Genetica最新文献

{"title":"Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the monosaccharide transporter (MST) gene family in response to exogenous sugar in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).","authors":"Jun Zhang, Bo Zhang, Shuang Zhou, Wenzhong Tian, Rong Zhang, Yiren Chen, Binbin Guo, Chao Ma","doi":"10.1007/s10709-026-00257-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10709-026-00257-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Carbohydrates function as both energy sources and signaling molecules in various critical physiological processes. Monosaccharide transporters (MSTs) are a class of membrane-bound carrier proteins in crops that mediate the transmembrane transport of monosaccharides, thereby playing a central role in crop growth and development, resource allocation, and responses to environmental stimuli. In this study, a total of 200 MST family genes were identified in wheat and categorized into seven subfamilies. Twenty conserved motifs were detected within the TaMST family, with each subfamily exhibiting similar conserved motif patterns. The TaMST gene family was evenly distributed across the three wheat subgenomes, with both segmental and tandem duplications contributing to gene family expansion. The TaMST gene family was found to contain numerous cis-regulatory elements associated with growth and development, hormone signaling, and abiotic stress responses. Expression analysis revealed that most TaMSTs were expressed at low levels in wheat grains, whereas 69, 66, 67, and 64 genes exhibited high expression levels in leaves, buds, roots, and spikes, respectively. Following exogenous sugar treatments, the expression of all TaMSTs in roots was down-regulated, while 4, 2, and 3 genes showed up-regulated expression in leaves after treatment with fructose, glucose, and sucrose, respectively. Subcellular localization analysis demonstrated that TaERD3, TaPMT29, and TaSTP18 were all localized to the cell membrane. These findings suggest that MSTs play essential roles not only in wheat organ development but also in the perception and response to sugar signaling. Taken together, these results demonstrate that MST genes not only play crucial roles in the development of different wheat organs but also contribute significantly to abiotic stress responses, and are involved in the perception and response to sugar signaling under exogenous sugar treatments. This study provides a valuable foundation for further in-depth investigations into the functional diversification of the MST gene family in wheat.</p>","PeriodicalId":55121,"journal":{"name":"Genetica","volume":"154 1","pages":"8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146013220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Caloric density alters meiotic recombination rate in Drosophila melanogaster.","authors":"Taylor E Novak, Natalia Rivera-Rincón, Cassidy Schneider, Emma Saurette, Charles D Barnette, Laurie S Stevison","doi":"10.1007/s10709-025-00255-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10709-025-00255-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Plasticity in meiotic recombination is a well-documented phenomenon with an unknown mechanism. Recent studies have shown variation in the magnitude and direction of plasticity with a putative connection to organismal stress. Though there have been many factors shown to contribute to recombination rate plasticity, dietary manipulations are understudied. Here we manipulated caloric density, which is known to contribute to well-known life-history trade-offs, to determine if it altered meiotic recombination rates. To investigate the role of genetic background, we selected two stocks from the Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel (DGRP) with varying susceptibility to starvation stress. We found that overall recombination rates increased as calories decreased consistent with previous dietary plasticity studies in Drosophila. Specifically, while neither 0.5x nor 2x were significantly different from the standard 1x diet, we found significant post hoc differences between the low-calorie (0.5x) versus the high-calorie (2x) dietary treatments in the strain DGRP_42 but not in DGRP_217, confirming the predicted increased sensitivity of DGRP_42 to starvation stress based on prior studies. In addition to measuring changes in crossover frequency and distribution, we also investigated various organismal reproductive and physiological traits. We found significant changes in female body mass, the number of oocytes in female ovaries, and male testis length due to both diet and genetic background. We also noted significant differences in DNA damage during oogenesis via TUNEL assay. Examination of ovarian gene expression confirmed that the strain that had plasticity in recombination (DGRP_42) also had 20x more differentially expressed genes between dietary treatments. Despite diet typically eliciting a tradeoff whereby dietary restriction increases lifespan, here we saw evidence that DGRP_42 did not experience benefits from low-calorie treatment, with evidence of stress response and increased DNA damage, which suggests plasticity in recombination is due to stress. Overall, our study provides additional support for the negative relationship between metabolism and recombination rate, differences between genetic backgrounds, and a connection between organismal traits and plasticity in meiotic recombination.</p>","PeriodicalId":55121,"journal":{"name":"Genetica","volume":"154 1","pages":"7"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12811279/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145991682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Signatures of high-altitude adaptation in Caucasus populations: evidence from the EGLN1-SPRTN locus.","authors":"Murat A Dzhaubermezov, Natalia V Ekomasova, Askar A Akhmetshin, Biyaslan Kh Atabiev, Ongar S Chagarov, Liliya R Gabidullina, Zemfira R Sufyanova, Yuliya Yu Fedorova, Alfiia Kh Nurgalieva, Darya S Prokofyeva, Ismail A Miziev, Nikolay N Chekanov, Elza K Khusnutdinova","doi":"10.1007/s10709-026-00259-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10709-026-00259-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>High-altitude hypoxia refers to the state of reduced oxygen availability experienced at high elevations, which poses significant physiological challenges. Genetic adaptations to this condition involve mutations in various genes that regulate oxygen sensing, erythropoiesis, and metabolic processes, enabling populations indigenous to high-altitude regions to maintain adequate tissue oxygenation and metabolic function under chronic hypoxic conditions. The aim of the study was to investigate the 1q42.2 region in populations of the Caucasus to identify alleles that may contribute to evolutionary adaptation. We studied a ~ 700 kb region within the 1q42.2 locus in Caucasus populations using the integrated selection of alleles favored by evolution (iSAFE) method. The study included 308 individuals from five ethnic groups inhabiting the high-altitude regions of the North Caucasus (Balkars, Ingush, Karachays, and Chechens) and the South Caucasus (Armenians). Whole-genome sequencing of the samples was performed on the DNBSEQ-T7 platform. The genomic region chr1:231046413–231,737,003 (GRCh38.p14) was selected due to its established role in high-altitude adaptation across various global populations. In the Balkar population, out of 120 informative variants analysed, 54 (45%) exceeded the iSAFE significance threshold of 0.1. Seven of these variants reached the maximum observed iSAFE score of 0.219, representing the strongest and most widespread signal of positive selection in this cohort. A similar pattern was observed in the Karachay population. Of the 123 informative variants analysed, 74 (60%) surpassed the threshold, with five variants sharing the highest score of 0.206. In contrast, the Ingush and Armenian cohorts each exhibited a single top-scoring candidate variant within the EGLN1 gene. In the Ingush population, 50 out of 79 informative variants exceeded the threshold, with the top variant scoring 0.182. Among Armenians, 36 of 80 variants passed the threshold, and the maximum iSAFE score was 0.193. Conversely, evidence for positive selection at this locus was minimal in the Chechen population. Although 152 informative variants were included in the analysis, only a single variant yielded an iSAFE score (0.105) that marginally exceeded the 0.1 threshold.</p>","PeriodicalId":55121,"journal":{"name":"Genetica","volume":"154 1","pages":"6"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145991908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Master of none: GPRC6A gene loss is more widespread than previously known.","authors":"Saumya Gupta, Ajinkya Bharatraj Patil, Aswin S Soman, Nagarjun Vijay","doi":"10.1007/s10709-026-00258-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10709-026-00258-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>GPRC6A encodes a class C GPCR that can be activated by multiple ligands and potentially acts as a central regulator of diverse metabolic processes by modulating endocrine pathways. Experimental studies have reported numerous distinct functions for GPRC6A, suggesting it may be a key drug target for several metabolic disorders. Yet, the actual function of GPRC6A has been the focus of considerable debate due to contradictory results and the prevalence of loss-of-function mutations in human populations, leading to the perception of GPRC6A as a \"Master of none\". Interestingly, a genome-wide screen for gene loss events in vertebrate species identified the disruption of the GPRC6A gene in toothed whales, in contrast to widespread conservation in the closely related Bovidae family. We employ a synteny-informed comparative genomic approach to demonstrate that the loss of the GPRC6A gene among mammalian species is more widespread than previously reported, encompassing the entire Bovidae group within Artiodactyla and other fully aquatic mammals, including those belonging to Sirenia. An in-depth search of the genomes and short and long-read sequencing datasets of monotremes, hystricomorphs, rhinolophoid bats, pika, koala, and two shrews (white-toothed pygmy shrew and Asian house shrew) reveals at least nine independent GPRC6A gene loss events in vertebrates, highlighting its lineage-specific dispensability and raising questions regarding its ubiquitous functionality. The evolutionary loss of GPRC6A likely represents a lineage-specific response to specialised diets and ecological niches, reshaping metabolic regulation and taste perception and illuminating how niche specialisation influences gene retention or loss within the GPCR landscape across species.</p>","PeriodicalId":55121,"journal":{"name":"Genetica","volume":"154 1","pages":"5"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145991906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genome-wide exploration of 2OGD superfamily in Raphanus sativus: unveiling two ANS genes as key players in anthocyanin biosynthesis.","authors":"Tongjin Liu, Yangyang Xu, Qunxiang Cui, Lu Zhou, Changyi Wang, Qiuyan Ban","doi":"10.1007/s10709-025-00254-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10709-025-00254-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase (2OGD) superfamily is critical for plant primary and secondary metabolism, but its evolutionary dynamics in radish (Raphanus sativus L.) remain uncharacterized. This study identified 165 radish 2OGD members with distinct physicochemical properties, including amino acid lengths ranging from 122 to 546, molecular weights from 13.1 to 60.1 kDa, and predominant subcellular localizations in the cytoplasm, nucleus, and chloroplast. Phylogenetic analysis clustered these 2OGD genes into 20 clades, functionally categorized into groups involved in hormone metabolism, flavonoid biosynthesis, and specialized metabolite synthesis. Chromosomal localization revealed uneven distribution across 9 chromosomes, with 89 pairs of segmental duplicates and significant syntenic relationships with Arabidopsis 2OGD genes, indicating expansion via gene duplication. Two ANS homologs, RsANS1 and RsANS2, in the LDOX clade were highly expressed in red radish taproots, their overexpression in Arabidopsis enhanced anthocyanin content.​ This study clarifies the evolutionary dynamics of the radish 2OGD superfamily, confirms the role RsANS1 and RsANS2 in anthocyanin biosynthesis, and lays a foundation for investigating the functions of 2OGD genes in regulating metabolite diversification and phenotypic development in radish.</p>","PeriodicalId":55121,"journal":{"name":"Genetica","volume":"154 1","pages":"4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145716778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A mitogenomic phylogenetic analysis of the Japanese Plestiodon species (Scincidae, Squamata) clarifies a mito-nuclear discordance caused by a past long distance dispersal.","authors":"Taku Okamoto, Kota Okamoto, Takumi Yamamoto, Shan-Dar Tao, Kazuki Kurita, Mamoru Toda","doi":"10.1007/s10709-025-00253-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10709-025-00253-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The whole mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) excluding the control region were sequenced for 42 samples of the ten species of scincid lizards of the genus Plestiodon occurring in Japan, and the mitochondrial genealogy of the East Asian Plestiodon was reconstructed on the basis of the mitogenomic dataset. A comparison with a species phylogeny based on five nuclear DNA fragments revealed that P. latiscutatus, a species distributed on the Izu Peninsula of the Japanese Main Islands, was a sister to the clade consisting of P. japonicus and P. finitimus, species occurring in the remaining parts of the Main Island in the species phylogeny, whereas the former species was a sister to the P. capito group occurring in continental China in the mitogenomic phylogeny. A tree reconciliation analysis of the species and the mitochondrial phylogenies revealed horizontal transfer of mitochondria, suggesting that the position of P. latiscutatus was caused by past introgression of mtDNA from the ancestral P. capito group to the ancestral P. latiscutatus. This further suggests a past long-distance dispersal of the skink from the Eurasian continent to the Izu Peninsula and Izu Islands beyond the western part of the Japanese Main Islands in the Miocene.</p>","PeriodicalId":55121,"journal":{"name":"Genetica","volume":"154 1","pages":"3"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145702977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the actin gene family in soybean (Glycine max).","authors":"Yongwang Sun, Xinyan Zhao, Yujie Gong, Zhaoming Qi","doi":"10.1007/s10709-025-00252-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10709-025-00252-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Actin, one of the most highly conserved and ubiquitous proteins found in all eukaryotes, serves as the primary component of microfilaments. These cytoskeletal elements provide structural support to cells while actively regulating diverse biological processes. Despite the agricultural significance of soybean (Glycine max) as a global legume crop, systematic characterization of its actin gene family remains unexplored. Through comprehensive bioinformatic analysis, we identified 18 soybean actin genes (designated GmACT1-GmACT18) unevenly distributed across 13 of the 20 soybean chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis classified these genes into five distinct subclasses, with members within each subclass sharing conserved gene structures and protein sequences. All GmACT genes encode predicted polypeptides of 377 amino acids, which display pairwise sequence similarities exceeding 93.10%. Promoter analysis identified many cis-acting elements regulating hormonal and stress responses, underscoring their vital roles in growth and environmental adaptation. Genome synteny analysis identified 29 paralogous GmACT gene pairs, with calculated Ka/Ks ratios (< 0.04) indicating robust purifying selection during gene family expansion. Sequence alignment identified 36 amino acid substitutions among GmACT proteins, including 25 subclass-specific residues that may lead to divergence in biochemical properties. Transcriptome analysis identified distinct spatiotemporal expression patterns, among which GmACT1, 4, 9, 15, and 16 showed consistently high expression not only in all organs and tissues but also under diverse biotic and abiotic stresses, demonstrating their robust and stable expression profile. This constitutive expression suggests these genes are excellent candidates for use as internal controls in gene expression studies. Several GmACT members exhibited stress-responsive expression patterns, implying specialized roles in abiotic/biotic stress adaptation. This systematic investigation establishes fundamental insights into soybean actin genes, laying crucial groundwork for their future functional studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":55121,"journal":{"name":"Genetica","volume":"154 1","pages":"2"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145670905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic and genomic resources of Santalum album: past achievements and future prospects.","authors":"K Rajarajan, Meenakshi Jadhav, Ambika Rajendran, A Arunachalam, A K Handa","doi":"10.1007/s10709-025-00251-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10709-025-00251-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Santalum album L. (Sandalwood) is a commercially and medicinally significant tree species native to India and is widely distributed across Asia and Australia. Valued for its high-quality heartwood and essential oil, sandalwood plays a vital role in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and cultural industries. India contributes to more than 85% of global production, but natural populations have sharply declined due to overexploitation, habitat loss, and disease pressures. Recent genomic advancements, including chromosome-level genome assembly, transcriptomics, and proteomics, have provided critical insights into oil biosynthesis, heartwood formation, and stress response mechanisms. Studies have identified key transcription factors, such as MYB and WRKY; gene families, such as TPS and SAUR; and enzymes involved in secondary metabolism and abiotic stress tolerance. Molecular markers such as SSRs and SNPs have enabled the assessment of genetic diversity and structure across native and introduced populations, informing conservation and breeding programs. Functional genomic studies have also highlighted the importance of genotype-specific expression profiles for enhancing oil yield and climate resilience. Despite these advancements, key research gaps persist, including limited application of genomic tools in breeding, lack of functional gene validation, lack of CRISPR-based gene editing, and scanty early biomarkers. However, integrated silvicultural-genomic strategies, structured germplasm conservation, and supportive policies are crucial for enhancing productivity, resilience, and sustainable sandalwood cultivation. Therefore, the future research should focus on genome-assisted selection, CRISPR-based gene editing, and the development of functional markers for trait prediction. This review emphasizes the importance of multidisciplinary research in securing the long-term ecological and economic viability of S. album, addressing both production gaps and conservation challenges in the face of global climate change.</p>","PeriodicalId":55121,"journal":{"name":"Genetica","volume":"154 1","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145642789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The first complete mitogenome of the endangered spotted eagle ray, Aetobatus ocellatus, confirms species and family taxonomic status.","authors":"Alan Marín","doi":"10.1007/s10709-025-00250-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10709-025-00250-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The complete mitochondrial genome of the endangered spotted eagle ray, Aetobatus ocellatus, was determined for the first time using Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) reads mined from the Sequence Read Archive (SRA) of the GenBank database (BioSample SAMN31811701, collection site: Bohol Island, Philippines). The mitogenome of the spotted eagle ray (GenBank accession BK072016) is 20,217 bp in length and exhibits a typical vertebrate mitogenome organization, consisting of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes, and a control region. A phylogenetic analysis based on the nucleotide sequences of 13 protein-coding genes from different related species confirmed the species status and classification of A. ocellatus as an Indo-West Pacific species. This species was formerly described as A. narinari, which is now recognized as being restricted to the Atlantic Ocean. The findings of this study provide significant insights into the complex taxonomic and phylogenetic relationships of Aetobatidae. They may further assist in conservation strategies and help resolve taxonomic uncertainties concerning the classification of species within Aetobatidae, which remains under debate.</p>","PeriodicalId":55121,"journal":{"name":"Genetica","volume":"153 1","pages":"34"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145514870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative plastomes and phylogenetic relationships of Breynia, Glochidion, Phyllanthus, Sauropus, and Synostemon from plastomes and ITS.","authors":"Ran Wei, Qiang Li","doi":"10.1007/s10709-025-00249-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10709-025-00249-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Phylogenomic approaches effectively minimize topological incongruences caused by heterogeneous gene evolutionary rates among lineages. The taxonomic status of Breynia, Glochidion, Synostemon, and Sauropus-whether they should be merged into Phyllanthus or retain their separate generic status-remains controversial. Moreover, these taxonomic revisions lack evidences from phylogenomic evidence. In this study, we assembled the first complete plastid genomes of Breynia disticha, Glochidion eriocarpum, G. hirsutum, G. lanceolarium, Phyllanthus fluitans, Sauropus androgynus, and Synostemon bacciformis to elucidate plastome evolutionary dynamics and resolve phylogenetic relationships among these five genera. The plastomes ranged in size from 152,927 to 157,460 bp, encoding a conserved set of 78 protein-coding genes, 35-36 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, and 4 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, totaling 117-118 unique genes. Notably, 12 novel tRNA secondary structures were identified, potentially linked to lineage-specific adaptations. Structural variation at the LSC/IRb boundary, driven by IRb expansion-contraction dynamics, resulted in significant gene length and content heterogeneity. Divergence hotspot analyses identified petA-psbJ, rpl22, ndhF-rpl32, and ycf1 as hypervariable loci suitable for DNA barcoding applications. Positive selection signals were detected in five genes (ndhB, rpl33, rps15, ycf2, ycf4), suggesting their critical roles in environmental adaptation. Phylogenomic discordance between plastid and nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) datasets was pervasive across Breynia, Glochidion, Phyllanthus, Sauropus, and Synostemon, likely attributable to historical hybridization or chloroplast capture events. Given that the intergeneric boundaries among Breynia, Glochidion, Phyllanthus s.s., Sauropus, and Synostemon are obscure and that extensive cytonuclear discordance exists, we recommend accepting a broad circumscription of Phyllanthus.</p>","PeriodicalId":55121,"journal":{"name":"Genetica","volume":"153 1","pages":"33"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145496796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}