Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden最新文献

{"title":"An Elegy to Rangaeris, Including a Description of Two New Genera in the Cyrtorchis–Tridactyle Clade (Orchidaceae, Angraecinae)1","authors":"João N. M. Farminhão, Tania D'haijère, V. Droissart, Landry Dumbo Isonga, Ling Dong, Simon Verlynde, G. Plunkett, Murielle Simo‐Droissart, T. Stévart","doi":"10.3417/2020472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3417/2020472","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The phylogenetic position of Rangaeris (Schltr.) Summerh. has been one of the most problematic issues of angraecoid orchid taxonomy. A recently published phylogenetic tree with nearly comprehensive taxon sampling of African angraecoid orchids suggested that this genus was polyphyletic, as its species appear nested within different subclades of the Cyrtorchis–Tridactyle clade. However, the lack of DNA data for the generic type, R. muscicola (Rchb. f.) Summerh., and for the little-known species R. longicaudata (Rolfe) Summerh. and R. trilobata Summerh., has precluded an integrative reappraisal of the delimitation of this genus. Here we present the results of a new phylogenetic analysis of one nuclear (ITS) and five plastid markers (matK, rps16, trnC-petN intergenic spacer, trnL-trnF intergenic spacer, ycf1) for all six species of Rangaeris, including those recently transferred to Podangis Schltr. and Ypsilopus Summerh., together with a representative sampling of 14 other species of the genera Cyrtorchis Schltr., Listrostachys Rchb. f., Plectrelminthus Raf., Summerhayesia P. J. Cribb, Tridactyle Schltr., and Ypsilopus. Based on molecular and morphological evidence, R. muscicola is transferred to Podangis, where Rangaeris is reduced to the rank of section. In addition, R. longicaudata and R. trilobata are each moved to new monotypic genera, Planetangis Stévart & Farminhão and Aziza Farminhão & D'haijère, respectively. An identification key for all genera of the Cyrtorchis–Tridactyle clade is presented, together with one for the three species of recircumscribed Podangis. Finally, taxonomic accounts of the new genera are presented, including amended descriptions, illustrations, distribution maps, and preliminary conservation status assessments of their species.","PeriodicalId":55510,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden","volume":"105 1","pages":"300 - 322"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46875768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New and Repeating Tipping Points: The Interplay of Fire, Climate Change, and Deforestation in Neotropical Ecosystems1","authors":"M. Bush","doi":"10.3417/2020565","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3417/2020565","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A 370,000-year paleoecological history of fire spanning four glacial cycles provides evidence of plant migration in response to Andean climate change. Charcoal, an indicator of fire, is only occasionally observed in this record, whereas it is ubiquitous in Holocene-aged Andean records. Fire is a transformative agent in Amazonian and Andean vegetation but is shown to be rare in nature. As humans promote fire, fire-free areas become microrefugia for fire-sensitive species. A distinction is drawn between microrefugia resulting from fire-free zones and those caused by unusual climatic conditions. The importance of this distinction lies in the lack of warmer-than-modern microrefugia aiding upslope migration in response to warming, whereas fire-free microrefugia support tree species above modern tree line or in areas of Amazonia least used by humans. The synergy between fire, deforestation, and climate change could promote a state-change in the ecosystem, one where new microrefugia would be needed to maintain biodiversity. Past tipping points are identified to have occurred within ca. 1°C–1.5°C of modern conditions. The recent climatic instability in both Amazonia and the Andes is viewed in the context of ecological flickering, while the drought-induced and fire-induced tree mortality are aspects of critical slowing down; both possibly portending an imminent tipping point.","PeriodicalId":55510,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden","volume":"105 1","pages":"393 - 404"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48907450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Natural Enemies and the Maintenance of Tropical Tree Diversity: Recent Insights and Implications for the Future of Biodiversity in a Changing World1","authors":"L. Comita, S. Stump","doi":"10.3417/2020591","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3417/2020591","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Over the past five decades, many studies have examined the Janzen-Connell hypothesis, which posits that host-specific natural enemies, such as insect herbivores and fungal pathogens, promote plant species coexistence by providing a recruitment advantage to rare plant species. Recently, researchers have been exploring new and exciting angles on plant-enemy interactions that have yielded novel insights into this long-standing hypothesis. Here, we highlight some empirical advances in our understanding of plant-enemy interactions in tropical forests, including improved understanding of variation in plant species' susceptibility to enemy effects, as well as insect and pathogen host ranges. We then review recent advances in related ecological theory. These theoretical studies have confirmed that specialist natural enemies can promote tree diversity. However, they have also shown that the impact of natural enemies may be weakened, or that natural enemies could even cause species exclusion, depending on enemy host range, the spatial extent of enemy effects, and variation among plant species in seed dispersal or enemy susceptibility. Finally, we end by discussing how human impacts on tropical forests, such as fragmentation, hunting, and climate change, may alter the plant-enemy interactions that contribute to tropical forest diversity.","PeriodicalId":55510,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden","volume":"105 1","pages":"377 - 392"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45723250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Poa (Poaceae) of Colombia: A Taxonomic Revision1","authors":"S. P. Sylvester, R. Soreng, William J. Bravo-Pedraza, Lia E. Cuta-Alarcon, D. Giraldo-Cañas","doi":"10.3417/2020503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3417/2020503","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The grass genus Poa L. is widespread throughout temperate areas of the Andes, being a common constituent in the highly diverse but threatened high-elevation páramo grasslands of northwest South America. Knowledge of Poa from these páramo areas is very limited, however, with no comprehensive taxonomic treatments available for Colombia, which contains the largest area of páramo in the Neotropics and its surrounding countries. We present a taxonomic revision of Poa for Colombia accepting 15 species, including two recent combinations of Poa previously circumscribed in Aphanelytrum (Hack.) Hack. We describe a new species, P. colombiana Soreng & Sylvester, and a new variety, P. subspicata (J. Presl) Kunth var. glabrata Soreng & Sylvester, for Colombia and Ecuador. Poa colombiana is similar to P. aequatoriensis Hack. but differs in having lemmas pubescent on the keel and marginal veins, lemma apices weakly acute, flag leaf sheath margins fused 20%–38% their length, and anthers generally larger, > 1.2 mm long. Poa subspicata var. glabrata differs from P. subspicata s. str. in having glabrous lemmas. We provide two new records for Colombia of P. huancavelicae Tovar, and P. mucuchachensis Luces. Two species, P. orthophylla Pilg. and P. reclinata (Swallen) Soreng & P. M. Peterson, are considered endemic to Colombia. Poa soderstromii Negritto & Anton is placed as a subspecies of P. orthophylla, and P. leioclada Hack. is synonymized under P. mulalensis Kunth. The names P. annua L. var. exilis Tomm. ex Freyn, P. humilis Ehrh. ex Hoffm., P. infirma Kunth, P. leioclada, P. orthophylla, P. pauciflora Roem. & Schult., P. pratensis L. subsp. irrigata (Lindm.) H. Lindb., P. puberula Steud., P. pubiflora Benth., P. subcaerulea Sm., P. subspicata, and P. trachyphylla Pilg. are lectotypified, P. mulalensis is neotypified, and P. trachyphylla is epitypified. Four species are exotic and introduced from Europe: P. annua, P. infirma, P. pratensis, and P. trivialis L. We provide a key, descriptions, illustrations, distribution and habitat information, vouchers, and notes for each species.","PeriodicalId":55510,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden","volume":"105 1","pages":"232 - 279"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43394295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Born in the Mediterranean: Comprehensive Taxonomic Revision of Biscutella ser. Biscutella (Brassicaceae) Based on Morphological and Phylogenetic Data1,2","authors":"Alicia Vicente, M. Alonso, M. B. Crespo","doi":"10.3417/2020554","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3417/2020554","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Biscutella L. ser. Biscutella (= Biscutella ser. Lyratae Malin.) comprises mostly annual or short-lived perennial plants occurring in the Mediterranean basin and the Middle East, which exhibit some diagnostic floral features. Taxa in the series have considerable morphological plasticity, which is not well correlated with clear geographic or ecologic patterns. Traditional taxonomic accounts have focused on a number of vegetative and floral characters that have proved to be highly variable, a fact that contributed to taxonomic inflation mostly in northern Africa. A detailed study and re-evaluation of morphological characters, together with recent phylogenetic data based on concatenation of two plastid and one nuclear region sequence data, yielded the basis for a taxonomic reappraisal of the series. In this respect, a new comprehensive integrative taxonomic arrangement for Biscutella ser. Biscutella is presented in which 10 taxa are accepted, namely seven species and three additional varieties. The name B. eriocarpa DC. is reinterpreted and suggested to include the highest morphological variation found in northern Morocco. Its treatment here accepts two varieties, one of which is described as new (B. eriocarpa var. riphaea A. Vicente, M. Á. Alonso & M. B. Crespo). In addition, the circumscriptions of several species, such as B. boetica Boiss. & Reut., B. didyma L., B. lyrata L., and B. maritima Ten., are revisited. Nomenclatural types, synonymy, brief descriptions, cytogenetic data, conservation status, distribution maps, and identification keys are included for the accepted taxa, with seven lectotypes and one epitype being designated here.","PeriodicalId":55510,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden","volume":"105 1","pages":"195 - 231"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47791722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cnidochloa: A New Genus of Grasses from Brazil (Poaceae: Panicoideae: Paniceae)1","authors":"F. Zuloaga, S. Aliscioni, M. A. Scataglini","doi":"10.3417/2020560","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3417/2020560","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Generic boundaries of the South American species Panicum longipedicellatum Swallen are explored and compared with allied genera of the tribe Paniceae. On the basis of morphological, anatomical, and molecular characters a new genus, Cnidochloa Zuloaga, is proposed. The phylogenetic position of the new genus within the Paniceae is evaluated.","PeriodicalId":55510,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden","volume":"105 1","pages":"183 - 194"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47792922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disentangling Reticulate Evolution of North Temperate Haplostemonous Ludwigia (Onagraceae)1,2","authors":"Shih‐Hui Liu, Hsun-An Yang, Yoshiko Kono, P. Hoch, J. Barber, C. Peng, Kuo-Fang Chung","doi":"10.3417/2020479","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3417/2020479","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract While it is known that whole genome duplication (WGD) and reticulate evolution play important roles in plant evolution, the origins and evolutionary histories of most polyploid and reticulate groups are still poorly known. The North Temperate haplostemonous (NTH) Ludwigia L. (sections Isnardia (L.) W. L. Wagner & Hoch, Ludwigia, Microcarpium Munz, and Miquelia P. H. Raven) group, characterized by having 4-merous and haplostemonous flowers, pluriseriate and free seeds, glabrous and convex nectaries, and a north-temperate distribution, is a polyploid complex (2×, 4×, 6×, and 8×) of 24 species with frequent reports of inter- and intrasectional hybridization. Although earlier biosystematics studies postulated some evolutionary scenarios and recent molecular phylogenetic studies have partially tested these propositions, the full history of their reticulate evolution remains puzzling. In this study, we sequenced four chloroplast regions (rpL16, rpoB-trnC, trnL-trnF, and ycf6-psbM) and conducted extensive molecular cloning of the biparentally inherited single-copy nuclear PgiC gene (376 clones in total), sampling 23 of the 24 NTH Ludwigia species whose chromosome numbers and ploidy levels were confirmed. Both the chloroplast and PgiC trees include strongly supported sister clades of section Ludwigia (four diploid species) and the “Microcarpium complex” (composed of sections Isnardia, Microcarpium, and Miquelia), which together are sister to the rest of Ludwigia. In the PgiC tree, eight clades are identified within the Microcarpium complex, with four clades including no extant diploid species. Neither sections Isnardia nor Microcarpium are monophyletic, while the monospecific section Miquelia has a hybrid origin. By integrating our phylogenetic trees with previous cytological hypotheses, the reticulate evolution of NTH Ludwigia is disentangled and four to eight extinct diploid species are inferred. Ancestral area reconstruction supports a North American origin of L. ovalis whose current East Asian distribution reflects a relict of the Arcto-Tertiary Geoflora. Based on our results, we propose to synonymize sections Microcarpium and Miquelia under the expanded section Isnardia.","PeriodicalId":55510,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden","volume":"105 1","pages":"163 - 182"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49476721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synopsis of Manihot Species (Euphorbiaceae) with Non-Lobed or Pinnately Lobed Leaves1","authors":"J. MENDOZA F., T. B. Cavalcanti","doi":"10.3417/2020361","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3417/2020361","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A synopsis of 20 species of Manihot Mill. with non-lobed or pinnately lobed leaves is presented. Six of these species were included in the section Brevipetiolatae Pax by Rogers and Appan in the latest treatment of the genus. Molecular analyses show this is not a monophyletic section, although it is useful as a practical matter to treat this as a morphologically readily delimited group. We evaluate the species previously included in section Brevipetiolatae sensu Rogers and Appan, typify names where necessary, and synonymize the section. Twenty species are clarified and six lectotypes are designated. Three species previously put into synonymy, M. brachystachys Pax & K. Hoffm., M. linearifolia Müll. Arg., and M. mattogrossensis Pax & K. Hoffm., are here resurrected, and M. graminiformis M. Mend. & T. B. Cavalc. is described as a new species. An identification key and comments on the most similar morphological species, as well as ecological aspects and distribution for each species, are included.","PeriodicalId":55510,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden","volume":"105 1","pages":"145 - 162"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41592236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Monograph of Operculina (Convolvulaceae)","authors":"George Staples, Ana Rita Giraldes Simões, D. F. Austin","doi":"10.3417/2020435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3417/2020435","url":null,"abstract":"A comprehensive systematic monograph is presented for the genus Operculina Silva Manso (Convolvulaceae). Formerly included in tribe Merremieae D. F. Austin, now incertae sedis, recent systematic studies have clarified the phylogenetic relationships for Operculina and unequivocally demonstrated that it is monophyletic as currently circumscribed and that the unique operculate capsule is a synapomorphy for the genus. Other morphological characters useful for recognizing the genus are: large sepals forming a “pear-shaped” calyx that is broad at the base and tapers upward; calyx that is accrescent and persistent, often cupping the mature fruit; strongly spirally coiled anthers after dehiscence; and axial parts of the plant body (stems, petioles, peduncles, pedicels) that are often prominently winged. The current monograph accepts 13 species, including one variety and one purported hybrid; these taxa are distributed throughout the tropics globally. The hybrid is proposed to accommodate the extraordinary phenotypic variability and intermediacy among South Pacific populations of Operculina. The monograph provides detailed descriptions for all taxa, as well as an identification key, distribution maps, and summaries of ecology, phenology, vernacular names, and uses, with comments on synonymy, typification, variability, biology, and conservation, where appropriate. All names published or combined in Operculina (about 60 epithets) are accounted for as accepted names, synonyms, misapplied names, or uncertain names, or are excluded from the genus. New reductions to synonymy are proposed as follows: O. brownii Ooststr. becomes a synonym of O. codonantha (Benth.) Hallier f.; O. tansaensis Santapau & V. Patel becomes a synonym of O. ventricosa (Bertero) Peter. Lectotypes, neotypes, and epitypes are designated where necessary to stabilize names in current use. An index to numbered collections examined is provided to aid in specimen identification and herbarium curation.","PeriodicalId":55510,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden","volume":"105 1","pages":"64-138"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42810943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Memoriam: Robert Louis Dressler (1927–2019)1","authors":"James S. Miller, T. Croat","doi":"10.3417/2019577","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3417/2019577","url":null,"abstract":"In memory of Dr. Robert Louis Dressler","PeriodicalId":55510,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden","volume":"105 1","pages":"139 - 142"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49299764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}