Experimental Mechanics最新文献_第2页

Study of Thermomechanical Behaviour of Refractory Materials Under Thermal Gradient. Part II—Experimental and Numerical Analysis on the Example of a Shaped Alumina Spinel Refractory

IF 2 3区工程技术

Experimental Mechanics Pub Date : 2025-01-16 DOI: 10.1007/s11340-024-01142-1

R. Kaczmarek, L. Teixeira, M. Mouiya, J.-C. Dupré, P. Doumalin, O. Pop, N. Tessier-Doyen, M. Huger

{"title":"Study of Thermomechanical Behaviour of Refractory Materials Under Thermal Gradient. Part II—Experimental and Numerical Analysis on the Example of a Shaped Alumina Spinel Refractory","authors":"R. Kaczmarek, L. Teixeira, M. Mouiya, J.-C. Dupré, P. Doumalin, O. Pop, N. Tessier-Doyen, M. Huger","doi":"10.1007/s11340-024-01142-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11340-024-01142-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Improving the understanding of how a refractory material responds to thermal shocks and allowing the validation of finite element models require a valuable tool for experimental data collection.</p><h3>Objective</h3><p>This paper presents a comprehensive thermal shock behaviour analysis of an alumina spinel refractory material using the recently developed device in part I.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>Based on real material properties evolving with temperature and on characteristics of the applied laser beam sequence, the Finite Element Method transient heat transfer model has been validated through the experimental displacement/strain/temperature fields obtained with the developed device.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>The experimental evolution of strain and temperature fields at the bottom of the sample during the applied thermal shock testing sequence have been found to be similar to those evaluated by FEM modelling. Three-dimensional evolutions of stress state within the sample during the applied laser sequence leads to thermal bowing of the sample which is identified by both experimental measurements and by FEM modelling. An occurrence of a macrocrack has been clearly detected at a specific laser heating cycle using Two-Part Digital Image Correlation technique.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The innovative approach, presented in these two linked articles, offers a comprehensive understanding of the thermal shock behaviour of a representative refractory material using both numerical simulations and experimental techniques.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":552,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Mechanics","volume":"65 3","pages":"351 - 364"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143554014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Compressive Properties of Aluminium Foam-Filled Square Stainless Steel Tubes With Elliptical and Circular Holes 带椭圆孔和圆孔的泡沫铝填充不锈钢方管的压缩性能

IF 2 3区工程技术

Experimental Mechanics Pub Date : 2025-01-14 DOI: 10.1007/s11340-024-01143-0

M.M. Su, Q.X. Ma, A. Zhang, H. Wang

{"title":"Compressive Properties of Aluminium Foam-Filled Square Stainless Steel Tubes With Elliptical and Circular Holes","authors":"M.M. Su, Q.X. Ma, A. Zhang, H. Wang","doi":"10.1007/s11340-024-01143-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11340-024-01143-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Achieving stable deformation of lightweight thin-walled structures is the goal of the anti-collision energy field. Tube wall perforation and foam filling provide an effective approach for achieving the goal.</p><h3>Objective</h3><p>The objective of this paper is to realize adjustable mechanical properties and deformation of thin-walled tubes by optimizing the perforation shape and rate, the foam filling rate and the pore arrangement.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>The effects of the perforation rate of negative Poisson’s ratio elliptical holes, the regular and staggered arrangement of positive Poisson’s ratio circular holes, and the number of foam filling layers on the mechanical response of stainless steel square tubes were experimentally studied. Additionally, samples with different elliptical distribution positions, foam filling rates, tube wall thicknesses, elliptical hole sizes and foam densities were simulated.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Elliptical holes caused the square tube to exhibit an auxetic effect, while circular holes caused the square tube to protrude outwards. The foam filling alleviated the unstable deformation of the square tubes with circular holes. The distribution of elliptical holes had a great influence on the deformation behaviour. Increasing the thickness of the elliptical hole tube wall and decreasing the thickness of the solid tube wall stabilised the deformation and mechanical properties of the sample. Small elliptical holes and high-density foam can improve the sample properties.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Through structural design, the mechanical properties and deformation behaviour of thin-walled square tubes can be effectively controlled to meet different application requirements.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":552,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Mechanics","volume":"65 3","pages":"307 - 324"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11340-024-01143-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143553878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Investigating De-Bonding Using an Impact Loaded Blister Test

IF 2 3区工程技术

Experimental Mechanics Pub Date : 2025-01-13 DOI: 10.1007/s11340-024-01137-y

S. Devi, V. Parameswaran

{"title":"Investigating De-Bonding Using an Impact Loaded Blister Test","authors":"S. Devi, V. Parameswaran","doi":"10.1007/s11340-024-01137-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11340-024-01137-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>De-bonding is a commonly observed failure in adhesively bonded system under impact loading. Therefore, it is important to understand such failures for properly designing and evaluating the integrity of these systems.</p><h3>Objective</h3><p>An Impact Loaded Blister Test (ILBT) is proposed to investigate de-bonding under impact loading and to obtain the de-bond initiation toughness. Further the Cohesive Zone (CZ) parameters for de-bonding are also determined.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>An adhesively bonded steel-Poly Metha Methyl Acrylate (PMMA) system was used for tests. A polycarbonate (PC) loading bar, impacted by another PC bar, was used to load the PMMA layer and initiate growth of an existing de-bond. From the strain history measured at mid-length of the loading bar, the load and load-point displacement histories were calculated. The critical energy release rate at the instant the de-bond starts to grow was calculated through an axisymmetric analysis. Finite element analysis (FEA) with CZ was carried out and the remaining parameters of CZ were obtained by inverse approach.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>High-speed imaging of the de-bonding processes indicated a circular de-bond growing radially outward. Load-point displacement rate as high as 3.5 m/s was achieved. De-bond growth rate of 115 m/s and de-bond area growth rate of 8 m<sup>2</sup>/s were achieved. CZ parameters obtained through inverse approach were able to accurately predict the debonding observed in experiment.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The ILBT is demonstrated for isotropic material as a promising technique for determining the de-bond toughness and the CZ parameters of adhesively bonded systems under displacement rate comparable to that encountered in impact like situations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":552,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Mechanics","volume":"65 2","pages":"241 - 253"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143513296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Comparison of Hall–Petch Law with an Elastic Limit Identification Method Using Kinematic Field Measurements

IF 2 3区工程技术

Experimental Mechanics Pub Date : 2025-01-07 DOI: 10.1007/s11340-024-01140-3

Q. Hu, A. Beaurain, J. F. Witz, A. El Bartali, D. Najjar

{"title":"Comparison of Hall–Petch Law with an Elastic Limit Identification Method Using Kinematic Field Measurements","authors":"Q. Hu, A. Beaurain, J. F. Witz, A. El Bartali, D. Najjar","doi":"10.1007/s11340-024-01140-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11340-024-01140-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Plastic deformation in polycrystalline metals is highly heterogeneous due to the varied microstructure distribution. Although some traditional laws, such as the Hall–Petch law, describe the relationship between microstructure and yield stress, accurately predicting the initial yield stress (hence elastic limit) related to local plasticity activation remains challenging.</p><h3>Objective</h3><p>This study proposes a novel approach to identify local elastic limits using full-field strain measurements, avoiding complex constitutive models.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>Full-field kinematic measurements were performed on the heat-treated polycrystalline 316L austenitic stainless steel. By examining the different mechanical responses during elastic and plastic deformation, the onset of plasticity activation for each grain is identified from its grain-average strain evolution, allowing further calculation of the grain-scale elastic limit.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Strain field observations indicate early strain localizations, particularly at twin boundaries and triple junctions. Based on microstructures segmented by ordinary grain and twin boundaries, considering and not considering twins, two different local elastic limits are identified.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The average elastic limit for the case considering twins is closer to the value obtained from the macroscopic stress–strain curve. In addition, the statistical analysis of the classified grain sizes reveals a more pronounced Hall–Petch relationship when twins are considered. These results indicate the necessity of considering twins in identifying the local mechanical properties.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":552,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Mechanics","volume":"65 2","pages":"205 - 220"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143513343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bar Testing of Water with Partial Lateral Confinement

IF 2 3区工程技术

Experimental Mechanics Pub Date : 2025-01-07 DOI: 10.1007/s11340-024-01134-1

K.S.O. Li, A. Van Lerberghe, A. D. Barr, A. A. Dennis, S. D. Clarke

{"title":"Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bar Testing of Water with Partial Lateral Confinement","authors":"K.S.O. Li, A. Van Lerberghe, A. D. Barr, A. A. Dennis, S. D. Clarke","doi":"10.1007/s11340-024-01134-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11340-024-01134-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>For the first time, the high-strain-rate behaviour of water is investigated experimentally and validated to LS-DYNA numerical simulations, using Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH).</p><h3>Objective</h3><p>This paper presents the application of a modified split-Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) fitted with a partial lateral confinement apparatus on a water specimen.</p><h3>Method</h3><p>The lateral confinement is provided by a water reservoir surrounding the specimen. A pressure transducer is installed in the reservoir wall to measure lateral stresses, and a dispersion correction algorithm, <span>SHPB_Processing.py</span>, is utilised to obtain accurate measurements of axial and radial stresses and strains.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Experimental results underscore the capability of the modified apparatus to assess triaxial behaviour of water under high-strain rates. Comparisons with numerical modelling reveal that cohesion between water particles is non-existent, highlighting an intrinsic limitation in numerical modelling.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>These results highlight the capability to perform characterisation of fluids under high-strain rates. While limitations in numerical modelling still exist, numerical modelling and experimental testing using the modified apparatus can be applied to characterise fluid behaviour in the future.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":552,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Mechanics","volume":"65 2","pages":"195 - 203"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11340-024-01134-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143513337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

On the Cover: A Novel Method to In-Situ Characterize Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior of Nickel Based Superalloys by Laser Thermography 封面上：一种原位表征镍基高温合金疲劳裂纹扩展行为的激光热成像新方法

IF 2 3区工程技术

Experimental Mechanics Pub Date : 2025-01-07 DOI: 10.1007/s11340-024-01132-3

引用次数: 0

Physics-Informed Neural Network Based Digital Image Correlation Method

IF 2 3区工程技术

Experimental Mechanics Pub Date : 2025-01-07 DOI: 10.1007/s11340-024-01139-w

B. Li, S. Zhou, Q. Ma, S. Ma

{"title":"Physics-Informed Neural Network Based Digital Image Correlation Method","authors":"B. Li, S. Zhou, Q. Ma, S. Ma","doi":"10.1007/s11340-024-01139-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11340-024-01139-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Deep Learning-based Digital Image Correlation (DL-DIC) approaches take advantages such as pixel-wise calculation in a full-automatic manner without user's input and improved accuracy in non-uniform deformation measurements. However, DL-DIC still faces accuracy limitations due to the lack of high-precision real-world training data in supervised-learning methods and the need for smoothing noisy solutions in unsupervised-learning methods.</p><h3>Objective</h3><p>This paper proposes a DIC solution method based on Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINN), called PINN-DIC, to address deformation measurement challenges of current DL-DIC in practical applications.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>PINN-DIC utilizes a fully connected neural network, with regularized spatial coordinate field as input and displacement field as output. It applies the photometric consistency assumption as a physical constraint, using grayscale differences between predicted and actual deformed images to construct a loss function for iterative optimization of the displacement field. Additionally, a warm-up stage is designed to assist in iterative optimization, allowing PINN-DIC to achieve high accuracy in analyzing both uniform and non-uniform displacement fields.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>PINN-DIC, validated through simulations and real experiments, not only maintained the advantages of other DL-DIC methods but also demonstrated superior performance in achieving higher accuracy than conventional unsupervised DIC and handling irregular boundaries with adjusting the input coordinate field.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>PINN-DIC is an unsupervised method that takes a regularized coordinate field (instead of speckle images) as input and achieves higher accuracy in deformation field results with a simple network. It introduces a novel approach to DL-DIC, enhancing performance in complex measurement scenarios.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":552,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Mechanics","volume":"65 2","pages":"221 - 240"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143513336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Editorial: Message from the Incoming Editor-in-Chief 社论：来自即将上任的总编辑的信息

IF 2 3区工程技术

Experimental Mechanics Pub Date : 2025-01-03 DOI: 10.1007/s11340-024-01133-2

J. Wang

引用次数: 0

Research on a New Exponential Function Weighted Averaging Method Used for Full-Gradient Strain Measurement of DIC

IF 2 3区工程技术

Experimental Mechanics Pub Date : 2024-12-10 DOI: 10.1007/s11340-024-01125-2

X. Song, C. Zhou, K. Xiong

{"title":"Research on a New Exponential Function Weighted Averaging Method Used for Full-Gradient Strain Measurement of DIC","authors":"X. Song, C. Zhou, K. Xiong","doi":"10.1007/s11340-024-01125-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11340-024-01125-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>In the implementation of Digital Image Correlation (DIC), several post-processing methods have been developed to calculate reliable strain field. Nevertheless, achieving effective and easy-to-implement strain measurement for full-gradient strain fields continues to be a challenge.</p><h3>Objective</h3><p>The widely used pointwise least square (PLS) method is hard to get a balance between smoothing and accuracy when dealing with different deformation fields. A large strain calculation window may lead to over-smoothing, whereas a small strain calculation window may be insufficient to suppress noise.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>A new exponential function and the exponential function weighted averaging (EFWA) method are proposed. The shape of the exponential function can be either sharp-topped or flat-topped, allowing the EFWA method to either preserve or smooth the original strain results. A straightforward and effective selection strategy for parameters of the exponential function is also provided, enabling the EFWA method to achieve self-adaptive post-processing.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>The calculation examples of synthetic images indicate that, the proposed EFWA method can consistently yield high measurement accuracy for unidirectional and multi-directional complex deformation fields and exhibits superior spatial resolution compared to the PLS method. The minimum Metrological Efficiency Indicator (MEI) value for the EFWA method is 1.72, compared to 4.67 for original results and 5.10 for the PLS method. The results of a tensile experiment carried out on an open-hole specimen indicate that, after the EFWA method is implemented, the strain results in areas away from the hole are effectively smoothed and the strain results in areas around the hole are preserved.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The proposed EFWA method can achieve effective and easy-to-implement strain measurement for full-gradient strain fields.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":552,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Mechanics","volume":"65 2","pages":"177 - 194"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143513150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Characterization of Environmental Stress Cracking in Polymers Through a Modified Bent Strip Test Method 用改进弯条试验方法表征聚合物的环境应力开裂

IF 2 3区工程技术

Experimental Mechanics Pub Date : 2024-12-09 DOI: 10.1007/s11340-024-01129-y

Y. Zhang, L. Wu, B. Jar, X. Xing

{"title":"Characterization of Environmental Stress Cracking in Polymers Through a Modified Bent Strip Test Method","authors":"Y. Zhang, L. Wu, B. Jar, X. Xing","doi":"10.1007/s11340-024-01129-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11340-024-01129-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>The environmental stress cracking resistance (ESCR) of polymers is characterized most conveniently by the bent strip method standardized as ASTM D1693. The method has, however, suffered from poor reproducibility of the ESCR results.</p><h3>Objective</h3><p>In this study we propose modifications on the standardized method to reduce the variability of the ESCR results.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>The notch is introduced to the specimens with the aid of automate testing machine instead of manual notching. The proposed method is then applied for a systematic investigation on the influence notch offset distance, notch inclination angle, notch depth on the environmental stress cracking behavior of polyethylene material.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>The results reveal interesting phenomenon that crack initiation occurs at the interior point between the endpoint and the middle of the notch, instead of at the middle point of the notch, where the maximum stress or strain is located. Finite element simulation has been conducted to elucidate root cause of this phenomenon. It has been found that the crack initiates at a point that is very close to the position of the maximum stress triaxiality, although the crack initiation position shifts slightly toward the position of the maximum stress or strain.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>As a result, the crack initiation is controlled by the stress, strain and stress triaxiality, but stress triaxiality plays a dominant role in the initiation of environmental stress cracking.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":552,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Mechanics","volume":"65 1","pages":"157 - 173"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142994697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0