GeothermicsPub Date : 2025-09-19DOI: 10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103498
Rajendra Roka , Ana Vieira , António Figueiredo , Alexandra Ferreira , Claudino Cardoso
{"title":"Thermal characterization of soils in Aveiro and Lisbon for shallow geothermal applications: A study using transient methods","authors":"Rajendra Roka , Ana Vieira , António Figueiredo , Alexandra Ferreira , Claudino Cardoso","doi":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103498","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103498","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Shallow geothermal energy systems are growing as an alternative energy source for building space heating and cooling, with notable contributions to carbon emission reduction. In this context, proper soil thermal characterization is crucial for determining the potential of these systems and evaluating their energy efficiency. This work presents the results of a study of the thermal conductivity of natural soil samples collected from construction sites and boreholes in the cities of Aveiro and Lisbon, Portugal. The evaluation of soil thermal properties was complemented by a comprehensive assessment of soil physical characteristics to establish a broader understanding of their interrelationships, followed by an analysis of the mineralogical composition of the soil. The thermal tests were performed in transient conditions using needle probes and a surface probe and the respective results were compared. Potential sources of error in the various transient probe measurements were examined, including issues such as the impact of water migration due to long-term sample preservation and variations in sample quality. Moreover, the effect of several physical parameters, such as degree of saturation, void ratio and soil density, on the soil thermal conductivity was assessed. As expected, these physical parameters demonstrate a significant influence on thermal characteristics. Additionally, the presence of adequate quartz particles in soil significantly affects the thermal properties of the soil. The study provides initial information for the database regarding the thermal properties of natural Portuguese soil, which can serve as a reference for designing, developing and estimating shallow geothermal systems in these cities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55095,"journal":{"name":"Geothermics","volume":"134 ","pages":"Article 103498"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145107949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
GeothermicsPub Date : 2025-09-18DOI: 10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103481
Xenia Kirschstein , Max Ohagen , Joscha Reber , Clemens Hübler
{"title":"Development and validation of a new model for system-integrated shallow borehole heat exchanger fields with irregular geometry","authors":"Xenia Kirschstein , Max Ohagen , Joscha Reber , Clemens Hübler","doi":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103481","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103481","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the context of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating climate change, accurate and fast borehole heat exchanger (BHE) field models that can be integrated into the broader system level are required for the design and operation optimisation of shallow geothermal district heating and cooling grids. Available system-integrated BHE field models need adaption in order to fulfil all requirements (high short- and long-term accuracy, low computational cost, varying inlet conditions, irregular field geometries). In this study, a new BHE field model is developed and implemented in TRNSYS. The heat transfer inside the borehole is modelled by adapting an existing thermal resistance and capacitance model for high short-term accuracy for double U-tubes. The borehole wall temperature is prescribed by a combination of g-functions. The proposed model (DynIBF), including various modelling aspects, is validated using existing measured data and models. DynIBF shows to be an adequate supplement to the existing models for irregular BHE fields. The results in the more irregular case are distinctly improved (mean absolute error (MAE) <span><math><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>63</mn></mrow></math></span> K from the next best result). On the given hardware, DynIBF is between 8% and 41% faster than the examined existing TRNSYS models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55095,"journal":{"name":"Geothermics","volume":"134 ","pages":"Article 103481"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145107948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
GeothermicsPub Date : 2025-09-15DOI: 10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103490
Siqi Wang , Xiting Long , Jianjun Hu , Feng Liu , Jingyu Lin
{"title":"Geothermal hydrogeochemical conditions and genesis of the Mianhuakeng uranium deposit, South China","authors":"Siqi Wang , Xiting Long , Jianjun Hu , Feng Liu , Jingyu Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103490","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103490","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Mianhuakeng geothermal system, hosted in a uranium-bearing granitoid environment, exhibits a high surface heat flow (62.7–90.4 mW/m<sup>2</sup>), indicating significant geothermal potential. This study integrated geochemical and isotopic analyses to elucidate the origin, evolution, and controlling mechanisms of the system. Isotopic evidence indicates that meteoric water is the primary recharge source, infiltrating to depths of 1617–4030 m, resulting in estimated geothermal reservoir temperatures ranging from 56 °C to 111 °C. Geochemical studies suggest that the mixing of deep geothermal water and water-rock interactions, such as silicate weathering (e.g., albite, biotite), sulfate dissolution (gypsum), and cation exchange, lead to the enrichment of Na<sup>+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>, and HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>. Moreover, the co-dissolution of fluorite and biotite as well as the mixing of deep fluid may be the cause of the high F<sup>−</sup> level in geothermal water. The radioactive heat production of uranium-bearing granite is a major heat source in the study area that provides to the thermal regime of geothermal systems, with an average heat production rate of 5.14 μW/m<sup>3</sup>. A conceptual model based on hydrogeochemistry was proposed, providing a few new insights into the characteristics of geothermal systems in granitoid environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55095,"journal":{"name":"Geothermics","volume":"134 ","pages":"Article 103490"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145061036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Experimental and machine learning-based estimation of the thermal diffusivity of high-plastic soil","authors":"Pawan Kishor Sah , Divesh Ranjan Kumar , Shiv Shankar Kumar , Warit Wipulanusat","doi":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103489","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103489","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In many residential areas, power companies are increasingly opting for underground cables for medium- and high-voltage electricity transmission to mitigate weather-related disruptions and ensure safe electricity distribution. Thermal diffusivity (TD) is a critical thermophysical parameter influencing heat transfer processes between heat-sensitive subsurface structures such as underground power cables, ground source heat pumps, and buried hot fluid pipelines and the surrounding soil. The TD of soil is governed by multiple factors, including density, water content, degree of saturation, organic content, and proportions of clay, sand, and silt, rendering its direct measurement both challenging and inherently uncertain. To address these limitations, the present study explores the application of advanced hybrid machine learning models integrating the extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) algorithm for estimating TD in high-plastic soils. TD measurements were obtained using the dual-probe method (KD2-Pro) in a sunlight-free room under controlled temperature and humidity. A total of 180 experimental datasets comprising bentonite, bentonite–fly ash (silty sand) mixtures, and bentonite–sand mixtures were used to train and validate the models. The model performance and prediction accuracy were evaluated using several performance metrics, scatter plots, and regression error characteristic (REC) curves. The predictions confirm that the integration of metaheuristic optimization significantly enhances the performance of the baseline XGBoost model. Specifically, XGBoost-SSO outperforms the other models (training R² = 0.9744, testing R² = 0.9146), making it the most effective model for predicting soil thermal diffusivity. Moreover, SHapely Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis identified Sr (+0.072), Sand (+0.032), and Silt (+0.017) as the most influential features positively impacting the TD of high-plastic soil. While the developed models provide highly accurate forecasts, their inherent \"black-box\" nature presents interpretability challenges for engineering applications. To mitigate this, an open-source graphical user interface (GUI) was developed on the basis of the trained models, enabling practitioners to generate precise TD predictions efficiently.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55095,"journal":{"name":"Geothermics","volume":"134 ","pages":"Article 103489"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145061047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
GeothermicsPub Date : 2025-09-08DOI: 10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103487
Xiaomeng Han , Xianchun Tang
{"title":"Lithospheric structure and thermal effect in the collisional orogen, Northeastern Tibetan Plateau","authors":"Xiaomeng Han , Xianchun Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103487","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103487","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lithospheric thermal structure and temperature field characteristics are essential for understanding the rheological properties and geothermal anomalies in the collisional orogen. In this study, we systematically modelled the lithospheric structure in light of the stratified crustal structure revealed by the seismic profiles in the Northeastern Tibetan Plateau (Maduo-Gonghe-Yabrai). Furthermore, using thermophysical data and CRUST 1.0 model, we calculated the thermal background to assess the lateral disparities in the thermal effect across the collisional orogen. The results reveal that, across the Haiyuan Fault, there are significant variations in the lithospheric thermal structure. On the orogen side, crustal thickness and heat flow ranges from 50 to 62 km and from 55 to 120 mW/m², respectively, which is primarily dominated by a higher temperature anomaly zone related to thickened crustal partial melting. Numerical simulation shows the partial melting temperatures could reach 650–700 °C at depths of approximately 20 km. In contrast, on the Alxa Block side, crustal thickness ranges from 45 to 47 km with heat flow values between 40 and 54 mW/m², and crustal heat flow contributes less. The study suggests that regional middle-crustal partial melting is the primary heat source for the regional geothermal anomalies in the Northeastern Tibetan Plateau. Additionally, the Cenozoic crustal extension by conjugate strike-slip faulting led to lithosphere uplift. This, in turn, promoted thermal upwelling and transferred heat to the upper crust and sedimentary layers, ultimately resulting in the formation of a regional geothermal anomaly.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55095,"journal":{"name":"Geothermics","volume":"133 ","pages":"Article 103487"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145010635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
GeothermicsPub Date : 2025-09-08DOI: 10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103488
Mohammad Taqi Daqiq , Ravi Sharma , Gautam Rawat
{"title":"A review on multiple approaches for geothermal exploration in India and the way forward","authors":"Mohammad Taqi Daqiq , Ravi Sharma , Gautam Rawat","doi":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103488","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103488","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>India's surging power demand vis-à-vis the sustainability efforts to address climate concerns has already influenced a policy shift toward renewable energy resources. Among these, geothermal energy emerges as a promising green alternative. The country’s geothermal potential is evidenced by the presence of 381 geysers and hot springs, with surface to near-surface temperatures ranging from 97 °C to 150 °C. Although foundational in nature, the research has dominantly been carried out for geochemical characterization and regional-scale heat mapping, whereas the geothermal development in India is still in its early stages. While complex geology is a common feature in many geothermal regions, the diverse tectonic settings across India's geothermal provinces present additional challenges for subsurface characterization. To manage the high cost of exploration in these hilly, complex terrains, the efforts need to be complemented by integrating surface and subsurface geophysical methods. This article conducted an up-to-date, extensive review of prior studies in India, including the latest updates on policy development to promote geothermal exploration and its commercialization. A bibliometric analysis was conducted to understand the scientific articles' contributions to Indian geothermal exploration and development. Considering the latest data, the authors present a new geothermal province map of India and a heat flow map of Peninsular India to support their arguments. This article serves as a navigator on geothermal exploration in India for researchers, policymakers, and industry. This review emphasizes the necessity of integrating remote sensing, geophysics, geology, and geochemistry to optimize geothermal exploration and development in India. It also highlights the need for a centralized geothermal resource management system to stimulate investment and its sustenance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55095,"journal":{"name":"Geothermics","volume":"133 ","pages":"Article 103488"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145010634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
GeothermicsPub Date : 2025-09-05DOI: 10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103484
V M Stagpoole , H M Bibby , C A Miller
{"title":"New insights from analysis and 3D inversion of legacy geophysical data at the Ngawha geothermal field, New Zealand","authors":"V M Stagpoole , H M Bibby , C A Miller","doi":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103484","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103484","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We present a revised resistivity boundary of the Ngawha geothermal field, New Zealand, based on the re-processing, inversion and interpretation of legacy direct current (DC) Schlumberger, multiple-source bipole-dipole resistivity, gravity and magnetic measurements. Three-dimensional (3-D) resistivity inversion of the combined electrical datasets indicates there is a deep (c. 2 km) low resistivity zone c. 4 km northwest of Ngawha Springs. This is interpreted as an area where hot geothermal fluids rise from beneath Late Miocene to Pleistocene volcanics and migrate southward through permeable Waipapa Group greywacke rock to Ngawha Springs. A gravity low with comparable geometry to the region of low resistivity is modelled as a zone of lower density Waipapa Group greywacke rock (-120 kg/m<sup>3</sup>), corresponding to c. 7% porosity, and is likely due to a network of joints and macrofractures that form the geothermal reservoir. Aeromagnetic data modelling suggests the presence of a deep, weakly magnetic pluton in the northwest part of the geothermal system. This, together with the occurrence of gas seeps, warm springs and relic sinters deposits suggests a geothermal heat source in this area. Our findings demonstrate that modern analytical and modelling techniques can extract new information from legacy geophysical data leading to new insights into the structure of the Ngawha geothermal system. Legacy data from geothermal fields globally, warrants reinterpretation with modern methods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55095,"journal":{"name":"Geothermics","volume":"133 ","pages":"Article 103484"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145004209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Use of ground magnetic survey in exploration of geothermal springs in a metamorphic terrain: A case study from Sri Lanka","authors":"M.P. Thilakarathna, A.M.A.M. Abeysinghe, N.D. Subasinghe","doi":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103486","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103486","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Magnetic surveys map anomalies by detecting interferences in the Earth’s magnetic field caused by subsurface features. Metamorphic terrains, shaped by intense pressure and temperature, often host fractures and faults that channel fluid flow and are frequently enriched with ferromagnetic minerals. These structures can be effectively identified using ground magnetic surveys due to their distinct magnetic signatures. A magnetic survey was carried out in the Wahawa-Padiyathalawa hot spring area, Sri Lanka, to explore the subsurface geology and structures and their links to thermal discharges. An “Overhauser” magnetometer with GPS was used to collect magnetic data every two seconds across a 15 km² area, avoiding manmade interferences. Anomalies were corrected using International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF) values, and Oasis Montaj® software was used for analysis. Filters such as Reduction to Equator (RTE), Pseudo-gravity, and Tilt Horizontal Derivative (THDR) were applied to enhance signals and highlight specific geological features.</div><div>The results reveal that RTE transformation poses challenges in interpreting geological structures due to paired dipoles and signal interference. In contrast, THDR and pseudo-gravity transformations provide clearer views of surface and subsurface features respectively. The hot spring cluster lies within high THDR and pseudo-gravity anomaly zones, indicating a strong relationship to surface and subsurface structural lineaments. The hot spring cluster connects with the surface structural lineaments in the THDR anomaly map. Pseudo-gravity map shows that the dolerite dyke disrupts subsurface fractures, suggesting it acts as a barrier to deep fluid flow and contributes to thermal spring formation. This study highlights the value of ground magnetic surveys, combined with THDR and pseudo-gravity transformations, in mapping structural controls on geothermal springs in metamorphic terrains.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55095,"journal":{"name":"Geothermics","volume":"133 ","pages":"Article 103486"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144988159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
GeothermicsPub Date : 2025-09-02DOI: 10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103485
Shaozheng Wang , Yaoqi Zhou , Xiaoxin Shi , Yuehan Shang , Yingjie Liu , Yue Zhang , Sunyi Li , Yushen Jiang , Tingting Wang
{"title":"Thermal reservoir modeling and resource assessment of deep high-temperature geothermal resources in sedimentary basins","authors":"Shaozheng Wang , Yaoqi Zhou , Xiaoxin Shi , Yuehan Shang , Yingjie Liu , Yue Zhang , Sunyi Li , Yushen Jiang , Tingting Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103485","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103485","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Deep high-temperature geothermal resources in sedimentary basins represent a promising source of clean energy with immense potential. The key to unlocking this potential lies in the precise identification of economically viable reservoirs and development sites. The Jiyang Depression boasts favorable geothermal conditions; however, its complex structural systems, deeply buried hot dry rocks, and pronounced heterogeneity pose significant challenges for resource exploitation. These challenges necessitate a transition from broad-scale resource assessments to refined analyses of thermal reservoirs. This study employs three-dimensional thermal reservoir modeling to quantify the multi-scale spatial distribution of key evaluation parameters, systematically characterize reservoir physical properties, accurately estimate regional geothermal resource potential, and optimize well placement and drilling strategies. Results identify the southern slope belt of the Jiyang Depression as the most extensive high-temperature zone, with temperatures reaching up to 210 °C at 5000 m depth. The Wangjiagang area, specifically the region between Well Guan 9 and Well Wang 661, stands out as the optimal site for Enhanced Geothermal System well placement. Reservoir analysis further reveals that the carbonate reservoirs from the Badou to Zhangxia Formations possess the highest geothermal resource potential, while the Xuzhuang to Mantou Formations demonstrate superior thermal-electric conversion efficiency for hot dry rock reservoirs. Additionally, the dolomites from the Yeli to Fengshan Formations and the shales of the Xuzhuang Formation exhibit excellent characteristics as hot dry rock reservoirs. These findings provide a robust scientific foundation and practical guidance for developing high-temperature geothermal resources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55095,"journal":{"name":"Geothermics","volume":"133 ","pages":"Article 103485"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144932292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
GeothermicsPub Date : 2025-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103483
Younes Noorollahi, Mansoureh Peyvandi
{"title":"Techno-economic evaluation of novel geothermal ground heat exchangers","authors":"Younes Noorollahi, Mansoureh Peyvandi","doi":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103483","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103483","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present research introduces a new ground heat exchanger configuration, termed Reverse-T, aiming to reduce drilling and installation costs in ground-source heat pump systems while maintaining high thermal efficiency. To demonstrate its performance, we conducted three-dimensional numerical simulations of four different heat exchanger designs—U-type, radiator, spiral, and Reverse-T—under uniform technical and boundary conditions. The results show that the Reverse-T design can achieve an approximately 20% lower drilling cost than the spiral design and up to 88% lower cost than the U-type, with comparable thermal outputs of about 2000 W after 48 hours of continuous operation. In addition, a lifecycle cost analysis (LCCA) reveals that, despite a higher pressure drop (requiring a slightly larger pumping power), the Reverse-T configuration still delivers superior overall economic performance over the system’s operational lifetime. The Reverse-T requires the least investment. It is 20%, 88%, and 94% cheaper than the spiral, U-type, and radiator models, respectively. These findings highlight the potential of this innovative Reverse-T model in regions where drilling represents a major fraction of the total installation cost.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55095,"journal":{"name":"Geothermics","volume":"133 ","pages":"Article 103483"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144922187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}