Adaptive BehaviorPub Date : 2023-02-01Epub Date: 2022-04-27DOI: 10.1177/10597123221085039
Banafsheh Rafiee, Zaheer Abbas, Sina Ghiassian, Raksha Kumaraswamy, Richard S Sutton, Elliot A Ludvig, Adam White
{"title":"From eye-blinks to state construction: Diagnostic benchmarks for online representation learning.","authors":"Banafsheh Rafiee, Zaheer Abbas, Sina Ghiassian, Raksha Kumaraswamy, Richard S Sutton, Elliot A Ludvig, Adam White","doi":"10.1177/10597123221085039","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10597123221085039","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We present three new diagnostic prediction problems inspired by classical-conditioning experiments to facilitate research in online prediction learning. Experiments in classical conditioning show that animals such as rabbits, pigeons, and dogs can make long temporal associations that enable multi-step prediction. To replicate this remarkable ability, an agent must construct an internal state representation that summarizes its interaction history. Recurrent neural networks can automatically construct state and learn temporal associations. However, the current training methods are prohibitively expensive for <i>online prediction</i>-continual learning on every time step-which is the focus of this paper. Our proposed problems test the learning capabilities that animals readily exhibit and highlight the limitations of the current recurrent learning methods. While the proposed problems are nontrivial, they are still amenable to extensive testing and analysis in the small-compute regime, thereby enabling researchers to study issues in isolation, ultimately accelerating progress towards scalable online representation learning methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":55552,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Behavior","volume":"31 1","pages":"3-19"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9814020/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10508930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adaptive BehaviorPub Date : 2023-02-01DOI: 10.1177/10597123221095644
David White
{"title":"Adaptive functions in an agent-based model of an economic system","authors":"David White","doi":"10.1177/10597123221095644","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10597123221095644","url":null,"abstract":"Agent-based models, with a history reaching back to the 1940s, have been cited as a useful technique for planning economic development and simulating the effect of economic crashes. These models offer an insightful alternative to the traditional techniques of mathematical modelling. Understanding how different designs of agent-based models change simulation outcomes will be useful for modellers of economic and other simulation scenarios. The work presented here examines how a computer simulation of an agent-based model responds to disruptive events, in the context of an economic model. Agents within the model interact by producing, selling and buying goods. A series of experiments compare system stability in two scenarios: one where a top-down rule is applied to the pricing of goods and another where decision-making is at the individual agent level, a bottom-up approach. These two approaches are termed system-adaptive and self-adaptive. Results draw the conclusion that a self-adaptive function can provide greater stability, but this depends on whether the measured variable is a primary or secondary variable to the adaptive function. Considerations are presented for future work which could consider the impact adaptive functions have on secondary variable measurements.","PeriodicalId":55552,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Behavior","volume":"31 1","pages":"21 - 34"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47442512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adaptive BehaviorPub Date : 2023-01-23DOI: 10.1177/10597123221147336
Marcel Ruland, Alejandro Andirkó, I. Romanowska, C. Boeckx
{"title":"Modelling of factors underlying the evolution of human language","authors":"Marcel Ruland, Alejandro Andirkó, I. Romanowska, C. Boeckx","doi":"10.1177/10597123221147336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10597123221147336","url":null,"abstract":"A central question in the evolution of human language is how it emerged. Based on recent research across disciplines, we identified three processes proposed as potential driving factors behind the evolution of ‘modern’ language phenotype: i) a reduction in reactive aggression entailing a boost in prosociality and cooperation, ii) a change in early brain growth trajectory that impacted structures like the cerebellum and striatum, and thus likely impacted the (procedural) memory circuits these regions support, and iii) a demographic expansion of H. sapiens during the Middle Pleistocene. While extensively researched on their own, the interaction between these three processes has yet to be investigated systematically. We develop an abstract agent-based model to interrogate the relationship between these three factors and how they influence transmission of information within a population, which we take to be the essence of language. The model abstracts linguistic capacity to an ‘array of skills’ and investigates under what conditions the number of skills increases. The results demonstrate that there is an optimal degree of cooperation and memory capacity at which the amount of transmitted information is the highest. Our model also shows that separate linguistic communities arise under circumstances where individuals have high levels of memory capacity and there is at least a certain degree of non-cooperation. In contrast, we find no significant direct effects for population size in the process of linguistic community formation. Taken together, these results highlight the explanatory benefits of combining insights from cognitive science, archaeology, and computational modelling.","PeriodicalId":55552,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Behavior","volume":"31 1","pages":"351 - 364"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65278460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adaptive BehaviorPub Date : 2023-01-10DOI: 10.1177/10597123221150813
Austin A. Lam, Karina A. Thiessen, Susana Ramírez-Vizcaya
{"title":"Exploring Self and Habit in Addiction and Technology through an Enactivist Framework","authors":"Austin A. Lam, Karina A. Thiessen, Susana Ramírez-Vizcaya","doi":"10.1177/10597123221150813","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10597123221150813","url":null,"abstract":"From 24 August 2022 to 27 August 2022, a group of interdisciplinary experts from psychiatry, psychology, philosophy, cognitive science, and other related fields met in Vancouver, Canada, for a roundtable event. The aim of the roundtable was to discuss the concept of the “self” as it pertains to the deliberate, habitual, and addicted interactions of the individual with the world, including with information technology, through the lens of an enactivist framework.","PeriodicalId":55552,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Behavior","volume":"31 1","pages":"379 - 384"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43745409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adaptive BehaviorPub Date : 2023-01-09DOI: 10.1177/10597123221150817
R. Sims, Özlem Yilmaz
{"title":"Stigmergic coordination and minimal cognition in plants","authors":"R. Sims, Özlem Yilmaz","doi":"10.1177/10597123221150817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10597123221150817","url":null,"abstract":"The tricky question in the plant cognition debate is what theory of cognition should be used to fix the reference of cognitive concepts without skewing the debate too much one way or the other. After all, plants are rather different to animals in many respects: they are not motile, do not possess central nervous systems or even neurons, do not exhibit an invariant morphology, interact with the world in a distributed multi-centred manner, and behave through changes in their physiology. Nonetheless, there is a significant strand in the debate that asserts that plants are indeed cognitive. But what theory of cognition makes sense of this claim without baking in prior zoological assumptions? The aim of this paper is to try out a theory of minimal cognition that makes the claim of plant cognition plausible. It is primarily inspired by the distributed cognition literature and the sensorimotor coordination theory of cognition proposed by van Duijn et al. (2006). We take a cognitive system to be a coordinated set of semi-autonomous processes running over the organism and items in its environment. Coordination is characterised in terms of two functional conditions that ensure that the system generates goal-directed action in the world. The system is stigmergic in the sense that the material results of its actions in the environment are a crucial part of the processes that coordinate further actions. The account possesses a degree of scale invariance and helps unify cognitive explanation across microorganisms, plants and animals.","PeriodicalId":55552,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Behavior","volume":"31 1","pages":"265 - 280"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44028554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adaptive BehaviorPub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1177/10597123221102209
B. V. Woerkum
{"title":"Animals in Sociomaterial Processes: An Alternative to Inferential Processes in Animals' Heads","authors":"B. V. Woerkum","doi":"10.1177/10597123221102209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10597123221102209","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55552,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Behavior","volume":"31 1","pages":"51-63"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65278267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adaptive BehaviorPub Date : 2022-12-01Epub Date: 2022-10-18DOI: 10.1177/10597123221132898
Erik Rietveld
{"title":"The affordances of art for making technologies.","authors":"Erik Rietveld","doi":"10.1177/10597123221132898","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10597123221132898","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>With this inaugural lecture as Socrates Professor on the topic of Making Humane Technologies, I aim to show that artistic practices afford embedding technologies better in society. Analyzing artworks made at RAAAF, an art collective that makes visual art and experimental architecture, I will describe three aspects of making practices that may contribute to improving the embedding of technology in society: (1) the skill of working with layers of meaning; (2) the skill of creating material playgrounds that afford free exploration of the potential of new technologies and artistic experiments; and (3) the skill of openness to the possibility of having radically different socio-material practices. I will use images of several RAAAF projects to make these skills involved in making more tangible. It is artistic skills like these that can contribute to a better societal embedding of technologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":55552,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Behavior","volume":"30 6","pages":"489-503"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9667099/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40485767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adaptive BehaviorPub Date : 2022-10-19DOI: 10.1177/10597123221135383
J. Kiverstein
{"title":"Editorial – The affordances of art","authors":"J. Kiverstein","doi":"10.1177/10597123221135383","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10597123221135383","url":null,"abstract":"This special issue on the theme of the affordances of art is organised around a lecture Erik Rietveld presented at the University of Twente on the occasion of being appointed as Socrates Professor. In his lecture, Erik describes three affordance-related aspects of the making practices at Rietveld Architecture-Art-Affordances (RAAAF), a visual art and architecture studio Erik and his brother Ronald Rietveld founded in 2006. The special issue includes 22 reflections on Erik’s lecture written by commentators from a broad range of different fields including art history, architecture, ecological psychology, dynamical systems cognitive science, anthropology, archaeology and the philosophy of 4e cognition. Erik and I provide a response that reflects on what it means to make philosophical art installations. The special issue also includes an interview conducted with art-historian Anja Novak reflecting on the potential of ecological-enactive cognitive science to further our understanding of experiential engagement with art. Finally, Erik has written an opinion article in which he sets out the next steps in his research programme of developing a conceptual framework for understanding ‘change-ability’ – skills for coordinating with a rapidly changing world. The key insight behind the framework is that changing the affordances of the living environment can contribute to changing otherwise rigid and undesirable patterns of behaviour. Erik reflects on the role that artworks can play in inviting reflection on how the practices that organise and shape human life could be different, a task that is increasingly urgent in a time when removing obstacles to change is necessary.","PeriodicalId":55552,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Behavior","volume":"30 1","pages":"487 - 488"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41579643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adaptive BehaviorPub Date : 2022-10-19DOI: 10.1177/10597123221133910
A. Novak, Geerteke van Lierop, Erik Rietveld
{"title":"Engaging with art skillfully. First steps towards an ecological-enactive account of the experience of art","authors":"A. Novak, Geerteke van Lierop, Erik Rietveld","doi":"10.1177/10597123221133910","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10597123221133910","url":null,"abstract":"Ecological-enactive cognitive science is an increasingly influential paradigm that has proved its heuristic value in various fields of the human sciences. This text, in the form of a conversation, explores possibilities for an ecological-enactive account of how people experientially engage with works of art on the basis of their embodied skills.","PeriodicalId":55552,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Behavior","volume":"30 1","pages":"603 - 611"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42995408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adaptive BehaviorPub Date : 2022-10-17DOI: 10.1177/10597123221133869
Erik Rietveld
{"title":"Change-Ability for a World in Flux","authors":"Erik Rietveld","doi":"10.1177/10597123221133869","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10597123221133869","url":null,"abstract":"This article aims to sketch a new integrative perspective on what I call change-ability. I define change-ability as skilled ways of coordinating with a rapidly changing world. Many urgent societal challenges – from climate change to obesity, from the mass extinction of species to fraying social cohesion – require people to collectively change everyday patterns of behaviour they take for granted. The key insight I start from is that to durably change undesirable patterns of behaviour, we could start by changing the affordances the environment offers – the possibilities for action offered to us by the living environment. The aim of this article is to sketch an integrative conceptual framework for understanding change-ability in terms in terms of a dynamical ‘brain ↔ body ↔ community ↔ landscape of affordances’ system. This Change-Ability Conceptual Framework starts from the idea that individuals and communities are situated in the same rich landscape of affordances and suggests that making communities more change-able entails transforming the material ‘grooves’ that have formed in this landscape of affordances.","PeriodicalId":55552,"journal":{"name":"Adaptive Behavior","volume":"30 1","pages":"613 - 623"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48942153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}