Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden最新文献

{"title":"Restoration Ecology, Resilience, and the Axes of Change1","authors":"D. Falk","doi":"10.3417/2017006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3417/2017006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The Earth system is undergoing rapid, profound anthropogenic change. The primary axes of change include not only the climate system, but also the spread of invasive species, altered biogeochemical and hydrological cycles, modified disturbance regimes, and land degradation and conversion. These factors are influencing the distribution of species and the structure and function of ecosystems worldwide, interacting with climatic stressors that may preclude the persistence of many current species distributions and communities. Ecological disturbances such as wildfires and insect outbreaks can interact with climate variability to precipitate abrupt change on landscape scales. Such changes may limit the feasibility of historically based ecological restoration in many (although by no means all) instances. An alternative emerging approach is based on reinforcing the ecological processes that comprise resilience: resistance, recovery, and reorganization. While resistance and recovery processes fall within a conventional restoration framework, managing populations and ecosystems for reorganization represents a departure from a reference-based restoration approach. When applied to ecosystem management, resilience-based management supplements traditional ecological restoration where stressors of change make the reestablishment of historical communities difficult or maladaptive. We illustrate these ideas with examples drawn primarily from the interior of western North America.","PeriodicalId":55510,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden","volume":"102 1","pages":"201 - 216"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2017-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3417/2017006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46645653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strengthening the Link between International Conservation Policy and Plant Conservation Genetics to Achieve More Effective Plant Conservation1","authors":"C. Edwards","doi":"10.3417/D-16-00015A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3417/D-16-00015A","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Although both international conservation policymakers and conservation geneticists have the shared goal of halting the loss of biodiversity, currently these communities have very little interaction. Because the targets of international conservation policy focus very little on the conservation of genetic diversity in wild species, they have received little attention from the plant conservation genetics community. Conservation policymakers should more explicitly include the conservation of genetic diversity of wild species in future targets to ensure that this important aspect of biodiversity is not overlooked for the majority of species on earth and to attain more buy-in from the plant conservation genetics community; I highlight specific ways in which policymakers may more explicitly include genetic diversity in international policy targets. For their part, conservation geneticists need to conduct work that will advance the big-picture goals of conservation policy; here, I discuss specific actions that plant conservation geneticists can take, such as measuring the proportion of genetic diversity that is protected, designing experiments in such a way to measure genetic erosion, and developing protocols to increase the efficiency of ex situ collection efforts. By working together, plant conservation geneticists and conservation policymakers will more effectively accomplish the shared goal of halting the loss of plant biodiversity.","PeriodicalId":55510,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden","volume":"102 1","pages":"397 - 407"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2017-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3417/D-16-00015A","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47110560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can Ecological Restoration Meet the Twin Challenges of Global Change and Scaling Up, Without Losing Its Unique Promise and Core Values?1","authors":"Paddy Woodworth","doi":"10.3417/2017001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3417/2017001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The words we use to describe phenomena in science shape our understanding of those phenomena, much more so than we often realize. This is especially true in fields driven by strong policy agendas, like restoration ecology and the practice of ecological restoration. The twin challenges of accelerating global change and upscaling global restoration practice make it more imperative than ever to define the terms and the scope of ecological restoration clearly, and differentiate it from other ameliorative land management practices like rehabilitation. Poor definitions and loose use of language will otherwise lead to muddled conception and planning of projects, confused and disappointed stakeholders, and failure to exploit the enormous potential of this radical conservation strategy for both human well-being and the recovery of biodiversity and ecosystem functions. It is also important to be aware of the rhetorical devices that have given some momentum to the so-called “novel” ecosystems concept within the restoration community. The advocates of this concept initially used it to alert restorationists to the gravity of the global change challenge. But it has been unfortunately formulated through increasingly polemical language to effect a major and dangerous policy shift: abandoning the pursuit of the ambitious but still valid promise inherent in the phrase “ecological restoration,” in favor of the management of degraded landscapes for diminished ecosystem goods and services. While we are always “restoring the future,” there is no good reason to abandon the goal of restoring ecosystems to their historical trajectories, and the historical reference system remains an essential tool for the identification of the specifics of this goal. The author considers the contributions to the symposium from these perspectives. He concludes that if we clarify the language we use about restoration, and are appropriately mindful of the dynamics of global change and the complex social and ecological dynamics of large-scale restoration, this discipline and practice can indeed mature to become the gold standard and cutting edge for conservation in this century.","PeriodicalId":55510,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden","volume":"102 1","pages":"266 - 281"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2017-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3417/2017001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47182961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implementing Access and Benefit Sharing for Seed Banking","authors":"L. Sutherland, Mark L. Shepheard","doi":"10.3417/D-16-00002A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3417/D-16-00002A","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A global study has shown that Australian crop wild relatives (CWRs) are a priority for ex situ conservation and future use. The majority of target species occur across various land tenures in northern Australia, including Indigenous Protected Areas. Work undertaken on Indigenous lands needs careful consideration, and until recently the planning of wild crop collections has taken a Western scientific approach. Awareness of potential cultural issues associated with access and use of traditional knowledge is increasing, and Indigenous community expectations associated with use of their knowledge can vary between individual traditional owners and within communities. The Council of Heads of Australian Botanic Gardens Incorporated, through its Australian Seed Bank Partnership, is collaborating with the University of New England to define clear processes and develop protocols for traditional knowledge stewardship, helping to minimize the risk of compromising the cultural integrity of data, while being practical for implementation by the nation's leading botanic gardens. This paper examines how scientific paradigms within botanic garden policy are being transformed in the context of working with Indigenous traditional owners. It will highlight how the Partnership is creating possibilities “on country” (i.e., on traditional lands) within its projects and consider benefits that Indigenous communities may receive from working with this alliance.","PeriodicalId":55510,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden","volume":"102 1","pages":"386 - 396"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2017-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3417/D-16-00002A","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47952368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plant Conservation and the Sustainable Development Goals: A Policy Paper Prepared for the Global Partnership for Plant Conservation1","authors":"S. Sharrock, P. Jackson","doi":"10.3417/D-16-00004A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3417/D-16-00004A","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), with its 16 plant conservation targets, was originally adopted by the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in 2002. It was updated and revised in 2010, with targets set to be achieved by 2020. The GSPC's targets are output oriented, specific, and measurable. They address the conservation needs of wild plants as well as those of cultivated crops, pastures, and forests. Although it is generally acknowledged that greater progress has been made in conserving threatened plants than would have been made without the GSPC, there is a continued lack of mainstreaming plant conservation at the national level and a lack of comprehensive information on which plants are threatened and where. With the GSPC reaching the end of its second phase in 2020, it is important to consider how plant conservation can enhance its visibility and generate support in the future. The 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda and associated Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were developed to succeed the Millennium Development Goals and were adopted in 2015 by the international community through the United Nations. It is expected that the SDGs will shape the actions taken by governments in the future. This paper reviews and highlights the contribution that plant conservation can make in achieving the SDGs. The SDG framework provides a helpful point of reference to demonstrate the fundamental importance of plants for the planet, and importantly, if plant conservation is not achieved, then the achievement of these goals is put at risk, suggesting that the integration and mainstreaming of biodiversity conservation, ecological restoration of degraded ecosystems, and plant protection in particular, are of fundamental importance to the achievement of sustainability on the planet.","PeriodicalId":55510,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden","volume":"102 1","pages":"290 - 302"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2017-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3417/D-16-00004A","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45000183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"World Flora Online Mid-term Update","authors":"P. Loizeau, P. Jackson","doi":"10.3417/D-16-00008A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3417/D-16-00008A","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract There are an estimated 400,000 species of vascular plants on Earth, out of which 10% are still to be discovered. These plants, both known and unknown, may hold answers to many of the world's health, social, environmental, and economic problems. A full inventory of plant life is vital if many threatened species are to be protected and if their full potential is to be realized before many of these species, and the possibilities they offer, become extinct. In 2010, the updated Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC) of the United Nation's Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) included as its first target (Target 1) the need for “an online flora of all known plants.” Bearing this in mind, in January 2012 in St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A., representatives from four institutions—the Missouri Botanical Garden, the New York Botanical Garden, the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, and the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, all members of the Global Partnership for Plant Conservation—took the initiative to meet and discuss how to achieve GSPC Target 1 by 2020. The meeting resulted in a proposed outline of the scope and content of a World Flora Online (WFO), as well as a decision to create an international consortium of institutions and organizations to collaborate on providing its content. The WFO project was subsequently launched in October 2012 in India, at an event held during the 11th Conference of the Parties (COP) to the CBD, where the COP also adopted a decision welcoming the WFO initiative. In January 2013, a memorandum of understanding on the WFO was open to signature. By the end of July 2016, 34 institutions and organizations had signed it. Other institutions and organizations worldwide are also invited to participate in the WFO Consortium. The WFO will be an open-access, web-based compendium of the world's plant species. It will be a collaborative, international project, building upon existing knowledge and published floras, checklists, and taxonomic and other revisions. It will also require the collection and generation of new information on poorly know plant groups and plants in unexplored regions. The project represents a major step forward in developing a consolidated global information service on the world's flora.","PeriodicalId":55510,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden","volume":"102 1","pages":"341 - 346"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2017-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3417/D-16-00008A","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42424756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global Collaborative Research on the Pollination Biology of Rare and Threatened Orchid Species (Orchidaceae)1","authors":"P. Bernhardt, Retha Edens-Meier, W. Grimm, Zongxin Ren, Brian Towle","doi":"10.3417/D-16-00005A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3417/D-16-00005A","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Charles Darwin (1862, 1877) conducted field and lab research on orchid pollination mechanisms before any protocols or laws protected orchid species or individual populations. Information on the reproductive ecology of rare and threatened orchids remains intrinsic to their conservation as populations continue to diminish during the Anthropocene. We provide case studies of species representing five genera (Calanthe R. Br., Corunastylis Fitzg., Cypripedium L., Spiranthes Rich., and Thelymitra J. R. Forst. & G. Forst.) in three countries (the United States, Australia, and China). We compare differences in their pollination systems and seasonal variations in their fertility rates. Declining rates of fruit set and/or seed development are compared to breeding systems, pollinator life histories/foraging behaviors, and climate cycles. We conclude that, while some orchid species are pollinator limited, several interrelated factors influence rates of fecundity in terrestrial/lithophytic orchids.","PeriodicalId":55510,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden","volume":"102 1","pages":"364 - 376"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2017-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3417/D-16-00005A","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42195356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How Long Do Restored Ecosystems Persist?1","authors":"J. L. Reid, S. Wilson, Gillian Bloomfield, M. Cattau, M. Fagan, K. Holl, R. Zahawi","doi":"10.3417/2017002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3417/2017002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Why do some restored ecosystems persist for centuries while others are quickly converted to alternative land uses or land covers? We propose that restored ecosystems have a temporal dimension that is variable, often finite, and likely predictable to some extent based on attributes of stakeholders, environment, and governance. The longevity of a restored ecosystem carries strong implications for its capacity to support biodiversity and provide ecosystem services, so an emerging challenge for restoration ecology is to predict the circumstances under which restored ecosystems persist for longer or shorter periods of time. We use a case study in tropical forest restoration to demonstrate one way that restored ecosystem longevity can be approached quantitatively, and we highlight opportunities for future research using restoration case study repositories, practitioner surveys, and historical aerial imagery. Much remains to be learned, but it is likely that decision-makers and practitioners have considerable leverage to increase the probability that restored ecosystems persist into the future, extending the benefits of contemporary restoration initiatives.","PeriodicalId":55510,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden","volume":"102 1","pages":"258 - 265"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2017-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3417/2017002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49328322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conceptual Frameworks and References for Landscape-scale Restoration: Reflecting Back and Looking Forward1,2","authors":"J. Aronson, J. Blignaut, Thibaud B. Aronson","doi":"10.3417/2017003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3417/2017003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We review some of the most commonly known models in restoration ecology from the past 20 years. From these, we seek to identify essential elements required for the scaling-up and mainstreaming of restoration and, based on that, develop a new framework that could be used to assist in the realization of long-lasting and effective restoration policies and programs at the landscape and larger spatial scales. We argue that the reference model is particularly important at a time when there are urgent calls and investments for scaling-up restoration to the landscape scale. At that scale, we argue, it is essential to consider both ecological restoration and ecological rehabilitation as just two of the various components in a “family” of restorative activities that must be deployed, including changed management practices for agriculture, to make ongoing human activities and land uses more ecologically sound and sustainable. In conclusion, we present a new model that could help orient if not actually design planning, monitoring and evaluation, scaling-up, and applying restorative activities in new areas.","PeriodicalId":55510,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden","volume":"102 1","pages":"188 - 200"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2017-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3417/2017003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47563756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conservation in the Middle East: Local and International Collaborations1","authors":"O. Fragman‐Sapir","doi":"10.3417/D-16-00013A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3417/D-16-00013A","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The rich flora of the Middle East is celebrated in the Jerusalem Botanical Gardens, where endangered species are propagated and protected. In this paper I share our primary projects and the organizations with which we work. Local and international collaborations are detailed and prominent plants are shown. My hope is that this information will promote understanding and collaborations to ensure plant conservation for future generations.","PeriodicalId":55510,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden","volume":"102 1","pages":"316 - 323"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2017-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3417/D-16-00013A","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41737748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}