Folia Parasitologica最新文献

{"title":"Thorny-headed worms (Acanthocephala) of the Patagonian blennie Eleginops maclovinus (Cuvier) from northern Patagonia, Argentina.","authors":"Maite Aneley Barrena, Jesus Servando Hernandez-Orts","doi":"10.14411/fp.2025.030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14411/fp.2025.030","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We report the fauna of the Acanthocephala of 120 Patagonian blennies Eleginops maclovinus (Cuvier) from northern Patagonia, Argentina. A total of 535 acanthocephalans belonging to five species were collected and identified using light microscopy. Juvenile and adult forms were only observed for Hypoechinorhynchus magellanicus Szidat, 1950 (Arhythmacanthidae). Juvenile forms of Corynosoma australe Johnston, 1937, Corynosoma cetaceum Johnston et Best, 1942 and Corynosoma shackletoni Zdzitowiecki, 1978 (Polymorphidae) were found encapsulated in the mesenteries. Juveniles of Profilicollis chasmagnathi (Holcman-Spector, Mañé-Garzón et Dei-Cas, 1977) (Polymorphidae) were found free in the intestines of the fish. Hypoechinorhynchus magellanicus was the most abundant acanthocephalan in our study, accounting for 48.4% of all specimens collected, followed by C. australe (33.5%). The Patagonian blennie represents a new host record for four species (C. australe, C. cetaceum, C. shackletoni and P. chasmagnathi). The northern Patagonia in Argentina is a novel locality record for C. shackletoni. This survey improves our knowledge of life cycles and geographical distribution of zoonotic marine acanthocephalans with potential risk to humans and companion animals.</p>","PeriodicalId":55154,"journal":{"name":"Folia Parasitologica","volume":"72 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145566203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First genetic characterisation and phylogenetic analysis of Trichomonadida from Gallus gallus domesticus (Aves: Phasianidae) and its nematode parasite Heterakis gallinarum (Ascaridida: Heterakidae) in Tunisia.","authors":"Sarra Farjallah, Paolo Merella, Abdulaziz Nasser Alagaili, Nabil Amor","doi":"10.14411/fp.2025.029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14411/fp.2025.029","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Flagellated protozoa of the order Trichomonadida infect a variety of vertebrates, including poultry such as Gallus gallus domesticus (Linnaeus). Several trichomonad pathogens are of significant veterinary importance due to their role in diseases that cause high mortality rates in chickens. Despite the importance of Trichomonadida in poultry health, molecular studies on these protozoa in North Africa are limited. This study addresses this gap by investigating the genetic diversity and evolutionary relationships of Trichomonadida isolated from G. gallus domesticus and its nematode parasite Heterakis gallinarum (Schrank, 1788) in Tunisia, using a multilocus molecular approach with 18S rRNA and α-actinin 1 genes. Based on both markers, all Tunisian haplotypes, which clustered with those from France, were found to belong to genotype2. 18S rRNA analysis revealed the existence of protozoans such as Histomonas meleagridis (Smith, 1895) and Parahistomonas wenrichi Lund, 1963 in coinfection with H. gallinarum, confirming a possible mixed infection. Additionally, when analysing caecal samples, other Trichomonadida species were identified, including Simplicimonas sp. and Tetratrichomonas gallinarum (Martin et Robertson, 1911). These findings suggest a complex protozoan community within the studied hosts. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a close relationship between H. meleagridis and P. wenrichi, as well as between Simplicimonas sp. and the Monoceromonas-Tritrichomonas group. Both H. meleagridis genotypes 1 and 2 exhibited a sister-group relationship with P. wenrichi, with strong support for a common evolutionary origin. Tetratrichomonas gallinarum was basal in the tree, suggesting early divergence in the Trichomonadida lineage. This study provides, for the first time, insights into the genetic diversity of trichomonadids in Tunisia. The 18S rDNA locus proved to be effective for assessing the genetic diversity of H. meleagridis, P. wenrichi, T. gallinarum and Simplicimonas sp. and showed a possible mixed infection. The findings provide valuable insights into the genetic characteristics of these parasites in Tunisian poultry farms and contribute to the understanding of Trichomonadida diversity, enhancing disease control and prevention efforts.</p>","PeriodicalId":55154,"journal":{"name":"Folia Parasitologica","volume":"72 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145336693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A new species of Pseudoacanthocephalus (Acanthocephala: Pseudoacanthocephalidae) from Sado Island, Japan, with a report of its accidental occurrence in a marine elasmobranch.","authors":"Yuki Kita, Masato Nitta, Harue Abe, Shigen Kaburagi, Takeshi Fujita, Kenji Toyota, Yusuke Kondo, Hiroshi Kajihara","doi":"10.14411/fp.2025.028","DOIUrl":"10.14411/fp.2025.028","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Three species of amphibian-parasitic acanthocephalans belonging to the genus Pseudoacanthocephalus Petrochenko, 1958 have been recorded in Japan. However, only a limited number of localities have been surveyed, and the distribution of these congeners across other regions of Japan remains unclear. In this study, acanthocephalans of the genus Pseudoacanthocephalus were recovered from both definitive (Rana ornativentris Werner - type host, and Zhangixalus arboreus [Okada et Kawano]) and accidental hosts (Scyliorhinus torazame [Tanaka]) from Sado Island, Japan. Morphological analyses indicate that those specimens represent a new species, Pseudoacanthocephalus sadoensis sp. n., which may be endemic to the island. Additionally, our report of the incidental occurrence of this species in a marine elasmobranch represents the first documented case of a Pseudoacanthocephalus species found in a marine host.</p>","PeriodicalId":55154,"journal":{"name":"Folia Parasitologica","volume":"72 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145071285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intraspecific variation in the caudal papillae of Raphidascaris mundeswariensis (Nematoda: Raphidascarididae) from gobiiform fishes in eastern India.","authors":"Bhairab Kumar Patra, Anindo Choudhury, Jit Marick, Roshmi Biswas, Anirban Ash","doi":"10.14411/fp.2025.027","DOIUrl":"10.14411/fp.2025.027","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The morphological variation of the nematode Raphidascaris mundeswariensis Patra, Choudhury, Thorn et Ash, 2021 in four fish hosts, Apocryptes bato (Hamilton), Glossogobius giuris (Hamilton), Taenioides cirratus (Blyth) and Eleotris lutea (Day), from the Mundeswari River of West Bengal, India, was studied. Partial sequences of the 28S rRNA and COI gene were generated to verify the conspecificity of these isolates while evaluating host-related variation in these samples. Little to no genetic variation was found among isolates from the different hosts and all were identified as R. mundeswariensis. However, subtle differences were found in the morphology among specimens of R. mundeswariensis from the four different hosts, mainly the number of caudal papillae and spicule length. The difference in the nematode morphology from various fish species can be a case of host-induced morphological variation which may enhance the adaptive capabilities of these helminths to parasitise a wide range of hosts. The present study raises questions about the use of the number of caudal papillae as an important taxonomic character in this species and other related nematodes. The results from this study also highlight the importance of examining as many specimens as possible from different hosts in the same localities to cover the range of intraspecific variation.</p>","PeriodicalId":55154,"journal":{"name":"Folia Parasitologica","volume":"72 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145071230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxoplasma gondii and suicidal behaviour: discovery, cross-diagnostic confirmation and pathway exploration.","authors":"Teodor T Postolache","doi":"10.14411/fp.2025.025","DOIUrl":"10.14411/fp.2025.025","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Our team's discovery of the link between chronic \"latent\" infection with Toxoplasma gondii (Nicolle et Manceaux, 1908) and suicidal behaviour, and our subsequent cross-diagnostic confirmatory work and mechanistic extensions, evolved from our neuroimmunology studies on affective and behavioural dysregulation exacerbated by allergic sensitisation and allergen exposure. Another root was studying behavioural changes and cytokine gene expression in the brain of rodents sensitised and exposed to aeroallergens. We \"piggy-backed\" our project funded to study coupling between aeroallergen sensitisation and exposure in patients with recurrent mood disorders, by measuring Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) antibodies in existing samples, and found associations between IgG serointensity and past suicide attempts. Successively, we then reported significant associations between T. gondii seropositivity and/or serointensity and suicidal behaviour in patients with schizophrenia in Germany, recent attempters in Sweden, and longitudinally in a cohort of Danish mothers. In the Danish mothers the exposure to T. gondii preceded self-directed harm and violent suicide attempts; the association was stronger with higher serointensity strata demonstrating a dose-effect. Furthermore, we identified links between T. gondii IgG and suicide endophenotypes of aggression and impulsivity in both individuals with no history of mental illness, and in patients with Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED). We also found associations between T. gondii and risk factors of suicidal behaviour such as hopelessness and anhedonia in the Amish, depressive symptoms in pregnant women and women Veterans, frailty in older adults, and cognitive deficits in patients with bipolar disorder. Recently, we reported positive associations between T. gondii IgG serointensity with suicidal ideation, impulsivity, depression scores, and daytime dysfunction due to sleep problems in US Veterans who previously attempted suicide. Toxoplasma gondii emerged rather unexpectedly and then took over a considerable proportion of our neuroimmune research portfolio. It satisfied both intellectual appetites, and brought celebrations of discovery, with three systematic reviews and meta-analyses published to date, and a substantial majority of primary articles confirming our initial observations. Toxoplasma gondii also brought considerable frustrations, such as initial grant application setbacks, inability to completely demonstrate causality and, so far, prophylactic and therapeutic impotence for mental health applications in general. While we do not have, as of today, effective and safe treatments for chronic toxoplasmosis with demonstrated mental health benefits in immunocompetent hosts, there are reasons to be optimistic regarding future discoveries. These may include vaccines, novel medications using in silico exploration with biological confirmation, trials of reactivation prevention, as well as identification and target","PeriodicalId":55154,"journal":{"name":"Folia Parasitologica","volume":"72 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145024868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Massive, disseminated and lethal cysticercosis caused by Taenia crassiceps (Cestoda) in captive western grey bamboo lemur (Hapalemur occidentalis Rumpler) in Zoo in the Czech Republic.","authors":"Jana Jezkova, Veronika Zikmundova, Pavla Prihodova, Frantisek Kostka, Bohumil Sak, Martin Kvac-","doi":"10.14411/fp.2025.026","DOIUrl":"10.14411/fp.2025.026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Taenia crassiceps (Zeder, 1800), a zoonotic cestode with a wide geographical distribution, utilises canids as definitive hosts and small rodents as intermediate hosts. However, accidental infections in non-human primates, particularly in captive lemurs, have been increasingly documented. In this case report, we describe the first documented case of cysticercosis caused by the larval stage of T. crassiceps (metacestode; also known as Cysticercus longicollis Rudolphi, 1819) in a captive western grey bamboo lemur (Hapalemur occidentalis Rumpler). The affected female lemur showed progressive abdominal distension over a period of two months, which initially indicated pregnancy. At necropsy, multiple thin-walled metacestodes were discovered throughout the abdominal and thoracic cavities, including a large polycystic mass involving the liver and peritoneum. Histopathological analysis revealed larval cestodes with armed (hook-bearing) scoleces embedded in vascularised stromal tissue, accompanied by marked eosinophilic and macrophage infiltration and focal necrosis, particularly in the lungs. Morphological and molecular identification based on COI gene sequencing confirmed the presence of T. crassiceps. Despite extensive parasitological investigations, no definitive host excreting T. crassiceps eggs was found in the zoological facility where the lemur was kept. These results emphasise the possibility of indirect environmental transmission and highlight the susceptibility of lemurs as atypical intermediate hosts. This case confirms previous reports of lethal cysticercosis in lemurs, which is often characterised by rapid systemic spread of metacestodes. Our findings also emphasise the need for increased awareness and preventive measures to reduce the risk of parasite infections in vulnerable captive primates.</p>","PeriodicalId":55154,"journal":{"name":"Folia Parasitologica","volume":"72 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145024822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between type-2 diabetes and Toxoplasma gondii seropositivity: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Ashley Catchpole, Brinley N Zabriskie, Bradley Embley, Hannah Kharazi, Rachelle Clarke, Grace Templeton, Christopher Hunt, Shawn D Gale, Dawson W Hedges","doi":"10.14411/fp.2025.024","DOIUrl":"10.14411/fp.2025.024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A metabolic disease resulting in elevated blood glucose levels, type-2 diabetes affects approximately 462 million people globally. Although its prevalence appears to be increasing, type-2 diabetes has been associated with various potentially preventable risk factors, including infectious diseases. The protozoal infection with Toxoplasma gondii (Nicolle et Manceaux, 1908) has been associated with type-2 diabetes in two previous meta-analyses. Since the publication of the last meta-analysis supporting an association between type-2 diabetes and T. gondii, several new primary studies have investigated this association. In this meta-analysis, we sought to further characterise the association between type-2 diabetes and T. gondii. We identified primary studies using PubMed, Embase, Scopus and Web of Science. Twenty-five studies met our inclusion criteria for a total of 4,639 patients with type-2 diabetes and 3,492 controls. Eighteen primary studies found a positive association between type-2 diabetes and T. gondii, whereas seven did not. Using a frequentist random-effects meta-analysis model, we found an overall summary odds ratio of 2.77 (95-percent confidence interval: 2.03-3.76), suggesting that the odds people will have type-2 diabetes is 2.7 times higher for people seropositive for T. gondii. Future studies should investigate this association in additional geographical regions and explore whether this association is due to the immunosuppressive effects of type-2 diabetes or whether T. gondii directly or indirectly affects glucose metabolism, or both.</p>","PeriodicalId":55154,"journal":{"name":"Folia Parasitologica","volume":"72 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145002046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Description of a new Neotropical species of Mathevotaenia (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae), a parasite of the Virginia opossum Didelphis virginiana.","authors":"Diana Coronado-Morones, Jesus Alonso Panti-May, Gerardo Torres-Carrera, Luis Garcia-Prieto","doi":"10.14411/fp.2025.023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14411/fp.2025.023","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The cestodes of the genus Mathevotaenia Akhumyan, 1946, are parasites of mammals, although some species also occur in reptiles. The genus comprises 61 species distributed worldwide, 25 of which occur in the American continent. During a collection of mammals in Yucatán, Mexico, six specimens of a cestode belonging to Mathevotaenia were found in the Virginia opossum Didelphis virginiana Kerr. The aim of this study is to morphologically describe these specimens, which represent a new species, and to evaluate their phylogenetic position within the Anoplocephalidae, based on cox1, 28S rDNA and ITS sequences. The new species is distinguished from its congeners by the combination of the following characters: a high number of ovarian lobes, comparable only with Mathevotaenia wallacei (Chandler, 1952), and a body proper size similar to that of M. diminuta Navone, 1988, M. oklahomensis (Peery, 1939) and M. brasiliensis Kugi et Sawada, 1970.</p>","PeriodicalId":55154,"journal":{"name":"Folia Parasitologica","volume":"72 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144762399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of Ixodes ricinus and possible hybrids of I. ricinus and I. inopinatus on the edible dormouse in a Central European woodland.","authors":"Karolina Simurdova, Ludek Zurek, Ondrej Danek, Pavlina Paclikova, Eva Noskova, David Modry, Igor Magal, Peter Adamik","doi":"10.14411/fp.2025.022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14411/fp.2025.022","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ixodes inopinatus Estrada-Peña, Nava et Petney, 2014 was described in 2014 from the Iberian Peninsula and later reported from Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Germany, Austria and Romania. However, recent studies raised serious doubts about the presence of I. inopinatus in Central Europe and reported hybridisation between the Ixodes ricinus (Linnaeus, 1758) and I. inopinatus. In this study, we selected a locally common rodent host, the edible dormouse Glis glis (Linnaeus) (Rodentia: Gliridae), to study the prevalence of these two tick species and their hybrids in a Central European woodland. The TROSPA nuclear gene and the COI mitochondrial gene were used for tick identification. Overall, 581 dormice were screened and 383 I. ricinus, 17 I. ricinus/inopinatus hybrids and no I. inopinatus were found. Co-infection of I. ricinus and hybrids was found on 11 dormice with the overall prevalence of I. ricinus 28.8% and hybrids 2.5%. Seasonal occurrence of I. ricinus and hybrids reached a peak in August. Edible dormouse males were more frequently infected than females and larvae of both tick taxa greatly outnumbered the nymphs. Detection of a large number of hybrid larvae on this mammal host demonstrates that tick hybridisation likely occurs further north and outside the originally described distribution range of I. inopinatus.</p>","PeriodicalId":55154,"journal":{"name":"Folia Parasitologica","volume":"72 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144692508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chronic inflammation in pregnant women with latent toxoplasmosis and explanation of discordant results of serological tests for toxoplasmosis.","authors":"Jana Ullmann, Jaroslav Flegr, Kamila Nouzova, Josef Vcelak, Sarka Kankova","doi":"10.14411/fp.2025.021","DOIUrl":"10.14411/fp.2025.021","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Toxoplasma gondii (Nicolle et Manceaux, 1908), an intracellular parasite that causes toxoplasmosis, infects a third of the human population. Latent toxoplasmosis has been linked to altered immune responses, including elevated proinflammatory cytokines. In early pregnancy, the immune system adapts to balance inflammation and foetal tolerance. This study assessed whether pregnant women in the first trimester infected with Toxoplasma gondii have different cytokine levels than uninfected women. This study also examined whether women with discordant test results for toxoplasmosis represent a distinct group or a mixed group composed of infected women with unusually low levels of anti-Toxoplasma antibodies and uninfected women with high levels of cross-reacting antibodies. We measured 18 cytokines (IL-1β, IL-1ra, IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-17A, Eotaxin, FGF basic, G-CSF, IFN-γ, IP-10, MCP-1, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, PDGF-BB, RANTES, TNF-α) in 78 pregnant women, classified as Toxoplasma-positive, Toxoplasma-negative or Toxoplasma-discordant (negative by IgG ELISA, positive by complement fixation test [CFT]). Using exploratory factor analysis, we identified two factors, the first explaining 29.6% and the second 24.9% of the total variability in cytokine concentrations. Toxoplasma-positive women scored significantly higher in the second factor, primarily associated with cytokines linked to Th1-driven inflammation and cellular immunity. Specifically, these women exhibited elevated levels of IL-1β, IL-1ra, IL-2, FGF basic and PDGF-BB compared to Toxoplasma-negative women. This finding suggests that pregnant women with latent toxoplasmosis experience some degree of chronic inflammation. Additionally, our results indicate that Toxoplasma-discordant women are likely Toxoplasma-negative individuals with detectable anti-Toxoplasma IgM antibodies. However, as this study focused on pregnant women, further research is necessary to validate these conclusions in broader populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":55154,"journal":{"name":"Folia Parasitologica","volume":"72 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144692519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}