Geoscience Canada最新文献

{"title":"Structural Features of the Central Labrador Trough: A Model for Strain Partitioning, Differential Exhumation and Late Normal Faulting in a Thrust Wedge under Oblique Shortening","authors":"E. Konstantinovskaya, Gennady M. Ivanov, J. Feybesse, J. Lescuyer","doi":"10.12789/GEOCANJ.2019.46.143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12789/GEOCANJ.2019.46.143","url":null,"abstract":"The west-verging fold and thrust belt of the Central Labrador Trough originated as a part of the New Quebec Orogen from rift inversion as a result of oblique collision and dextral transpression between the Archean Superior craton and the Archean block of the Core Zone during the Trans-Hudson orogeny (1.82−1.77 Ga). The structures associated with dextral transpression are well established in the northern segment of the orogen but not in the central part. We present new field structural observations along the ca. 70 km long W−E Minowean-Romanet transect that include not only elements of thrust tectonics but also previously undocumented examples of strike-slip shear zones and late brittle, semi-brittle and ductile extensional structures which occurred both in the frontal and rear parts of the thrust wedge. The newly described low-angle mineral lineation, axes of cylindrical folds and dextral mylonitic shear zones in the footwall of the Romanet Fault are oriented subparallel to the orogen and reflect the early phase of oblique convergence. Mineral lineations and striations on planes of normal faults in the hanging wall of the Romanet Fault are oriented orthogonal to the orogen and correspond to a later phase of exhumation driven by the combined effects of erosion and underplating. To explain the increase in the degree of exhumation along the orogen in the study area from NW to SE, we propose a model of strain partitioning and differential exhumation that resulted from longitudinal variations of shortening and erosion under an oblique convergence setting.RÉSUMÉLa partie centrale de la ceinture de plissement et de chevauchement de la Fosse du Labrador de vergence vers l’ouest fait partie intégrante de l’Orogène du Nouveau-Québec, et résulte de la collision oblique avec transpression dextre entre le craton Supérieur archéen et le bloc archéen de la Zone noyau pendant l’Orogenèse trans-hudsonienne (1.82−1.77 Ga). Les structures associées à la transpression dextre sont bien établies dans la partie nord de l’orogène mais pas dans la partie centrale. Nous présentons de nouvelles observations structurales de terrain le long de la traverse ouest−est Minowean-Romanet d’environ 70 km de long, qui comprennent non seulement des évidences de tectonique de chevauchement, mais également des exemples encore non documentés de zones de cisaillement ductile et de structures d’extension fragiles, demi-fragiles et ductiles à la fois dans les parties frontales et arrière du prisme d’accrétion tectonique. La linéation minérale à faible plongement récemment décrite, les axes de plis cylindriques et les zones de cisaillement mylonitique dextre dans le compartiment inférieur de la faille de Romanet sont subparallèles à l’orogène et reflètent une phase précoce de la convergence oblique. La linéation et les stries minérales sur les plans des failles normales dans le compartiment supérieur de la faille de Romanet sont orientées orthogonalement à l’orogène et correspondent à la ph","PeriodicalId":55106,"journal":{"name":"Geoscience Canada","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44598679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Overview of the Karst Areas in British Columbia, Canada","authors":"T. Stokes, P. Griffiths","doi":"10.12789/GEOCANJ.2019.46.145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12789/GEOCANJ.2019.46.145","url":null,"abstract":"Karst is a three-dimensional landscape that occurs in soluble bedrock (typically limestone, marble, dolostone, gypsum or halite) and is defined by a solutionally weathered surface, a subsurface drainage system (where conduit-flow dominates), and underground openings and caves. Karst can host unique flora and subsurface fauna, as well as a wide range of other scientific, recreational and cultural values. Karst and potential karst areas underlie approximately 10% of British Columbia (BC), but the distribution and extent of this landscape has yet to be fully explored and delineated. Some of the most extensive and well-developed karst areas occur within the forestedlimestone areas of coastal BC, such as on Vancouver Island and Haida Gwaii, where numerous surface karst features and caves are known. Karst in the interior plateau regions of British Columbia is less well known, being in part covered by thick deposits of glacial materials. Alpine karst regions are most apparent in the Rocky Mountains where there are limestone plateaus, karst drainages and cave systems that have close connections to past and present glacial systems. Mapping of karst is a critical component for any land-use or resource development activity in all regions of British Columbia, as the environmental impacts on karst and its associated values are potentially significant. The regional distribution of karst in BC is not well mapped, with only an office-based reconnaissance karst potential map (1:250,000-scale) and a related database completed in 1999. A renewed effort should now be made to better map karst across British Columbia using digital bedrock mapping data released in 2017, combined with more recent satellite imagery and improved field knowledge.RÉSUMÉLe karst est un paysage tridimensionnel qui se présente dans le substrat rocheux soluble (généralement calcaire, marbre, dolomite, gypse ou halite) et est défini par une surface altérée par dissolution, un système de drainage souterrain (où l’écoulement par conduit domine) et des ouvertures et cavernes souterraines. Le karst peut abriter une flore et une faune souterraine unique, ainsi qu’une grande variété d’autres ressources scientifiques, de loisir et culturelles. Les zones karstiques et potentiellement karstiques constituent environ 10% de la surface de la Colombie-Britannique, mais la répartition et l’étendue de ce paysage n’a pas été complètement explorées et circonscrites. Certaines des zones karstiques les plus étendues et les mieux développées se trouvent dans les calcaires des zones calcaires boisées de la côte de la Colombie-Britannique, telles que l’île de Vancouver et l’archipel de Haida Gwaii, où l’on connaît de nombreuses caractéristiques karstiques de surface et des cavernes. Le karst des régions des plateaux intérieurs de la Colombie-Britannique est moins bien connu, étant en partie recouvert d’épais dépôts de matériaux glaciaires. Les régions karstiques alpines sont plus apparentes dans les montagnes Rocheus","PeriodicalId":55106,"journal":{"name":"Geoscience Canada","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43424445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable Resources for Generations: The Challenges and Some of the Contradictions","authors":"S. Morison","doi":"10.12789/GEOCANJ.2018.45.137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12789/GEOCANJ.2018.45.137","url":null,"abstract":"key message: Why is there still so much controversy when new mining projects are proposed, and how can geoscientists help to ensure that discus-sions and decisions reflect accurate science and not misinformation?","PeriodicalId":55106,"journal":{"name":"Geoscience Canada","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41436790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geology and Wine 15. Producing Wine at Altitude: The Terroir of São Joaquim, Brazil","authors":"E. A. D. Santos, L. Florisbal, A. Loss, M. L. Besser, Denílson Dortzbach","doi":"10.12789/GEOCANJ.2018.45.139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12789/GEOCANJ.2018.45.139","url":null,"abstract":"The municipality of São Joaquim, located in the Planalto Catarinense viticultural region, is the coldest wine-growing region of Brazil, and contains the highest-altitude vineyards in the country. These vineyards were established within the last 20 years, so this is a young and still-developing viticultural region. Information on the terroir of São Joaquim is needed in order to identify potential vineyard sites and to help improve the viticulture in the region. This work aims to characterize the terroir of São Joaquim, where wines are produced from grapes cultivated above 900 m of altitude, through a description and analysis of meteorological, physiographic, pedological, geological and viticultural factors. With respect to these factors, the São Joaquim region presents the following characteristics:1 It has an annual mean temperature of 13ºC, annual mean precipitation of 1680 mm/year and an annual mean solar radiation of 1832 hours/year.2 It has altitudes between 715–1638 m and generally steep slopes, 43% of the slopes have declivities between 20–45% and show no preferred orientation.3 It has both deep (> 150 cm) and shallow (< 100 cm) soils with clayey texture, an average pH (water) between 4.68–5.52 and an average soil organic matter (SOM) content of 6%.4 It is underlain by two units of volcanic rocks. These are a mafic unit (50.53–55.09 wt.% SiO2) and a felsic unit (66.58–70.12 wt.% SiO2). The mafic unit tends to consist of thicker flows than the felsic unit and is characterized by generally steeper slopes.5 There is a correlation between the geological unit and the soil types, in which thicker inceptsols are preferentially developed on the mafic volcanic rocks and thinner entisols are preferentially developed on the felsic volcanic rocks.6 Currently, the region produces more than 27 grape varieties planted mostly on the Paulsen 1103 rootstock. The existing vineyards are mostly underlain by the mafic volcanic unit in areas of steep north-facing slopes.  This preliminary study suggests that there are correlations between the bedrock, the soils that they give rise to and the declivities of the slopes. Knowledge of these relationships should assist in the evaluation and planning of future grape and wine production.RÉSUMÉLa commune de São Joaquim, située dans la région viticole de Planalto Catarinense, est la région viticole la plus froide du Brésil et abrite les vignobles les plus élevés du pays. Ces vignobles ont été établis au cours des 20 dernières années; c’est donc une région viticole jeune et en développement. Des informations sur le terroir de São Joaquim sont requises pour identifier les sites viticoles potentiels et contribuer à l’amélioration de la viticulture dans la région. Ce travail vise à caractériser le terroir de São Joaquim, où les vins sont produits à partir de raisins cultivés à plus de 900 m d’altitude, au moyen d’une description et d’une analyse des facteurs météorologiques, physiographiques, pédologiques, géologiques et viti","PeriodicalId":55106,"journal":{"name":"Geoscience Canada","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45924113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reading the Rocks Reloaded: A Celebration of the Geological Survey of Canada 175th Anniversary with a View to the Future","authors":"D. Lebel","doi":"10.12789/GEOCANJ.2018.45.140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12789/GEOCANJ.2018.45.140","url":null,"abstract":"In 2017, the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC) celebrated its 175th anniversary, just as the 150th anniversary of the Canadian Confederation was celebrated. In many ways, the development of this organization over its long history parallels the exploration and economic development of our country, and these two stories are very closely intertwined. In its early days, the GSC was involved in charting the essential geography of Canada’s landmass, and early GSC geologists were involved in some of the discoveries that laid a foundation for our modern resource economy. In the 21st century, the GSC remains at the forefront of geoscience research across the nation, collaborating with many Provincial and Territorial partners and also with academic and industry researchers to expand our knowledge and find ways to sustainably develop our resources. Like all organizations, GSC has evolved over the years, and must continue to do so in response to technological innovation and societal demands. This article provides an overview of where we came from, where we have been, where we are today, and where we hope to go in the future. It is hoped that it will provide a starting point for other articles highlighting some of GSC’s more specific scientific contributions over the years, and exploring some of the many characters who colourfully populate its long history.RÉSUMÉEn 2017, la Commission géologique du Canada (CGC) a célébré son 175ème anniversaire, alors que l’on célébrait le 150ème anniversaire de la confédération canadienne. De plusieurs façons, le développement de cette organisation au cours de sa longue histoire suit en parallèle l’exploration et le développement économique de notre pays, et ces deux histoires sont très intimement inter-reliées. Dans ses premiers jours, la CGC a été impliquée dans la cartographie géographique essentielle de la masse continentale du Canada, et ses premiers géologues de la CGC ont été impliqués dans certaines des découvertes qui ont jeté les bases de notre économie moderne des ressources. Au XXIe siècle, la CGC reste à l’avant-garde de la recherche géoscientifique à travers le pays et collabore avec de nombreux partenaires provinciaux et territoriaux ainsi qu’avec des chercheurs universitaires et industriels afin d’élargir nos connaissances et de trouver des moyens de développer nos ressources de manière durable. Comme toutes les organisations, la CGC a évolué au cours des années, et doit continuer de le faire en réponse à l’innovation technologique et aux besoins sociétaux. Cet article fourni un aperçu de nos origines, de notre cheminement, de notre situation actuelle et de nos objectifs futurs. On espère que cela fournira un point de départ pour d’autres articles mettant en lumière certaines des contributions scientifiques plus spécifiques de la CGC au fil des ans et explorant certains des nombreux personnages qui peuplent de manière colorée sa longue histoire.","PeriodicalId":55106,"journal":{"name":"Geoscience Canada","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44800907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Québec 2019: GAC–MAC–IAH Joint Annual Meeting Field Trips","authors":"S. Castonguay","doi":"10.12789/GEOCANJ.2018.45.141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12789/GEOCANJ.2018.45.141","url":null,"abstract":"WHERE GEOSCIENCES CONVERGE The Geological Association of Canada (GAC), the Mineralogical Association of Canada (MAC) and the Canadian National Chapter of the International Association of Hydrogeologists (IAH-CNC) invite geoscientists to their joint annual meeting in historic Quebec City, a UNESCO World-Heritage site. Participants will have the opportunity to visit and discover the warmth and charms of Quebec City and explore its many attractive natural sites, where converge three geological provinces: the Appalachians, the St. Lawrence Platform, and the Grenville. The conference’s theme “Where Geosciences Converge” aspires to promote collaboration and stimulating discussion among geoscientists during symposia, special sessions, short courses and field trips, under the umbrella of four multidisciplinary themes:","PeriodicalId":55106,"journal":{"name":"Geoscience Canada","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42933040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Igneous Rock Associations 23. The Bushveld Complex, South Africa: New Insights and Paradigms","authors":"S. Prevec","doi":"10.12789/GEOCANJ.2018.45.138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12789/GEOCANJ.2018.45.138","url":null,"abstract":"SUMMARYThe Bushveld Complex has continued to serve as the basis for study into the fundamental nature of petrological processes for layered intrusion formation and for oxide and sulphide hosted Platinum Group Element (PGE)–Cu–Ni ore deposits. These studies have included discoveries in terms of the physical extent of Bushveld magmatism, both laterally and internally. Lateral variations in the mafic to ultramafic Rustenburg Layered Suite of the Northern Lobe of the complex have also revealed petrologically distinctive Upper Critical Zone equivalent rocks (the so-called Flatreef) with enhanced contamination and mineralization traits that reflect a transition between Eastern and Western Lobe equivalent stratigraphy and Platreef-style complexity. Traditional magma mixing models have been re-examined in light of radiogenic isotopic evidence for crustal involvement early in the chromite precipitation or formation process, combined with evidence for associated heterogeneous fluid contents, cryptic layering profiles, and textural evidence. A wide variety of alternative ore-genesis models have been proposed as a consequence. The fundamental mechanics of magma chamber processes and the existence of the magma chamber as an entity have been called into question through various lines of evidence which have promoted the concept of progressive emplacement of the complex as a stack of not-necessarily-quite-sequentially intruded sills (with or without significant quantities of transported phenocrysts), emplaced into variably crystallized and compacted crystal-liquid mush mixtures, modified by compaction-driven late magmatic fluid (silicate and aqueous) activity. Alternatively, petrological and geochemical observations have been used to discount these interpretations in favour of more conventional cooling and gravity-driven accumulation of silicate and ore minerals in a large, liquid-dominated system.RÉSUMÉLe complexe de Bushveld a demeuré à la base d’études sur la nature fondamentale des processus pétrologiques de formation d’intrusions litées et des gîtes des éléments du groupe platine (ÉGP)-Cu-Ni hébergés dans les oxydes et les sulfures. Ces études ont comporté des découvertes sur l’étendue physique, à la fois latérale et interne, du magmatisme de Bushveld. Les variations latérales de la suite stratifiée et mafique à ultramafique Rustenburg du lobe nord du complexe ont également révélé des roches équivalentes pétrologiquement distinctes de la zone critique supérieure (le communément désigné Flatreef) avec des traits de contamination et de minéralisation accrus qui reflètent une transition entre la stratigraphie équivalente des lobes est et ouest et la complexité de type Platreef. Les modèles traditionnels de mélanges magmatiques ont été réexaminés à la lumière de preuves isotopiques radiogéniques indiquant une implication de la croûte au début du processus de précipitation ou de formation de la chromite, combinées à des preuves de contenu fluide hétérogène assoc","PeriodicalId":55106,"journal":{"name":"Geoscience Canada","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43710810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Economic Geology Models 2. Tantalum and Niobium: Deposits, Resources, Exploration Methods and Market – A Primer for Geoscientists","authors":"G. Simandl, R. Burt, D. Trueman, S. Paradis","doi":"10.12789/GEOCANJ.2018.45.135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12789/GEOCANJ.2018.45.135","url":null,"abstract":"The world’s main tantalum (Ta) resources are in pegmatites (e.g. Wodgina, Australia), rare element-enriched granites (e.g. Abu Dabbab, Egypt), peralkaline complexes (e.g. Nechalacho, Canada), weathered crusts overlying the previously mentioned deposit types, and in placers. Niobium (Nb) resources with the highest economic potential are in weathered crusts that overlie carbonatite complexes (e.g. Catalão I and II, Brazil). Brazil accounts for 90% of the global Nb mine production with another 9% coming from the Niobec Mine, Canada (a hard-rock underground mine). However, at least 17 undeveloped carbonatite complexes outside of Brazil have NI-43-101 compliant Nb resource estimates (e.g. Aley carbonatite, Canada). Concentrates from most carbonatites are used to produce ferroniobium (Fe–Nb alloy), and Ta is not recovered. The Ta and Nb contents of some carbonatites (e.g. Upper Fir deposit and Crevier dyke, Canada) are of the same order of magnitude as that of pegmatite ores; however, concentrates from carbonatites have a higher Nb/Ta ratio. Historically, 10–12% Ta2O5 in Nb concentrates has not been recovered in ‘western’ smelters because of the hydrofluoric acid cost. Western countries perceive Ta and Nb supplies to be at risk. Tantalum market downturns resulted in several mines in Australia and Canada closing, at least temporarily, and a resultant shortfall has been filled by what is now recognized as ‘conflict-free columbite-tantalite’ from Central Africa. The lack of ore will not be a key factor in future Ta and Nb supply disruption. For example, more than 280 Nb- and 160 Ta-bearing occurrences are known in Canada alone, and more resources will likely to be discovered as geophysical and geochemical exploration methods are optimized.RÉSUMÉLes principales sources mondiales en tantale (Ta) sont les pegmatites (par ex. Wodgina, Australie), les granites enrichis en éléments rares (par ex. Abu Dabbab, Égypte), les complexes hyperalcalins (par ex. Nechalacho, Canada), les croûtes altérées recouvrant les types de gisements déjà mentionnés, et les placers. Les sources en niobium (Nb) ayant le meilleur potentiel économique se trouvent dans les croûtes altérées qui recouvrent les complexes de carbonatite (par ex. Catalão I et II, Brésil). Le Brésil est la source de 90% de la production minière mondiale de Nb, et 9% provient de la mine Niobec, au Canada (une mine souterraine). Cela dit, il existe au moins 17 complexes de carbonatite non développés à l'extérieur du Brésil dont les estimations de ressources en Nb sont conformes à la norme NI-43-101 (par ex. Aley carbonatite, Canada). Les concentrés de la plupart des carbonatites sont utilisés pour produire du ferroniobium (alliage Fe-Nb), et le Ta n'est pas récupéré. Les teneurs en Ta et Nb de certaines carbonatites (par ex. le gisement de Upper Fir et le dyke Crevier, Canada) sont du même ordre de grandeur que celles des minerais depegmatite; cependant, les concentrés de carbonatites ont une proportion Nb/Ta pl","PeriodicalId":55106,"journal":{"name":"Geoscience Canada","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44055046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Igneous Rock Associations 22. Experimental Petrology: Methods, Examples, and Applications","authors":"C. Shaw","doi":"10.12789/GEOCANJ.2018.45.134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12789/GEOCANJ.2018.45.134","url":null,"abstract":"Experiments are an important source of basic information in petrology, from thermodynamic data used to develop predictive models to physical property data used to understand magma ascent and eruption. Since we all use experimental data in our work as geoscientists, it is important that we have a basic understanding of the methods used to prepare and perform experiments on rocks and minerals and their synthetic analogues. In this review I examine how the observational science of geology changed in the late 1800’s with the development of the interdisciplinary science of physical chemistry. The second part of the paper discusses what factors need to be considered in designing an experimental study; it focuses particularly on the problems of reaching equilibrium on the short timescales available in the laboratory. In the final section, I give four examples of geological problems that have been solved using experimental methods and make some suggestions about the directions that future experimental campaigns might take.RÉSUMÉL’expérimentation est une source importante d’information de base en pétrologie, qu’il s’agisse de données thermodynamiques pour développer des modèles prédictifs, ou des propriétés physiques utilisés pour comprendre la montée et l’éruption d’un magma. Puisque nous utilisons tous des données expérimentales dans notre travail de géoscientifique, il est important que nous ayons une compréhension minimale des méthodes utilisées pour préparer et réaliser des expériences sur les roches, les minéraux et leurs analogues de synthèse. Dans la présente étude, je me suis penché sur les changements survenus en science d’observation qu’est la géologie, à la fin des années 1800, avec le développement de la science interdisciplinaire de la chimie physique. La deuxième partie de l’article traite des facteurs à prendre en compte dans la conception d’une étude expérimentale; elle porte en particulier sur les problèmes d’atteinte d’un équilibre sur les temps courts du laboratoire. Dans la dernière section, je donne quatre exemples de problèmes géologiques qui ont été résolus à l’aide de méthodes expérimentales, et je fais des suggestions sur des orientations qui pourraient être adoptées lors de campagnes expérimentales à venir.","PeriodicalId":55106,"journal":{"name":"Geoscience Canada","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45330224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EON-ROSE and the Canadian Cordillera Array – Building Bridges to Span Earth System Science in Canada","authors":"K. Boggs, R. Aster, P. Audet, G. Brunet, R. Clowes, Catherine de Groot-Hedlin, E. Donovan, D. Eaton, J. Elliott, J. Freymueller, M. Hedlin, R. Hyndman, T. James, P. Kushner, K. Morell, C. Rowe, D. Schutt, M. Sideris, M. Ulmi, F. Vernon, N. West","doi":"10.12789/GEOCANJ.2018.45.136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12789/GEOCANJ.2018.45.136","url":null,"abstract":"EON-ROSE (Earth-System Observing Network - Réseau d’Observation du Système terrestrE) is a new initiative for a pan-Canadian research collaboration to holistically examine Earth systems from the ionosphere into the core. The Canadian Cordillera Array (CC Array) is the pilot phase, and will extend across the Cordillera from the Beaufort Sea to the U.S. border. The vision for EON-ROSE is to install a network of telemetered observatories to monitor solid Earth, environmental and atmospheric processes. EON-ROSE is an inclusive, combined effort of Canadian universities, federal, provincial and territorial government agencies, industry, and international collaborators. Brainstorming sessions and several workshops have been held since May 2016. The first station will be installed at Kluane Lake Research Station in southwestern Yukon during the summer of 2018. The purpose of this report is to provide a framework for continued discussion and development.RÉSUMÉEON-ROSE (Earth-System Observing Network - Réseau d’Observation du Système terrestrE) est une nouvelle initiative de collaboration de recherche pancanadienne visant à étudier de manière holistique les systèmes terrestres, depuis l’ionosphère jusqu’au noyau. Le Réseau canadien de la cordillère (CC Array) en est la phase pilote, laquelle couvrira toute la Cordillère, de la mer de Beaufort jusqu’à la frontière étasunienne. L’objectif d’EON-ROSE est d’installer un réseau d’observatoires télémétriques pour suivre en continu les processusterrestres, environnementaux et atmosphériques. EON-ROSE est un effort combiné et inclusif des universités canadiennes, des organismes gouvernementaux fédéraux, provinciaux et territoriaux, de l’industrie et de collaborateurs internationaux. Des séances de remue-méninges et plusieurs ateliers ont été tenus depuis mai 2016. La première station sera installée à la station de recherche du lac Kluane, dans le sud-ouest du Yukon, au cours de l’été 2018. Le but du présent rapport est de fournir un cadre de discussion et de développement continu.","PeriodicalId":55106,"journal":{"name":"Geoscience Canada","volume":"12 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41244964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}