Baltic Forestry最新文献

{"title":"Alien invasive pathogens and pests in the changing environment: Focus on North Europe","authors":"Rimvys Vasaitis (Ed.)","doi":"10.46490/bf750","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46490/bf750","url":null,"abstract":"On 12–13 September 2023, a panel of forest pathologists and entomologists gathered in Visby, Gotland Island, Baltic Sea, Sweden. The participants, a total of 20, represented all five Nordic Countries, three Baltic States, and Ukraine, and also joined by the local stakeholders representing the Swedish Forestry Agency and Gotland Administration. The purpose was to conduct a scientific workshop focusing on invasive tree pests and diseases emerging in each respective country, as well as to participate in an excursion to damaged woodland sites of Gotland. The Nordic Forest Research (SNS) financially supported the event (https://nordicforestresearch.org/n2023-01/). Keywords: Corinectria / Neonectria cankers; Hymenoscyphus fraxineus; Emerald Ash Borer; Diplodia sapinea; Acute Oak Decline; Polygraphus proximus; emerging birch pests; Bronze Birch Borer; Thekopsora areolata; seedborn conifer fungi ","PeriodicalId":55404,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Forestry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140979030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Semi-mechanized planting of saplings: pivotal results on the efficiency of a new method","authors":"Marian Schönauer, S. Hoffmann, Lorenz Breinig, Thilo Wagner, Filippo Guerra, Dirk Jaeger","doi":"10.46490/bf739","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46490/bf739","url":null,"abstract":"Large clear-cut areas as a consequence of drought and bark beetle infestations necessitate extensive replanting efforts in German forests, leading to an increased interest in efficient planting systems. In addition to manual planting, mechanized and semi-mechanized systems utilizing surplus forest machine capacities available after completion of salvage logging operations are likely required for timely reforestation of the clear-cut areas. A semi-mechanized system utilizing a standard forwarder with a grapple-actuated soil borer for both, the transport of planting material and the preparation of planting pits, combined with two workers carrying out manual planting, was investigated in a time-and-motion study. The frequency method was used after video recording of a planting operation that covered an area of approximately 1.2 hectares. A total of 815 alder saplings (Alnus glutinosa L.) with heights of 1.2–1.5 m were planted. Observed productivity was 93 saplings per system work hour (SWH). With additional placement of stakes for stabilizing the plants, the productivity decreased to 42 saplings per SWH. While directly comparable results were not found in the literature, available productivity figures of purely manual planting systems do not suggest an increased productivity of this semi-mechanized system. Considering ergonomics, however, forwarder utilization provides reduced workload not only in plant hole preparation but also with material transport and clearing of planting spots. Both the ergonomic aspects of the system and, in particular, the suitability of the soil borer for different soil textures should be further investigated.\u0000Keywords: time studies; forwarder; stand regeneration; windthrow; forest operations ","PeriodicalId":55404,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Forestry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140718030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Methodology for verifying/determining the boundaries of Game Management Regions: a case study of the Regional Directorate of the State Forests in Lublin (Poland)","authors":"Maciej Wójcik, Katarzyna Tajchman, Malwina Michalik-Śnieżek, Vladimir Hanzal","doi":"10.46490/bf731","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46490/bf731","url":null,"abstract":"Wildlife management is an integral part of forest management, and game animals should be considered an essential part of the forest ecosystem and agroecosystems in which the flow of energy changed fundamentally during the 20th century due to the use of fertilisers, pesticides, and modern technologies. An approximately four-fold increase in the production of crops brought with it an increase in the number of ungulates in the world. The tasks of foresters and hunters in wildlife management include creating the best suitable living conditions for animals and mitigating conflicts between forest animals and human activities. This necessitates the creation and implementation of modern land units called Game Management Regions (GMRs) in Poland. This concept was defined in the Polish Hunting Law primarily for managing big game populations. The aim of the GMRs is to ensure year-long management of game populations within their respective ranges. Long-term Hunting Management Plans were developed for each GMR, serving as the basis for adopting management directions, and achieving the desired state of the game population as recorded in the multi-year plan (typically spanning ten years). However, experiences and the current situation reveal several weaknesses in the functioning of these divisions, including rapid changes in the environment, particularly the emergence of barriers like highways and new buildings. This research aimed to develop a method for determining or verifying the boundaries of the GMRs based on objective criteria as a case study hosted by the Regional Directorate of State Forests in Lublin. During the conducted analysis we examined data provided by the Regional Directorate of State Forests (RDSF) in Lublin, including information on the current density of red deer (Cervus elaphus), forest cover, forest patch fragmentation, categories of hunting districts, ecological corridors, as well as existing, under-construction and planned highways and expressways. The boundaries of the GMRs were determined by aggregating hunting districts with similar characteristics using GIS software while considering ecological barriers. The analysis results indicated the need to establish 12 divisions instead of 8, with significant deviations from the previous delimitation. The obtained results underscore the necessity of verifying the boundaries of the GMRs nationwide.\u0000Keywords: large-scale game management; big game; Game Management Region; hunting plans ","PeriodicalId":55404,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Forestry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140247755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of sowing density on performance and biometric features of pedunculate oak","authors":"Maria Hauke-Kowalska, Winicjusz Kasprzyk","doi":"10.46490/bf729","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46490/bf729","url":null,"abstract":"Sowing density is one of the most important factors influencing seedling quality. In forest nurseries, to ensure full seeding, it is recommended to obtain approximately 200 seedlings from 1 m2 (ZHL 2012). The aim of the study was to assess the effect of sowing density on sowing efficiency and the morphological features of pedunculate oak seedlings. Acorns were sown directly by broadcast seeding on 20 test plots, each 4 m in length, in four replications. The following variants were used:- 250acorns capable of germination totaling 341 acorns per 1 linear meter (0.9 m2);- 300 acorns capable of germination totaling 410 acorns per 1 linear meter (0.9 m2);- 350 acorns capable of germination totaling 478 acorns per 1 linear meter (0.9 m2);- 400 acorns capable of germination totaling 546 acorns per 1 linear meter (0.9 m2);- 450 acorns capable of germination totaling 614 acorns per 1 linear meter (0.9 m2).\u0000At the end of the growing season, seedlings were counted per 1 m (0.9 m2) in the central part of each plot. Sowing efficiency was determined as a percentage of seedling yield from the sown seeds. For laboratory analysis, 30 seedlings from each plot (600 in total) were collected. Based on biometric features like shoot height, root collar diameter, and dry weights of shoots, roots, and leaves, quality indicators such as the sturdiness quotient (SQ) and the Dickson quality index (DQI) were calculated.\u0000Sowing efficiency at the end of the vegetation season ranged between 39.68% and 50.12% and was not statistically significant. The research revealed that sowing density influenced seedling biometric characteristics. Pearson’s correlation coefficients showed significant negative correlations between the number of seedlings obtained in an experimental plot and the dry weight of the root, number and dry mass of leaves, as well as the DQI. The seedlings from all sowing variants complied with the binding Polish standard, outlined in the Regulation of the Minister for the Environment of 18 February 2004 (Ministerstwo Środowiska 2004) by over 96%.\u0000Keywords: seeding density, sowing rate, seedling quality, sowing performance, sturdiness quotient (SQ), Dickson quality index (DQI), Quercus robur L.","PeriodicalId":55404,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Forestry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140247728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The genetic and environmental variance of radial increment in Scots pine of south-eastern Baltic provenances in response to weather extremes","authors":"R. Matisons, O. Krišāns, Diāna Jansone, Ā. Jansons, P. Zeltiņš","doi":"10.46490/bf719","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46490/bf719","url":null,"abstract":"Intensification of weather anomalies, particularly those related to temperature in warming winters and moisture availability, have been identified as the major emerging climatic threats to forest ecosystems in the hemiboreal zone. Considering the large-scale nature of the threats, assisted migration and tree breeding appear as the most promising means for mitigating the climatic risks. However, for successful implementation of such means, information on the genetic control over the weather sensitivity of trees is needed. Local genetic adaptations of populations occur to maximize competitiveness and survival, while the differences in phenotypic plasticity, implying varying genotype by environmental interactions, can be utilized for the acquisition of locally targeted reproductive material. To gain initial (rough) estimates of genetic control and phenotypic plasticity of growth responses to weather anomalies, a set of seven native eastern Baltic provenances differing by productivity in five trials in Latvia and northern Germany were studied. Tree-ring widths were measured for 10–15 trees per provenance per trial. Relative growth changes and pointer year values were calculated to link changes in increment with weather anomalies and to estimate heritability on an annual basis by the methods of quantitative genetics. During the analysed period (1987–2017), four to seven trial- and provenance-specific pointer years (common relative growth changes) were estimated, which were mainly triggered by co-occurring anomalies in moisture availability and winter thermal regime. This implied resilience of the studied trees to singular weather anomalies, suggesting their adaptability. Furthermore, the heritability estimates peaked one to two years after the pointer years, implying that growth recovery and hence resilience rather than resistance was genetically controlled. Still, local variability of pointer years and heritability estimates portrayed explicit phenotypic plasticity of responses, implying the potential for breeding to locally improve weather tolerance of growth.\u0000Keywords: Pinus sylvestris; local adaptation; phenotypic plasticity; growth recovery; tree-ring width; pointer years ","PeriodicalId":55404,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Forestry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139871696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The genetic and environmental variance of radial increment in Scots pine of south-eastern Baltic provenances in response to weather extremes","authors":"R. Matisons, O. Krišāns, Diāna Jansone, Ā. Jansons, P. Zeltiņš","doi":"10.46490/bf719","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46490/bf719","url":null,"abstract":"Intensification of weather anomalies, particularly those related to temperature in warming winters and moisture availability, have been identified as the major emerging climatic threats to forest ecosystems in the hemiboreal zone. Considering the large-scale nature of the threats, assisted migration and tree breeding appear as the most promising means for mitigating the climatic risks. However, for successful implementation of such means, information on the genetic control over the weather sensitivity of trees is needed. Local genetic adaptations of populations occur to maximize competitiveness and survival, while the differences in phenotypic plasticity, implying varying genotype by environmental interactions, can be utilized for the acquisition of locally targeted reproductive material. To gain initial (rough) estimates of genetic control and phenotypic plasticity of growth responses to weather anomalies, a set of seven native eastern Baltic provenances differing by productivity in five trials in Latvia and northern Germany were studied. Tree-ring widths were measured for 10–15 trees per provenance per trial. Relative growth changes and pointer year values were calculated to link changes in increment with weather anomalies and to estimate heritability on an annual basis by the methods of quantitative genetics. During the analysed period (1987–2017), four to seven trial- and provenance-specific pointer years (common relative growth changes) were estimated, which were mainly triggered by co-occurring anomalies in moisture availability and winter thermal regime. This implied resilience of the studied trees to singular weather anomalies, suggesting their adaptability. Furthermore, the heritability estimates peaked one to two years after the pointer years, implying that growth recovery and hence resilience rather than resistance was genetically controlled. Still, local variability of pointer years and heritability estimates portrayed explicit phenotypic plasticity of responses, implying the potential for breeding to locally improve weather tolerance of growth.\u0000Keywords: Pinus sylvestris; local adaptation; phenotypic plasticity; growth recovery; tree-ring width; pointer years ","PeriodicalId":55404,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Forestry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139811445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of flame protection of wooden material and future potential with nano additives","authors":"Ville Lahtela, I. Turku, Timo Kärki","doi":"10.46490/bf636","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46490/bf636","url":null,"abstract":"Wood is a highly sustainable material and there is significant interest in its use in the construction industry in terms of modern building construction. However, safety rules and regulations, including fireproof requirements, have become increasingly demanding. In this regard, more effective and eco-friendly approaches for wooden materials treatment related to this topic are subject to research interest in laboratories around the world. The rapid development of nanotechnology offers new materials with unique properties, which will be able to partly substitute or even replace regular chemicals, often toxic to the environment, in the future. This paper overviews traditional fire retarding methods and fire retardants that are applied for the modification of wooden materials. In addition, the potential use of nanomaterials for wood and wooden applications were discussed by extensively literature review.\u0000Keywords: wood-based materials; flame retardancy; reaction-to-fire testing; nanomaterials; nano additives.","PeriodicalId":55404,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Forestry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139384176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diversity of Alnus glutinosa dominated swamp forests in Estonia","authors":"J. Paal","doi":"10.46490/bf701","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46490/bf701","url":null,"abstract":"The Alnus glutinosa swamps are the most species-rich forest communities in the Fennoscandian hemiboreal zone. Considering the species abundance in different layers and their indicator values, in Estonia these stands can be classified into ten community types: 1) Calliergonella cuspidate–Carex acutiformis–Thelypteris palustris–Alnus glutinosa; 2) Brachythecium rutabulum–Scutellaria galericulata–Rubus caesius–Alnus glutinosa; 3) Brachythecium rutabulum–Urtica dioica–Aegopodium podagraria–Alnus glutinosa; 4) Plagiomnium elatum–Galeobdolon luteum–Oxalis acetosella–Alnus glutinosa; 5) Sphagnum fallax–Filipendula ulmaria–Phragmites australis–Alnus glutinosa; 6) Sphagnum riparium–Vaccinium myrtillus–Impatiens noli-tangere–Alnus glutinosa; 7) Calliergon cordifolium–Lysimachia thyrsiflora–Carex elongate–Alnus glutinosa; 8) Calliergonella cuspidate–Deschampsia cespitosa–Filipendula ulmaria–Alnus glutinosa; 9) Climacium dendroides–Calamagrostis canescens–Athyrium filix-femina–Alnus glutinosa; 10) Calypogeia integristipula–Filipendula ulmaria–Ulmus laevis–Alnus glutinosa. The species composition of the communities is determined mainly by the soil reaction and nitrogen content in the soil of their habitats.\u0000Key words: community types, indicator species, Ellenberg’s indicator values, habitats’ reaction gradient, nitrogen content gradient.","PeriodicalId":55404,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Forestry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139385737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understory changes in mixed elm stands in response to canopy dieback in Latvia","authors":"Ilze Matisone, Dārta Kaupe, R. Matisons, D. Kļaviņa, Ā. Jansons","doi":"10.46490/bf712","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46490/bf712","url":null,"abstract":"In the eastern Baltic region, warming is favouring the advance of thermophilic tree species and the formation of mixed stands with a higher share of broadleaves, thus contributing to productivity and other ecosystem services of forests. However, the accelerating environmental changes often trigger the spread and intensification of biotic disturbances such as disease outbreaks at unprecedented rates, which might alter the course of stand development. Within the region, elms (Ulmus sp.), which are of low importance as a source of timber, yet highly important in terms of other ecosystem services, are suffering varying degree of dieback due to the Dutch elm disease, which can threaten the existence of species. Still, there are explicit local differences in the susceptibility of trees, which add uncertainties regarding the sustainability of elms. A permanent sampling plot network was established to monitor changes in mixed elms stands in response to the dieback caused by the disease; canopy and understory trees were accounted. Two surveys in 2016 and 2021 have been made. Canopy elms have suffered moderate dieback during the first wave already before the surveys, as ca. 17% of canopy elms were already dead. However, the susceptibility differed among the species (Ulmus glabra exceeded U. laevis), likely due to the preference of the vectors of the disease. In response to canopy openings, self-regeneration occurred, though the balance between the advance regeneration and undergrowth species was affected by the intensity of canopy dieback. The advanced growth of the former canopy species including elms was sufficient under moderate changes in the canopy, while low and high changes favoured undergrowth, suggesting the formation of shrubland. Accordingly, the additional mortality of elms due to Dutch elm disease tended to diverge the development course of the mixed broadleaved stands; hence further monitoring is advised.\u0000Keywords: Ulmus sp., Ophiostoma sp., advance growth, undergrowth, Dutch elm disease, succession ","PeriodicalId":55404,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Forestry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138602611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Leaf area index (LAI) and gap fraction. A discussion","authors":"Andres Kuusk","doi":"10.46490/bf715","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46490/bf715","url":null,"abstract":"Methodological aspects of estimating leaf area from gap fraction measurements are discussed. Instead of the common practice of linking in the Beer-Lambert law leaf area index and clumping factor together, the clumping factor and Ross-Nilson geometry function as two structure parameters should be combined into the effective geometry function, which considers both the leaf angle distribution and clumping/regularity of foliage in the expression of the gap fraction of a vegetation layer.\u0000Key words: leaf area index; foliage clumping; gap fraction; LAI-2000; G-function ","PeriodicalId":55404,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Forestry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138616769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}