Archives of Budo最新文献

{"title":"Stress in sport situations experienced by people who practice karate","authors":"S. Sterkowicz, J. Blecharz, K. Sterkowicz-Przybycień","doi":"10.12659/AOB.882684","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12659/AOB.882684","url":null,"abstract":"Background Sport situations can be difficult. Stress can be a factor which decreases the quality of sports performance, especially during competition. The aim of this study was to identify situations which generate the highest stress levels in karate contestants. Material/Methods: Polish National Kyokushin team members (n=22) participated in the study. Questions concerning training and competitions were answered on a 10 – point scale. Cronbach alfa for questionnaire items were 0.84–0.97. Stress demand level was determined by sports motivation questionnaire. Mean values of males and females were compared by non-parametric tests (p£0.05). Results: Competitions generated higher stress than training. Importance of competition and presence of audience increased stress intensity. Quality of fighting activities modified stress intensity. Stress intensity at the end of karate match remained lower in men than women. Stress during the first selection match and semi-final fight exceeded athletes’ general demand for stress. Stress intensity was lower than the demand for stress during tactical and technical training, free of audience. The dissonance between stress intensity and demand for stress in women in final fights, against stronger opponent, exposed them to psychological discomfort. Conclusions: Psychological and tactical preparations correlate. This manifests by development and realization of a fight plan and reaction to unexpected situation. Differences in reactions between men and women in stressful situations suggest the need for individual approach to training process and at each stage of competition.","PeriodicalId":55475,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Budo","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2012-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66213440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Efficiency of Football Players in One Against One Game in the Aspect of Situational Factors of a Sports Fight","authors":"A. Szwarc, Krzysztof Kromke, P. Lipińska","doi":"10.12659/AOB.882963","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12659/AOB.882963","url":null,"abstract":"Background The aim of research was to assess the efficiency of ‘players-champions’ performance in game situations one against one in the aspect of changing the result of a competition, the time and place of performance. Material/Methods: We analysed the game of Spanish competitors in 13 matches played in final tournaments of the World and European Championships in the years 2008–2010. The method of observation was applied. Information about the game was registered on a monitoring sheet of designed by the present authors, using criteria of performance assessment proposed by Szwarc. Activity, effectiveness and reliability of individual offensive and defensive performances were assessed in the context of realization of the aim of the game. Results: It was noted that in one match Spanish footballers, the World and European Champions, performed on average from 184 to 253 encounters in fight situations one against one with average reliability of 56%. More frequently they got engaged in offensive play and performed it more reliably than defensive actions, and the efficiency of such performance was decreasing in course of the game. When the result of the game was favourable, they used a strategy of “defensive” offensive – at first they aimed at keeping the ball and/or at winning the field with it thus transferring the gravity of the game to the opponent’s half. In circumstances of an unfavourable result, when the opponent was in possession of the ball, they tried to take it over already in the middle zone of the pitch and immediately create situations of scoring the goal. Conclusions: The World and European Champions showed efficiency in individual performances similar to the previous winners of European and World tournaments. They got engaged in offensive performances more often than in individual defensive performances, which should be recognized as a feature characteristic of their style of play.","PeriodicalId":55475,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Budo","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2012-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66213853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spectators’ behaviour from the view of security forces in sport competitions","authors":"Fikret Ramazanoğlu","doi":"10.12659/AOB.882652","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12659/AOB.882652","url":null,"abstract":"Background Due to the aggressiveness of sport spectators, during their encounter with the security forces the emotions are released and as a result violence often emerges in matches. The purpose of this study is to analyse the spectators’ behaviours from the view of the security forces and to develop effective solutions to prevent negative behaviours of the spectators with the use of the data obtained. Material/Methods: 147 individuals, who are working in the Elazig Police Department and especially those working in sport competitions took part in the study. The interviewees were asked face to face questions from a questionnaire prepared in advance. The questionnaire was composed of eighteen questions with yes, no and partially answers. The findings were provided as per cent results. Results: The individuals believe that: spectators under the influence of alcohol should not be allowed to attend games, which would prevent fanatic behaviours (72.8%), fanatic spectators cause more problems for the security forces in the event of losing a match (61.9%), the attitude of the media increases fanaticism (67.3%), cheerleaders increase the fanaticism and negative behaviours (62.6%), referees are also a factor triggering negative behaviours of the fanatics (49.7%). Conclusions: Security forces reckon that the first precaution against the negative behaviours of the fanatic spectators should include forbidding fanatic spectators to enter the stadiums (27%), educating the spectators (25.1%), making the spectators aware of their behaviours (18%) and as a last resort, using force (14.5%) with arrest (15.4%).","PeriodicalId":55475,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Budo","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2012-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66213374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using EEG biofeedback in karate: the relationship among anxiety, motivation and brain waves","authors":"Hakan Kolayiş","doi":"10.12659/AOB.882446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12659/AOB.882446","url":null,"abstract":"Background The aim of the study was to investigate the comparison of anxiety, motivation and brain waves according to gender and education levels. In addition, the study also examined the relationship among anxiety, motivation and brain waves in kareteists. Material/Method: Sixty one participants voluntarily participated in the study. CSAI-2 (Competitive State Anxiety Inventory), STAI (State Trait Anxiety Inventory), Sport Motivation Scale and Pro-Comp Infinity Biofeedback Device were used for data collection. The data was analysed in SPSS 13.0 package program. Results: As a result of the study; While a significant difference between education levels was observed for the values of somatic anxiety and theta wave (p 0.5). Pearson’s correlation test revealed that there was only a significant positive correlation between the values of age and theta brainwave (r: 0.654, p 0.05). Conclusions: EEG biofeedback procedure is employed for reducing anxiety and increasing motivation and self confidence. The present study helps to arrange these psychological patterns for athletes and coaches.","PeriodicalId":55475,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Budo","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2012-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66213712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Traditional Asian martial arts and youth: Experiences of young Chinese wushu athletes","authors":"M. Theeboom, Zhu Dong, Jikkemien Vertonghen","doi":"10.12659/AOB.882589","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12659/AOB.882589","url":null,"abstract":"Background Traditional Asian martial arts have often been associated with positive outcomes in youth. But despite the absence of empirical evidence, especially countries with a long tradition in martial arts (such as China and Japan) have reemphasised these proclaimed positive effects. A study was set up to investigate the way how contemporary Chinese youth experience distinct aspects of wushu, the collective noun for the Chinese martial arts. Material/Methods: Data were collected among 150 youngsters (7–16 years) regarding, among other things, their views on wushu, the training sessions and their teacher. Results: Data revealed that youth’s experiences and views are not in line with the characteristics of wushu and its traditional teaching practice as described in the literature. Conclusions: In the present paper it is concluded that these youngsters seem to experience wushu as a modern sport, in which the focus is on learning technical skills rather than on ethical and spiritual cultivation.","PeriodicalId":55475,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Budo","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2012-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66213763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The structure and influence of different flying high front kick techniques on the achieved height on the example of taekwon-do athletes","authors":"J. Wąsik","doi":"10.12659/AOB.882627","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12659/AOB.882627","url":null,"abstract":"Background The aim of this paper is to establish biomechanical optimization of the high-flying front kick (in taekwon-do terminology referred to as twimyo nopi ap chagi), which would result in developing a more effective method of executing this particular kick. Material/Methods: The study analysed movements of 14 ITF taekwon-do athletes (age: 16.5±0.7 years; weight 64.1±7.0 kg; height 176.5±4.6 cm). A system of complex analysis of movement called Smart-D made by the Italian company BTS Spa was used for the tests. For the purpose of the experimental part of the study the study participants were asked to adopt the same initial stance (in taekwon-do terminology called Niunja So Palmok Degi Maki) and perform the high-flying front kick in two different techniques – using the traditional technique (scissors) and the natural technique (non-scissors). Results: In case of the natural technique used for executing this kick the COG usually starts from the height of 0.9 m. After 0.5 sec. the COG is lowered by 0.1 m so that the athlete can take off having developed the required velocity. At the maximum height of the flight the COG reaches 1.54 m (having risen by 0.64 m), and this is the moment when the knee extension for kick completion occurs. In the traditional technique the COG is located at 0.9 m at the start and then lowers by 0.1 m. When leaping up at take-off the velocity increases immediately and at the flight maximum the COG reaches 1.46 m. This is also the height when the landing stage starts. The local maximum is marked at the height of 1.40 m, which corresponds to the moment of the knee extension needed to complete the kick. Conclusions: The observation shows that there are four main elements which influence the height achieved by an athlete in his jump and these include the height of the centre of gravity at take-off, the flight height of the COG as well as the height determined by the length of the lower limb and the angle formed between the plane perpendicular to the board and the limb. In the natural technique the athletes managed to raise their COG by an average of 74 mm higher than in the traditional technique (p<0.01).","PeriodicalId":55475,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Budo","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2012-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66213838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comparison of concussion assessment and management protocols used by medical personnel at elite taekwondo tournaments in the Republic of Korea and the United States","authors":"Gabriel P. Fife, R. Harter","doi":"10.12659/AOB.882259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12659/AOB.882259","url":null,"abstract":"BackgroundLittleisknownabouttheassessmentandmanagementprotocolsusedbytaekwondotournamentmedicalper- sonneltoevaluateconcussions.�Thepurposeofthisstudywastocomparethemethodsusedbymedicalperson- nelintheRepublicofKoreaandtheUnitedStatestoassessandmanageconcussionssustainedatelitetaekwon- dotournaments. �:� Between�2006�and�2008, pencil-and-paperquestionnaireswereadministeredto�18�medicalpersonnelproviding� sportsmedicineservicesatthreenational-leveltaekwondotournamentsinSouthKorea,�andatonenational-lev- eltaekwondotournamentintheUnitedStates. � Results:� Fourof�11�SouthKoreanmedicalpersonnel�(36%)�heldregisterednursing�(RN)�credentials,�fourwerephysical� therapists�(36%),�andthree�(27%)�wereemergencymedicaltechnicians�(EMTs).�Incomparison,�2�of�7�American� medicalpersonnelwerephysicians�(29%),�twowerecertifiedathletictrainers�(29%),�twowereEMTs�(29%),�and� onewasaphysicaltherapist�(14%).�OftheSouthKoreanmedicalpersonnel,�55%�hadlessthan�1�yearexperience� servingasmedicalprovidersattaekwondotournaments.�Incontrast,�71%�oftheAmericanmedicalpractitioners� hadgreaterthanorequalto�5�yearsofexperienceservingasmedicalpersonnelattaekwondotournaments,�with� themajorityreportinggreaterthan�10�yearsofexperienceatnationalleveltaekwondotournaments.�Bothgroups� reportedusingsymptomschecklistsandclinicalexaminationastheirprincipalmethodsofconcussionassessment. � Conclusions:� Werecommendthattaekwondonationalgoverningbodiesassignmedicalpersonnelwhohaveextensivedirectex- periencewiththesportoftaekwondotoprovidemedicalservicesatnational-leveltournaments.","PeriodicalId":55475,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Budo","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2012-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66213661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in the muscular outputs of young judoists during resistance exercises performed on unstable equipment: A case study","authors":"M. Bratić, D. Radovanović, Aleksandar Ignjatović, I. Bojic, Nenad Stojiljković","doi":"10.12659/AOB.882291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12659/AOB.882291","url":null,"abstract":"BackgroundResistanceexercisesunderunstableconditionshavegainedpopularityamongathletes.�Theaimofthestudywas� toinvestigatethechangesinmuscularoutputs�(peakpowerandvelocityofmovement)�duringbenchpressesand� squatsunderunstableconditionsincomparisontotheoutputsunderstableconditions. �:� Atotalof�20�participants,�dividedintotwogroups,�tookpartinthestudy.�Thefirstgroupconsistedof�9�top-lev- elyoungmalejudoists,�whilethesecondgroupconsistedof�11�students.�Alloftheexerciseswereperformedonce� 70%�ofone-repetitionmaximum�(1RM)�wasdetermined. � Results:� Theanalysisshowedasignificantreductioninmuscularoutputsduringsquatsunderunstableconditions�(the� BOSUball)�incomparisontostableconditionsforthegroupofjudoists.�However,�therewasnosignificantreduc- tioninmuscularoutputsduringthebenchpressesunderunstableconditions�(theSwissball)�comparedtothesta- bleflatbench.�Forthegroupofstudents,�theanalysisshowedasignificantreductioninmuscularoutputsduring� thebenchpressunderunstableconditionswhencomparedtothestableflatbench.�Inaddition,�forthisgroupthe� muscularoutputsweresignificantlylowerduringsquatsunderunstableincomparisontostableconditions. � Conclusions:� ThebenchpressasaresistanceexerciseperformedonaSwissballwithreducedtrainingloadcannotberecom- mendedasaneffectivetrainingmodelforjudoists.�Nevertheless,�thesquatwithreducedtrainingloadunderun- stableconditionsprovidedsufficientchallengestotheneuromuscularsystemandcouldbeincorporatedintotrain- ingprograms.","PeriodicalId":55475,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Budo","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2012-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66213703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is karate effective in improving postural control","authors":"D. Filingeri, A. Bianco, D. Zangla, A. Paoli, A. Palma","doi":"10.12659/AOB.883521","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12659/AOB.883521","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Performing complex motor skills, such as the ones performed by karate athletes, requires a great sense of balance. Because the posturo-kinetic performance seems to be improved by sport practice, especially by sports involving a lot of posturokinetic activities, the aim of this review was to critically analyse the scientific literature in order to appraise whether any positive correlation between karate and improved postural control is scientifically supported. Material/Methods: The online search engines Scirus and Medline were used for generating the data. A comprehensive literature search was conducted based on the following keywords: “karate”, “postural control” and “body sway”. Results were collected and filtered manually. Results: Four articles were identified related to karate practice and postural control, covering a period between 1998 and 2009. Although different experimental approaches were used to investigate this concept, overall the results of these studies confirm the effectiveness of karate in improving postural control. Conclusions: Practicing karate seems to elicit long term improvements in postural control. However, a much deeper approach to this fighting sport, which would take into account its technical specificities (e.g. kata & kumite), is required in order to increase our understanding of the posture-kinetic impact of this relatively unexplored sport activity.","PeriodicalId":55475,"journal":{"name":"Archives of Budo","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66214160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}