Australian Forestry最新文献

{"title":"Setback distance and management for wetlands in plantation forests – a review of policy and practice in Australia and New Zealand","authors":"B. Myers, E. G. Jones, J. O'Hehir, J. Lawson","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2022.2073741","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2022.2073741","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The management of wetlands within plantation forests is important for compliance with forest and timber certification schemes and legal requirements. This review considers how setback vegetation and management has been prescribed in policy, codes and guidelines in Australia and New Zealand, focusing on setback and buffer distances, why they are prescribed, and the evidence provided on their benefit. Our findings indicate that, although prescriptive guidance is generally provided for the establishment of setbacks and buffers, there is a lack of guidance on, for example, what vegetation should be in the setback or buffer zone and how it should be managed. There is also a lack of evidence in codes of practice, guidelines and policies to support the specified prescriptive distances. Requirements and recommendations should be evidence-based and assessed for effectiveness; where this knowledge is lacking, further studies should be undertaken to provide an evidence base.","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49430220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of whitegrub (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) damage on growth of Eucalyptus grandis and Acacia mearnsii plantation trees in South Africa","authors":"D. Echeverri-Molina, P. Govender","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2022.2097362","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2022.2097362","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Eucalyptus grandis and Acacia mearnsii are among the South African forest industry’s most planted commercial species. Whitegrubs are high-status pests affecting plantation forestry; they are root-feeding insects and cause poor seedling growth and elevated mortality. The aim of this study was to elucidate the impact of whitegrub damage on the growth of E. grandis and A. mearnsii trees during the first year of the establishment stage in sites previously planted with A. mearnsii in the KwaZulu-Natal Midlands of South Africa. The hypothesis was that the prophylactic application of insecticides against whitegrubs would increase tree height at six or 12 months after planting. Seven insecticides were assessed in 12 treatments over three trials in Bloemendal, KwaZulu-Natal. Statistical analyses were performed using PRIMER and SAS. Whitegrubs were the predominant mortality factor (17.1%), followed by pathogens (3.3%) and 12 other factors that cumulatively caused the remaining (7.0%) mortality. Pegylis sommeri, Schizonycha affinis and two unknown Maladera species were the most important, typical and prevalent whitegrub species, but their ranking differed between A. mearnsii and E. grandis, suggesting a host preference. The prophylactic application of insecticides against whitegrubs significantly increased tree height for E. grandis. Acacia mearnsii tree height, however, did not consistently show a significant effect with insecticide control, presumably because of additional mortality by pathogens. The crop-rotation scenario may have potentially benefited E. grandis over A. mearnsii and warrants further investigation. Whitegrubs can kill seedlings and reduce tree height when left uncontrolled.","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42371382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forest transport payload management in the delivery of efficient forest supply chains","authors":"M. Brown","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2022.2057041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2022.2057041","url":null,"abstract":"This thesis aims to provide a greater understanding of the role and balance of strategic, tactical and operational decisions in the execution of effective payload management in an efficient forestry supply chain. Studies were conducted to explore the role of increased gross vehicle weight (GVW) at the strategic management level, reducing tare weight at the tactical level and managing the actual payload of each trip at the operational level. The thesis investigated the impact of two weighing technologies (truck and loader-installed scales) operated by hired drivers and owner-operators on two route types: gazetted (classified for increased GVW limits) and non-gazetted (standard GVW limits for public roads). On non-gazetted roads, the two approaches proved equally effective but appeared to be less effective when used together, while the owner-operators appeared to have better management of the payload compared to hired drivers. On the gazetted roads, all vehicles were under-loaded by roughly the extra payload amount offered by the gazetted routes, highlighting the importance of com-munication and overall management to realise payload potential.","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49610881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How can we grow the plantation estate and improve private native forest management in Australia? Silvopastoral systems provide a solution","authors":"T. Lewis, N. Pachas, T. Venn","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2022.2096827","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2022.2096827","url":null,"abstract":"The area of plantation forest in Australia has declined by more than 10% since 2011–12 (Whittle et al. 2019; Legg et al. 2021), with possible further losses following the 2019–20 bushfires. This is despite growing demand for wood products and their known ability to capture and store carbon. The agriculture and land-use sector has an important role to play in reducing greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions to help meet national targets and international commitments (e.g. the Paris Agreement on climate change) and limit the increase in average global temperatures to 1.5°C. Estimates by the Australian Bureau of Agricultural Resource Economics and Sciences suggest that few or no new long-rotation hardwood plantations will be established under current policy settings and economic conditions and that high land prices preclude the establishment of new plantations on modified pasture land (Whittle et al. 2019). Although some new policy initiatives to encourage plantation investment have been announced since 2019 (e.g. the federal government’s timber plantation grants worth AUD 86 million, and the Regional Investment Corporation Plantation Loans – RICPL – scheme), it will take some years before this translates into action on the ground and to the expansion of the plantation estate. Even with large-scale new plantation investment, it will still take more than 20 years before the first small sawlogs are produced, with larger logs taking 30 years. Further, the availability of timber from public native forests has been reduced since 1990 with the creation of formal and informal reserves; by 2030, the national sustainable yield in public native forests is forecast to decline to around 38% of the level reported in the 1998 reporting period (i.e. 1992–1996; Montreal Process Implementation Group for Australia and National Forest Inventory Steering Committee 2018). So, what is the potential for increasing timber production in private native forest areas? In some regions of Australia, large areas of privately owned native forest have produced timber in the past, and some – particularly in northern Australia – are subject to livestock grazing. In 2015–16, an estimated 11.8 million ha of private native forest in Queensland and 7.2 million ha of private native forest in New South Wales (NSW) were not legally restricted from wood harvesting (Montreal Process Implementation Group for Australia and National Forest Inventory Steering Committee 2018), although these numbers overestimate the area available for timber harvesting. When considering only commercially productive forest types, Lewis et al. (2020) reported approximately 2.1 million ha of potentially harvestable private native forest in southern Queensland. From a forestry perspective, however, many of these forests are degraded and in a poor productive state. For example, Lewis et al. (2020) found that private native forests in Queensland and NSW have a high proportion of small and unmerchantable trees that are growing ve","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46834100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maximising the benefits of trees on farms in Tasmania – a desktop review of investment opportunities to improve farm enterprise productivity, profitability and sustainability","authors":"D. Monckton, D. Mendham","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2022.2027648","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2022.2027648","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Demand for forest products in Australia exceeds domestic capacity for local production and supply, resulting in a significant trade deficit in forest products of around AUD 2 billion per year. Domestic demand for forest products is forecast to continue increasing because such products are recognised as more sustainable than many alternative materials used in construction and as feedstocks for other industrial processes. There is increasing pressure to establish more forest plantations to meet this need. Tasmania has around 16% of the national plantation estate and large areas of natural forests that have been protected and conserved. However, there has been a recent decline in the area of the plantation estate, both nationally and in Tasmania, mainly due to increasing competition from agricultural land uses, which provide higher returns and drive land prices higher than can be justified by returns from forestry. This declining trend will be hard to reverse, given that substantial new areas are unlikely to be available for greenfield plantation establishment. A more prospective area for expansion is likely to be the establishment of trees on farms. This option has significant potential because strategic investment in trees on farms can create valuable assets for increasing farm-level sustainability, resilience and profitability. The choice of appropriate species and planting configuration can help improve the financial balance sheet, stocks of natural capital and flows of ecosystem services. Past investment motives for tree-planting in Australia have mainly been based on anticipated returns from timber. If more tree-planting is to be achieved in Tasmania in the future, it will have to be on cleared private land, and the investment motivation will need to encompass the broader values of trees beyond wood production. This review explores the prospective investment opportunities to facilitate greater establishment of trees on farms and sets out seven key areas where research and policy effort is needed: engaging with leading agricultural financial institutions; engaging with institutional investors; engaging with grower organisations around ‘zero carbon’ and ‘nature positive’ branding; research to support the better quantification and adoption of natural capital and its financial benefits; encouraging joint ventures between the industrial plantation sector and farmers; better monetising the carbon sequestration by trees; and the reinvigoration of social capital around growing trees.","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49085071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cultural burning and public forests: convergences and divergences between Aboriginal groups and forest management in south-eastern Australia","authors":"B. Williamson","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2022.2054134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2022.2054134","url":null,"abstract":"Any ways in which the traditional land and fire management practices of Indigenous Australians could improve Australia’s resilience to natural disasters","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46890020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of species-composition-oriented silviculture on timber value and carbon – a stand-level case study in subtropical China","authors":"X. Zhang, S. Wu, S. Liu, X. Zhang, M. Lexer, P. Zhang, J. Zou","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2021.2019925","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2021.2019925","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Species selection and composition in afforestation affect forest characteristics, which, in turn, affect the quality and quantity of ecosystem services a forest provides to society. Trade-offs and synergies among the various forest goods and services are key issues in multipurpose forest management. In this study, we propose a stand-level integrated analysis framework applying the dynamic forest simulator PICUS v1.5 and techno-economic analysis to assess the effects of a range of species-composition-oriented silvicultural options on timber value and carbon sequestration in subtropical China. The aim is to inform stakeholders on the costs and benefits of the stand-level options. Taking Pinus massoniana and Castanopsis hystrix to represent dominant native conifers and broadleaves, respectively, in subtropical China, five typical silvicultural options were studied: P. massoniana monoculture with normal and high density (stems ha−1); C. hystrix pure stands; and even-aged and uneven-aged mixtures of both species. Results indicate that the uneven-aged mixture performed better in carbon sequestration than the other four options. The even-aged mixture showed better combined benefits of timber production and carbon sequestration and additional advantages in balancing long- and short-term benefits over 50 years. Furthermore, the even-aged mixture had the strongest adaptability to market fluctuations. The uneven-aged mixture performed best economically among the five options in scenarios of future higher timber prices. The results will inform stakeholders about the performance of stand-level silvicultural options with respect to revenues and environmental benefits to society.","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43220637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Profitable partnerships: smallholders, industry, eucalypts and acacias in Asia","authors":"R. Arnold, S. Midgley, P. Stevens, S. Phimmavong, N. Kien, S. Chen","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2022.2051261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2022.2051261","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Smallholder tree-growers make substantial contributions to commercial wood flows in many countries in Asia. Many of these growers choose eucalypt and/or acacia species, which offer profitable and sustainable land-use options. Smallholder acacia and eucalypt plantings in India, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Sri Lanka, China, Thailand and Viet Nam are discussed, and data are presented to show the magnitude of these resources. In each country, smallholder plantings form critical raw-material inputs for numerous processors, with the collective scale of their wood production exceeding 86 million m3 annually and worth over USD 2.4 billion annually directly to these growers. Such harvests are major contributors to the livelihoods of smallholder families and to the economic viability of numerous local wood-using industries that rely on the raw materials they generate. This paper describes the profitable partnerships in Asia between smallholder tree-growers and their eucalypts and acacias, discusses their species of choice and the consequences of such decisions, and explores how and why these partnerships have developed and endured.","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48994200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using topographic attributes to predict the density of vegetation layers in a wet eucalypt forest","authors":"B. Yadav, A. Lucieer, G. Jordan, S. Baker","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2021.2004687","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2021.2004687","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Mapping the structure of forest vegetation with field surveys or high-resolution light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data is costly. We tested whether landscape topography and underlying geology could predict the vegetation density of a 19 km2 area of wet eucalypt forest at the Warra Long-Term Ecological Research Supersite, Tasmania, Australia. Using spatial layers for 12 topographic attributes derived from digital terrain models (DTMs) and a geology layer, we predicted the vegetation density of three strata with a high degree of accuracy (validation root mean square error ranged from 9.0% to 13.7%). The DTMs with 30 m resolution provided greater predictive accuracy than DTMs with higher resolution. The importance of different variables depended on spatial resolution and strata. Among the predictor variables, geology generally had the highest predictive importance, followed by solar radiation. Topographic Position Index, aspect, and System for Automated Geoscientific Analyses (SAGA) Wetness Index had moderate importance. This study demonstrates that geological and topographic attributes can provide useful predictions for the density of vegetation layers in a tall wet sclerophyll primary forest. Given the good performance of the model based on 30 m DTM resolution, the predictive power of the models could be tested on a larger geographical area using lower-density LiDAR point clouds combined with medium-resolution satellite data.","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44766898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiple streams framework and logging policy change in the Hyrcanian forests of Iran","authors":"B. Sotoudeh Foumani, M. Kolahi, S. Mohammadi Limaei, J. Fisher, T. Rostami Shahraji","doi":"10.1080/00049158.2021.1989848","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2021.1989848","url":null,"abstract":"The 2017 logging ban in Iran’s Hyrcanian forests represents a considerable forest policy change, which was proposed following the development of other major policies to improve natural resource management. The aim of this paper is to explain the development of the logging ban policy using Kingdon’s multiple streams framework (MSF). Qualitative methods – interviewing and document review – were used for data collection and analysis. The problem, politics and policy streams are shown to be linked in framing the policy change. We investigate how participants in the development of the policy used interlinkages between the problem, politics and policy streams to develop their proposals and how this simplified the change process. Despite some limitations, the MSF is helpful in explaining and analysing outcomes of natural resource management policy development processes. ARTICLE HISTORY Received 18 December 2020 Accepted 15 September 2021","PeriodicalId":55426,"journal":{"name":"Australian Forestry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2021-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42433773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}