ecosystem on outer sandy dunes and cliffs of the Mediterranean coasts, and typically show little or no recruitment in degraded coastal habitats. Production of fleshy cones may have strong effects on its recruitment as well as on the populations of animal species that eat the cones and disperse the seeds. In this study, I explore the inter-annual variability in cone production, its relationship with rainfall and twig growth, and the effects of silvicultural works carried out to increase the production of fleshy cones and natural regeneration of the species in Enebrales de Punta Umbría Natural Site. Silvicultural treatments had not a significant effect on the cone production, but microhabitat did. <em>J. macrocarpa</em> showed a variable fleshy cone production between years and synchronized fleshy cone production within years among individuals. Precipitation during the period of pollination negatively affected the production of fleshy cones which allow us to classify <em>J. macrocarpa</em> as a putative masting species. In clearing plants, twigs that produce many cones grew less than twigs without or with few cones, while cone production in understory plants was lower but increased with twig growth. All results seem to reinforce the fact that pollen is essential for seed cone development in <em>J. macrocarpa</em>, and that this is highly dependent on variation in climate (precipitation during the pollination period) and landscape features (pine plantation).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55564,"journal":{"name":"Acta Oecologica-International Journal of Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47424685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bogdan Jaroszewicz , Eric Coissac , Pierre Taberlet , Magdalena Czajkowska , Magdalena Świsłocka , Rafał Kowalczyk , Mirosław Ratkiewicz
{"title":"Is endozoochoric seed dispersal by large herbivores an evolutionary adaptation? Revisiting the Janzen's ‘Foliage is the fruit’ hypothesis","authors":"Bogdan Jaroszewicz , Eric Coissac , Pierre Taberlet , Magdalena Czajkowska , Magdalena Świsłocka , Rafał Kowalczyk , Mirosław Ratkiewicz","doi":"10.1016/j.actao.2022.103888","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actao.2022.103888","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Many plant species develop fruits to attract animals that will eat them and then disperse the seeds. However, there are many plant species, whose seeds are dispersed endozoochorically, but their fruits are not particularly attractive to animals. The “Foliage is the fruit” (FF) hypothesis proposes that entire biomass of the plant exists to encourage herbivores to eat it, in order to enhance seed intake and dispersal (Janzen, 1984).</p><p>We tested the FF hypothesis by combining the results from the greenhouse seedling emergence method (GR) and DNA-metabarcoding of plant remnants in faeces of European moose (<em>Alces alces</em> L.). We processed 665 samples by the GR and 429 by the MB method, hypothesizing that if the safe passage of seeds through the gut of a large herbivore is the result of an evolutionary adaptation to endozoochoric dispersal, then the species composition of plants revealed by the two methods should largely overlap and the abundance of seedlings revealed by the GR method should be positively correlated in time with the read abundance of DNA of the same species. The large discrepancy between the lists of species detected by DNA metabarcoding and the GR method argues against the FF hypothesis. However, in the case of <em>Urtica dioica</em>, <em>Lysimachia vulgaris</em> and <em>Lythrum salicaria</em>, some clues of evolutionary adaptation to endozoochoric dispersal were revealed for: 1) their foliage is attractive to herbivores; 2) seeds are small, rounded in shape, yielded in large numbers and pass safely through the herbivore's gut; 3) the abundance of seeds (seedlings) was significantly and strongly influenced by the abundance of the plant biomass (DNA reads) in dung samples; 4) peaks in seed abundance and biomass consumption coincided in time. However, it should be considered that moose's diet is mostly composed of woody browse, which makes this animal not an optimal model for testing the Janzen's hypothesis and studies on typical grazers are needed in this respect.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55564,"journal":{"name":"Acta Oecologica-International Journal of Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49854206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"On the natural selection of body mass allometries","authors":"Lars Witting","doi":"10.1016/j.actao.2023.103889","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.actao.2023.103889","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>I use data based life history models to illustrate natural selection causes for the evolution of inter-specific body mass allometries in birds and mammals. This illustrates <em>i</em>) how the primary selection of resource handling and mass-specific metabolism generates net energy for individuals, <em>ii</em>) how the selected net energy generates a population dynamic feedback selection where intra-specific interactive competition selects body masses that scale in proportion with net energy on the timescale of natural selection, <em>iii</em>) how the feedback selection of body mass buffers ecological variation in survival, <em>iv</em>) how the exponents of body mass allometries are selected from the dominant spatial dimensionality of the foraging ecology, <em>v</em>) how the population density allometry is affected by inter-specific competition, and <em>vi</em>) how primary selected metabolism bends the metabolic allometry and explains a metabolic invariance across major taxa of vertebrates.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55564,"journal":{"name":"Acta Oecologica-International Journal of Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42755949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}