{"title":"Blind Carrier Frequency Offset Estimation Techniques for Next-Generation Multicarrier Communication Systems: Challenges, Comparative Analysis, and Future Prospects","authors":"Shivani Singh;Sushant Kumar;Sudhan Majhi;Udit Satija;Chau Yuen","doi":"10.1109/COMST.2024.3472109","DOIUrl":"10.1109/COMST.2024.3472109","url":null,"abstract":"Frequency synchronization is essential to achieving the intended performance for single and multicarrier wireless systems. Blind techniques, which don’t require prior channel knowledge or pilot symbols, are crucial for dynamic environments where self-adaptive synchronization is needed. A key objective of this paper is to provide the readers as well as the industry’s professionals with a comprehensive understanding of the carrier frequency offset (CFO) problem in multicarrier communication systems like orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), single carrier-frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA), multiple input multiple output (MIMO)-OFDM, and MIMO-SC-FDMA. These waveforms are used in today’s and future wireless communication systems such as wireless-fidelity (Wi-Fi), fifth-generation, and sixth-generation. Moreover, this paper also develops a taxonomy of the available solutions to address the CFO issue. We study blind techniques for CFO estimation presented in the recent literature and give potential future directions. We summarize various statistical methods and deep learning algorithms for CFO estimation and emphasize their advantages and limitations. We also incorporate the CFO impact on next-generation wireless systems such as orthogonal time frequency space and reconfigurable intelligent surface-assisted communication systems and provide a broader and deeper knowledge of the area. We provide simulation results of some existing estimators and their performance comparison in terms of mean square error for better understanding. Therefore, this paper is perfectly adapted to provide a comprehensive information source on blind CFO estimation techniques.","PeriodicalId":55029,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials","volume":"27 1","pages":"1-36"},"PeriodicalIF":34.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142362839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Resource Management in RIS-Assisted Rate Splitting Multiple Access for Next Generation (xG) Wireless Communications: Models, State-of-the-Art, and Future Directions","authors":"Ibrahim Aboumahmoud;Ekram Hossain;Amine Mezghani","doi":"10.1109/COMST.2024.3471453","DOIUrl":"10.1109/COMST.2024.3471453","url":null,"abstract":"Next Generation (xG) wireless networks require more stringent performance levels. New technologies such as Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RISs) and Rate Splitting Multiple Access (RSMA) are candidates for meeting some of the performance requirements, including higher user rates at reduced costs. RSMA provides a new way of mixing the messages of multiple users, and the RIS provides a controllable wireless environment. This paper provides a comprehensive survey on the various aspects of the synergy between RISs and RSMA for xG wireless communications systems. In particular, the paper studies more than 60 articles considering over 20 different system models where the RIS-aided RSMA system shows performance advantage (in terms of sum-rate or outage probability) over traditional RSMA models. These models include reflective RIS, Simultaneously Transmitting and Reflecting (STAR)-RIS, as well as transmissive surfaces. The state-of-the-art resource management methods for RIS-assisted RSMA communications employ traditional optimization techniques and/or machine learning techniques. We outline major research challenges and multiple future research directions.","PeriodicalId":55029,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials","volume":"27 3","pages":"1618-1655"},"PeriodicalIF":34.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142360471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Large Language Model (LLM) for Telecommunications: A Comprehensive Survey on Principles, Key Techniques, and Opportunities","authors":"Hao Zhou;Chengming Hu;Ye Yuan;Yufei Cui;Yili Jin;Can Chen;Haolun Wu;Dun Yuan;Li Jiang;Di Wu;Xue Liu;Jianzhong Zhang;Xianbin Wang;Jiangchuan Liu","doi":"10.1109/COMST.2024.3465447","DOIUrl":"10.1109/COMST.2024.3465447","url":null,"abstract":"Large language models (LLMs) have received considerable attention recently due to their outstanding comprehension and reasoning capabilities, leading to great progress in many fields. The advancement of LLM techniques also offers promising opportunities to automate many tasks in the telecommunication (telecom) field. After pre-training and fine-tuning, LLMs can perform diverse downstream tasks based on human instructions, paving the way to artificial general intelligence (AGI)-enabled 6G. Given the great potential of LLM technologies, this work aims to provide a comprehensive overview of LLM-enabled telecom networks. In particular, we first present LLM fundamentals, including model architecture, pre-training, fine-tuning, inference and utilization, model evaluation, and telecom deployment. Then, we introduce LLM-enabled key techniques and telecom applications in terms of generation, classification, optimization, and prediction problems. Specifically, the LLM-enabled generation applications include telecom domain knowledge, code, and network configuration generation. After that, the LLM-based classification applications involve network security, text, image, and traffic classification problems. Moreover, multiple LLM-enabled optimization techniques are introduced, such as automated reward function design for reinforcement learning and verbal reinforcement learning. Furthermore, for LLM-aided prediction problems, we discussed time-series prediction models and multi-modality prediction problems for telecom. Finally, we highlight the challenges and identify the future directions of LLM-enabled telecom networks.","PeriodicalId":55029,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials","volume":"27 3","pages":"1955-2005"},"PeriodicalIF":34.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142313819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yande Chen;Chongzhi Xu;Kexin Li;Jia Zhang;Xiuzhen Guo;Meng Jin;Xiaolong Zheng;Yuan He
{"title":"Wireless Sensing for Material Identification: A Survey","authors":"Yande Chen;Chongzhi Xu;Kexin Li;Jia Zhang;Xiuzhen Guo;Meng Jin;Xiaolong Zheng;Yuan He","doi":"10.1109/COMST.2024.3456076","DOIUrl":"10.1109/COMST.2024.3456076","url":null,"abstract":"As an application of fine-grained wireless sensing, RF-based material identification follows the paradigm of RF computing that fetches the information during RF signal propagation. Specifically, the RF signal accesses the objects’ material-related information and carries the information with its electromagnetic properties. With a variety of important applications, research on RF-based material identification has gained significant progress in recent years. However, several fundamental problems remain insufficiently studied, such as the sensing models, signal processing approaches, performance and future extensions. This paper presents the first comprehensive survey of RF-based material identification. According to the basic sensing model used for sensing, we propose a taxonomy to classify the existing works into two categories: reflection-based and penetration-based. The works in each category are further grouped by the type of RF signals used, with elaborated discussion of the detailed approaches and the common challenges. We provide a framework that benchmarks the performance of the existing works, followed by a thorough discussion of future extensions.","PeriodicalId":55029,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials","volume":"27 3","pages":"1598-1617"},"PeriodicalIF":34.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142144177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bacterial Communications and Computing in Internet of Everything (IoE)","authors":"B. Yagmur Koca;Ozgur B. Akan","doi":"10.1109/COMST.2024.3451302","DOIUrl":"10.1109/COMST.2024.3451302","url":null,"abstract":"Advancements in molecular communication (MC) have underscored the importance of bacterial communication, given their frequent use in MC models. Understanding bacterial communication, signaling, and engineering techniques is essential to address their inherent biological variability and enhance these models. Additionally, bacterial computing offers promising applications in environmental monitoring and biological computing networks, significantly boosting adaptability and responsiveness. This paper reviews bacterial communication and computing, linking them to the Internet of Everything (IoE). It explores how bacterial interactions at small scales contribute to universal interconnectedness, thereby strengthening cross-field communication. The review identifies bacterial mechanisms that have the potential to revolutionize traditional communication systems by highlighting their adaptability and response capabilities. Furthermore, the paper introduces the concept of integrated sensing, communication, and computing (ISCC) using bacteria, proposing innovative strategies to improve communication rate, reliability, and system performance. These insights suggest novel research avenues, aiming to advance the understanding and application of bacterial sensing, communication, and computing in MC models. By integrating these capabilities, the paper aims to pave the way for future advancements in both theoretical and practical aspects of MC, contributing to the broader field of interconnected technologies.","PeriodicalId":55029,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials","volume":"27 3","pages":"1839-1866"},"PeriodicalIF":34.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142090145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Multi-Satellite MIMO Systems for Direct Satellite-to-Device Communications: A Survey","authors":"Zohre Mashayekh Bakhsh;Yasaman Omid;Gaojie Chen;Farbod Kayhan;Yi Ma;Rahim Tafazolli","doi":"10.1109/COMST.2024.3449430","DOIUrl":"10.1109/COMST.2024.3449430","url":null,"abstract":"Advancements in satellite technology have made direct satellite-to-device connectivity a viable solution for ensuring global access. This method is designed to provide Internet connectivity to remote, rural, or underserved areas where traditional cellular or broadband networks are lacking or insufficient. This paper is a survey providing an in-depth review of multi-satellite Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) systems as a potential solution for addressing the link budget challenge in direct satellite-to-device communication. Special attention is given to works considering multi-satellite MIMO systems, both with and without satellite collaboration. In this context, collaboration refers to sharing data between satellites to improve the performance of the system. This survey starts by highlighting the industry’s views on the importance of enabling the direct satellite-to-device communications. It follows by explaining several fundamental aspects of satellite communications (SatComs), which are vital prerequisites before investigating the multi-satellite MIMO systems. These aspects encompass satellite orbits, the structure of satellite systems, SatCom links, including the inter-satellite links (ISL) which facilitate satellite cooperation, satellite frequency bands, satellite antenna design, and satellite channel models, which should be known or estimated for effective data transmission to and from multiple satellites. Furthermore, this survey distinguishes itself by providing more comprehensive insights in comparison to other surveys. It specifically delves into the Orthogonal Time Frequency Space (OTFS) within the channel model section. It goes into detail about ISL noise and ISL channel model, and it extends the ISL section by thoroughly investigating hybrid FSO/RF ISLs. Furthermore, analytical comparisons of simulation results from these works are presented to highlight the advantages of employing multi-satellite MIMO systems.","PeriodicalId":55029,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials","volume":"27 3","pages":"1536-1564"},"PeriodicalIF":34.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142085105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Olfa Ben Yahia;Zineb Garroussi;Olivier Bélanger;Brunilde Sansò;Jean-François Frigon;Stéphane Martel;Antoine Lesage-Landry;Gunes Karabulut Kurt
{"title":"Evolution of High-Throughput Satellite Systems: A Vision of Programmable Regenerative Payload","authors":"Olfa Ben Yahia;Zineb Garroussi;Olivier Bélanger;Brunilde Sansò;Jean-François Frigon;Stéphane Martel;Antoine Lesage-Landry;Gunes Karabulut Kurt","doi":"10.1109/COMST.2024.3450292","DOIUrl":"10.1109/COMST.2024.3450292","url":null,"abstract":"High-throughput satellite (HTS), with its digital payload technology, is expected to play a key role as an enabler of the upcoming sixth-generation (6G) networks. HTS is mainly designed to provide higher data rates and capacities. Fueled by technological advancements, including beamforming, advanced modulation techniques, reconfigurable phased array technologies, and electronically steerable antennas, HTS has emerged as a fundamental component for future network generations. This paper offers a comprehensive state-of-the-art on HTS systems, focusing on standardization, patents, channel multiple access techniques, routing, load balancing, and the role of software-defined networking (SDN). In addition, we provide a vision for next-generation satellite systems that we have named Extremely-HTS (EHTS) toward autonomous satellites supported by the main requirements and key technologies expected for these systems. The EHTS system will be designed to maximize spectrum reuse and data rates and to flexibly steer the capacity to satisfy user demand. We introduce a novel architecture for future programmable regenerative payloads as well.","PeriodicalId":55029,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials","volume":"27 3","pages":"1565-1597"},"PeriodicalIF":34.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142085115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lorenzo Italiano;Bernardo Camajori Tedeschini;Mattia Brambilla;Huiping Huang;Monica Nicoli;Henk Wymeersch
{"title":"A Tutorial on 5G Positioning","authors":"Lorenzo Italiano;Bernardo Camajori Tedeschini;Mattia Brambilla;Huiping Huang;Monica Nicoli;Henk Wymeersch","doi":"10.1109/COMST.2024.3449031","DOIUrl":"10.1109/COMST.2024.3449031","url":null,"abstract":"The widespread adoption of the fifth generation (5G) of cellular networks has brought new opportunities for the development of localization-based services. High-accuracy positioning use cases and functionalities defined by the standards are drawing the interest of vertical industries. In the transition towards the deployment, this paper aims to provide an in-depth tutorial on 5G positioning, summarizing the evolutionary path that led to the standardization of cellular-based positioning, describing the localization elements in current and forthcoming releases of the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standard, and the major research trends. By providing fundamental notions on wireless localization, comprehensive definitions of measurements and architectures, examples of algorithms, and details on simulation approaches, this paper is intended to represent an exhaustive guide for researchers and practitioners. Our approach aims to merge practical aspects of enabled use cases and related requirements with theoretical methodologies and fundamental bounds, allowing to understand the trade-off between system complexity and achievable, i.e., tangible, benefits of 5G positioning services. We analyze the performance of 3GPP Rel-16 positioning by standard-compliant simulations in realistic outdoor and indoor propagation environments, investigating the impact of the system configuration and the limitations to be resolved for delivering accurate positioning solutions.","PeriodicalId":55029,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials","volume":"27 3","pages":"1488-1535"},"PeriodicalIF":34.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10644093","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142045450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Editorial: Third Quarter 2024 IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials","authors":"Dusit Niyato","doi":"10.1109/COMST.2024.3430588","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2024.3430588","url":null,"abstract":"I welcome you to the third issue of the IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials in 2024. This issue includes 19 papers covering different aspects of communication networks. In particular, these articles survey and tutor various issues in “Wireless Communications”, “Cyber Security”, “Network Virtualization”, “Vehicular and Sensor Communications”, “Multimedia Communications”, “Network and Service Management and Green Communications”, and “Internet Technologies”. A brief account of each of these papers is given below.","PeriodicalId":55029,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials","volume":"26 3","pages":"i-vii"},"PeriodicalIF":34.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10643728","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142041438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xiaojie Wang;Beibei Wang;Yu Wu;Zhaolong Ning;Song Guo;Fei Richard Yu
{"title":"A Survey on Trustworthy Edge Intelligence: From Security and Reliability to Transparency and Sustainability","authors":"Xiaojie Wang;Beibei Wang;Yu Wu;Zhaolong Ning;Song Guo;Fei Richard Yu","doi":"10.1109/COMST.2024.3446585","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2024.3446585","url":null,"abstract":"Edge Intelligence (EI) integrates Edge Computing (EC) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) to push the capabilities of AI to the network edge for real-time, efficient and secure intelligent decision-making and computation. However, EI faces various challenges due to resource constraints, heterogeneous network environments, and diverse service requirements of different applications, which together affect the trustworthiness of EI in the eyes of stakeholders. This survey comprehensively summarizes the characteristics, architecture, technologies, and solutions of trustworthy EI. Specifically, we first emphasize the need for trustworthy EI in the context of the trend toward large models. We then provide an initial definition of trustworthy EI, explore its key characteristics and give a multi-layered architecture for trustworthy EI. Then, we present enabling technologies for trustworthy EI systems. Subsequently, we summarize several important issues that hinder the achievement of trustworthy EI and provide an in-depth literature review of the state-of-the-art solutions for realizing the trustworthiness of EI. Finally, we discuss the corresponding research challenges and open issues.","PeriodicalId":55029,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials","volume":"27 3","pages":"1729-1757"},"PeriodicalIF":34.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144272689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}