Information and Software Technology最新文献

{"title":"White-box structure analysis of pre-trained language models of code for effective attacking","authors":"Chongyang Liu,&nbsp;Xiaoning Ren,&nbsp;Yinxing Xue","doi":"10.1016/j.infsof.2025.107730","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infsof.2025.107730","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Context:</h3><div>Pre-trained language models of code (PLMs-C for short) have dramatically improved the state-of-the-art on various programming language processing tasks.</div></div><div><h3>Objective:</h3><div>Due to these well-performed models being easily disturbed by slight perturbations, several black-box approaches have been proposed for attacking them. However, these studies have presented two challenges: (1) black-box attacks lack interpretability in generating adversarial examples and are inefficient in attacking; (2) white-box analysis methods in natural language processing (NLP) have not yet been applied to PLMs-C, incurring a gap in this field.</div></div><div><h3>Methods:</h3><div>To address these challenges, we make the first attempt to perform a white-box structure analysis for PLMs-C, followed by a grey-box attack for PLMs-C named <span>MindAC</span> based on derived linguistic structures. Specifically, referring to the probing tasks for analyzing the linguistic property of text in NLP, we first design eight novel probing tasks for code to perform white-box structure analysis. We derive three types of linguistic structures from PLMs-C named <em>SurStruct</em>, <em>SyntStruct</em>, and <em>SemStrcut</em> which correspond to the surface, syntactic and semantic structures of code, respectively. Subsequently, <span>MindAC</span> perturbs the code snippets through variable replacement, variable redefinition, and equivalent transformation of loop statements. Besides, in linguistic structures, <span>MindAC</span> introduces the angular distance of hidden output (<em>ADHO</em>) and the Euclidean distance of attention output (<em>EDAO</em>) to guide the generation of adversarial examples.</div></div><div><h3>Results:</h3><div>Our experiments reveal that: (1) for the first time, it has been demonstrated that PLMs-C possess three linguistic structures; (2) <span>MindAc</span> outperforms the state-of-the-art baselines on attack success rate by 2.47% <span><math><mo>∼</mo></math></span> 25.45%, reduces the execution time by 25 m <span><math><mo>∼</mo></math></span> 36h16 m, and achieves a significantly lower number of queries. Furthermore, we perform adversarial fine-tuning on the training sets and recover the <em>Accuracy</em> and <em>F1</em> of the victim models by at least 57.76% and 60.13%, respectively.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion:</h3><div>The results show that based on the derived linguistic structures, the proposed <span>MindAC</span> is more interpretable, effective, and efficient in attacking the PLMs-C compared with the state-of-the-art baselines. Besides, the generated adversarial examples can help to enhance the robustness of PLMs-C.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54983,"journal":{"name":"Information and Software Technology","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 107730"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143738112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A low-code assessment platform for urban digital twins","authors":"Martina De Sanctis ,&nbsp;Ludovico Iovino ,&nbsp;Maria Teresa Rossi ,&nbsp;Manuel Wimmer","doi":"10.1016/j.infsof.2025.107726","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infsof.2025.107726","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Context:</h3><div>Digital twins, as virtual models reflecting physical entities, serve multiple purposes, supporting the understanding, design, and management of systems, across various domains. The concept of digital twins has been also applied to smart cities, coining the term “Urban Digital Twin”. Indeed, smart cities continuously produce data that can serve as a real-time feed for their digital twin representations. However, developing urban digital twins is challenging as the domain is complex and evolving rapidly. Moreover, existing digital twin platforms are mostly generic platforms, limiting their adoption for a specific context such as smart cities.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives:</h3><div>The aim of this study is to overcome the limitation of existing general-purpose digital twin platforms, particularly in the context of smart cities, by supporting the development and evolution of urban digital twins.</div></div><div><h3>Method:</h3><div>To this aim, we propose a low-code assessment platform for smart cities represented as urban digital twins by leveraging distributed runtime models to implement and deploy service-based quality evaluation systems. The innovative platform and its architecture enable the creation of efficient urban digital twins, allowing for their continuous evolution without requiring redeployment whenever the digital twin definitions are modified.</div></div><div><h3>Results:</h3><div>Experimental evaluations demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed platform, highlighting its potential for evolving urban digital twins in smart cities quality assessment.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions:</h3><div>Results show evidence that combining distributed runtime models with the advantages of low-code platforms is beneficial within the smart cities domain. Moreover, this study underscores the significance of specialized platforms tailored to the smart cities domain.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54983,"journal":{"name":"Information and Software Technology","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 107726"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143738111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A taxonomy of microservice integration techniques","authors":"Georg-Daniel Schwarz ,&nbsp;Andreas Bauer ,&nbsp;Dirk Riehle ,&nbsp;Nikolay Harutyunyan","doi":"10.1016/j.infsof.2025.107723","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infsof.2025.107723","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Context:</h3><div>Microservices have become an important architectural style for building robust and scalable software systems. A system’s functionality is split into independent units, the microservices, that communicate over a network and can be deployed independently. The shift of complexity into the integration layer necessitates enhanced collaboration among stakeholders, stressing the importance of effective communication.</div></div><div><h3>Objective:</h3><div>We aim to streamline communication between stakeholders in microservice-based projects by constructing a framework for enhanced clarity, a taxonomy, by answering our research question: <em>“How can microservice integration techniques be classified?”</em></div></div><div><h3>Method:</h3><div>We conducted a thematic analysis of literature and six expert interviews to identify microservice integration techniques and construct a taxonomy.</div></div><div><h3>Results:</h3><div>The results of this study are (i) a taxonomy for microservice integration techniques consisting of five main and ten refined categories, (ii) the classification of 121 found integration techniques, (iii) an illustration of the taxonomy usage based on three selected techniques to demonstrate the procedure in case of classification ambiguity, (iv) a comparison of data gathered from literature with the interviews, and (v) comprehensive supplementary materials.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion:</h3><div>The taxonomy offers a structured framework to classify microservice integration techniques and enhances the understanding of the diverse landscape of microservice integration techniques, including organizational ones that are often overlooked. Practitioners can discover integration techniques through the taxonomy and apply them with guidance provided in the supplementary materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54983,"journal":{"name":"Information and Software Technology","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 107723"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143746827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An empirical guide to MLOps adoption: Framework, maturity model and taxonomy","authors":"Meenu Mary John ,&nbsp;Helena Holmström Olsson ,&nbsp;Jan Bosch","doi":"10.1016/j.infsof.2025.107725","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infsof.2025.107725","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Context:</h3><div>Machine Learning Operations (MLOps) has become a top priority for companies. However, its adoption has become challenging due to the need for proper guidance and awareness. Most of the MLOps solutions available in the market are designed to fit the specific platform, tools and culture of the providers.</div></div><div><h3>Objective:</h3><div>The objective is to develop a structured approach to adopting, assessing and advancing MLOps adoption.</div></div><div><h3>Methods:</h3><div>The study was conducted based on a multi-case study across fourteen companies.</div></div><div><h3>Results:</h3><div>We provide a comprehensive analysis that highlights the similarities and differences in the adoption of MLOps practices among companies. We have also empirically validated the developed MLOps framework and MLOps maturity model. Furthermore, we carefully reviewed the feedback received from practitioners and revised the MLOps framework and maturity model to confirm its effectiveness. Additionally, we develop an MLOps taxonomy for classifying ML use cases based on their context and requirements into the desired stage of the MLOps framework and maturity model.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion:</h3><div>The findings provide companies with a structured approach to adopt, assess, and further advance the adoption of MLOps practices regardless of their current status.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54983,"journal":{"name":"Information and Software Technology","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 107725"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143704182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Layered microservices architecture: A multitree-based domain-driven approach","authors":"Duc Minh Le ,&nbsp;Duc-Hanh Dang ,&nbsp;Hieu Dinh Vo","doi":"10.1016/j.infsof.2025.107720","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infsof.2025.107720","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Context:</h3><div>Domain-driven design is commonly used with microservices architecture to develop complex microservices-based software systems. Layered, tree-based microservices architectures have recently been discussed as a solution to tame the complexity of these systems. However, there exists a knowledge gap in terms of the exact nature of this architecture style and how it is constructed.</div></div><div><h3>Objective:</h3><div>In this paper, we propose a domain-driven multitree microservices architecture (TMSA) to bridge this gap.</div></div><div><h3>Method:</h3><div>We precisely define the TMSA metamodel in UML/OCL. A service is composed of a nested service tree, whose internal nodes are domain-driven modules. Service structure reuse is enabled by unidirectional edges that connect nodes in distinct service trees. The multitree structure provides a scaffolding on which to precisely define service resiliency and TMSA model evolution. We use OCL and the UML communication diagram to model the resiliency patterns and the architectural model evolution.</div></div><div><h3>Results:</h3><div>Our UML/OCL-based metamodel of TMSA provides a foundation on which to define three essential service resiliency patterns and two operators for architectural model evolution. To ease software construction, we further define an annotation-based DSL, named <span>TASL</span>, to specify the TMSA model and a semi-automatic procedure that takes a <span>TASL</span> specification as input and constructs software as the output. We demonstrate TMSA with an implementation in a Java software framework and a real-world software example. We also evaluate the performance, resiliency and modifiability of TMSA. The results show that TMSA possesses the expected levels of quality for these attributes.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion:</h3><div>Our work provides not only a framework to identify and formally define multitree-based MSAs but a state-of-the-art realisation of this framework in high-level object-oriented programming languages.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54983,"journal":{"name":"Information and Software Technology","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 107720"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143838560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An empirical study on the impact of code duplication-aware refactoring practices on quality metrics","authors":"Eman Abdullah AlOmar","doi":"10.1016/j.infsof.2025.107687","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infsof.2025.107687","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Context:</h3><div>Code refactoring is widely recognized as an essential software engineering practice that improves the understandability and maintainability of source code. Several studies attempted to detect refactoring activities through mining software repositories, allowing one to collect, analyze, and get actionable data-driven insights about refactoring practices within software projects.</div></div><div><h3>Objective:</h3><div>Our goal is to identify, among the various quality models presented in the literature, the ones that align with the developer’s vision of eliminating duplicates of code, when they explicitly mention that they refactor the code to improve them.</div></div><div><h3>Method:</h3><div>We extract a corpus of 332 refactoring commits applied and documented by developers during their daily changes from 128 open-source Java projects. In particular, we extract 32 structural metrics from which we identify code duplicate removal commits with their corresponding refactoring operations, as perceived by software engineers. Thereafter, we empirically analyze the impact of these refactoring operations on a set of common state-of-the-art design quality metrics.</div></div><div><h3>Results:</h3><div>The statistical analysis of the results obtained shows that (i) some state-of-the-art metrics are capable of capturing the developer’s intention of removing code duplication; and (ii) some metrics are being more emphasized than others. We confirm that various structural metrics can effectively represent code duplication, leading to different impacts on software quality. Some metrics contribute to improvements, while others may lead to degradation.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion:</h3><div>Most of the mapped metrics associated with the main quality attributes successfully capture developers’ intentions for removing code duplicates, as is evident from the commit messages. However, certain metrics do not fully capture these intentions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54983,"journal":{"name":"Information and Software Technology","volume":"182 ","pages":"Article 107687"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143680933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Requirements engineering for older adult digital health software: A systematic literature review","authors":"Yuqing Xiao ,&nbsp;John Grundy ,&nbsp;Anuradha Madugalla","doi":"10.1016/j.infsof.2025.107718","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infsof.2025.107718","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Context:</h3><div>Growth of the older adult population has led to an increasing interest in technology-supported aged care. However the area has some challenges such as lack of care givers and limitations in understanding the emotional, social, physical, and mental well-being needs of older adults. Furthermore, there is a gap in the understanding between younger developers and ageing people of their requirements from digital systems. Digital health can play an important role supporting older adults’ well-being, emotional requirements, and social needs.</div></div><div><h3>Objective:</h3><div>We carried out a systematic review of the literature on RE for older adult digital health software. This was necessary to show the representatives of the current stage of understanding the needs of older adults in aged care digital health.</div></div><div><h3>Methods:</h3><div>Using established guidelines we developed a protocol, followed by the systematic search of eight databases. This resulted in 69 primary studies of high relevance, which were subsequently subjected to data extraction, synthesis, and reporting.</div></div><div><h3>Results:</h3><div>This systematic literature review highlights key RE processes used in digital health software for older people. It explored the key features developed for many digital solutions, utilization of technology for older user well-being and care, and the evaluations of proposed solutions. The review also identified key limitations found in existing primary studies that inspire future research opportunities.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion:</h3><div>Our results indicate that requirements gathering and understanding have a significant variation between different studies. The differences are in the quality, depth, and techniques adopted for requirement gathering and this reason for these differences is largely due to uneven adoption of RE methods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54983,"journal":{"name":"Information and Software Technology","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 107718"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143735241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Open source oriented cross-platform survey","authors":"Simeng Yao ,&nbsp;Xunhui Zhang ,&nbsp;Yang Zhang ,&nbsp;Tao Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.infsof.2025.107704","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infsof.2025.107704","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Context:</h3><div>Open-source software development has become a widely adopted approach to software creation. However, developers’ activities extend beyond social coding platforms (e.g., GitHub), encompassing social Q&amp;A platforms (e.g., StackOverflow) and social media platforms (e.g., Twitter). Therefore, cross-platform research is essential for a deeper understanding of the nature of software development activities.</div></div><div><h3>Objective:</h3><div>This paper focuses on open-source platforms and systematically summarizes relevant cross-platform research. It aims to assess the current state of cross-platform research and provide insights into the challenges and future developments in this field.</div></div><div><h3>Method:</h3><div>This paper reviews 69 cross-platform research papers related to open-source software from 2013 to 2024, with a focus on several key areas, including platform interconnections, research themes, experimental design methods, challenges and research opportunities.</div></div><div><h3>Results:</h3><div>Through the analysis of 69 papers, we found that cross-platform research primarily involves platforms such as social coding, social Q&amp;A, and social media. Researchers typically rely on information traces, including user personal info, technical info, project/post/bug report metadata, interaction info, to facilitate connections between platforms. Cross-platform research in the open-source domain mainly focuses on problem classification and feature extraction. The predominant research methods include data-driven approaches, qualitative studies, modeling and machine learning, and tool development and implementation. Despite these advancements, common challenges remain, such as subjective evaluation bias in manual data classification, insufficient data source coverage, and inaccurate data recognition. Future research opportunities may focus on increasing the diversity of data sources, improving data recognition accuracy, optimizing data classification methods, and clarifying user skill requirements.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions:</h3><div>Based on our findings, we propose six future directions for cross-platform research in the open-source domain and provide corresponding recommendations for developers, researchers, and service/tool providers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54983,"journal":{"name":"Information and Software Technology","volume":"182 ","pages":"Article 107704"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143697634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A systematic literature review of agile software development projects","authors":"Soumya Prakash Rath ,&nbsp;Nikunj Kumar Jain ,&nbsp;Gunjan Tomer ,&nbsp;Alok Kumar Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.infsof.2025.107727","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infsof.2025.107727","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Context</h3><div>Agile software development (ASD) is gaining prominence as the leading methodology for modern software development organizations because it enables a fast, effective, and customer-centric approach in the current disruptive and dynamic work environment.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Despite increasing interest in ASD as a research area, the extant literature remains scattered and lacks convergence. This study provides a detailed account of all aspects of ASD, including emerging agile concepts, such as agile governance and large-scale agile implementations.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>A systematic literature review (SLR) technique identifies 208 relevant articles. The study included papers published between 1999 and 2024.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>This SLR provides a concise overview of the various theories applied in the context of ASD. The study classifies previous literature into numerous different facets of ASD. In addition, the paper has prepared an extensive list of relevant research questions for future investigations in each domain of ASD.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study offers scholars insights into the status of ASD research as well as the current trends in ASD. Furthermore, the proposed future research questions provide researchers with precise direction for delving deeper into different facets of ASD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54983,"journal":{"name":"Information and Software Technology","volume":"182 ","pages":"Article 107727"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143654731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Personalization goals for run-time adaptation of IoT-based assistance applications for the elderly","authors":"Luca Sabatucci,&nbsp;Claudia Di Napoli","doi":"10.1016/j.infsof.2025.107721","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.infsof.2025.107721","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Context:</h3><div>the increasing demand for Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) applications has led to the need for personalized assistive tasks that can adapt to individual users’ needs.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives:</h3><div>we aim to balance design-time personalization with techniques of run-time adaptation for designing and executing assistive AAL applications, personalized to both users’ specific needs and environmental conditions.</div></div><div><h3>Methods:</h3><div>we propose a personalization process based on: (1) representing assistive tasks as workflows initially defined at a high level of abstraction that specifies their functional components, (2) providing an instrument for specifying how to customize these workflows for individual users, and (3) a supporting architecture that enables the run-time transformation of high-level specifications into executable workflows.</div></div><div><h3>Results:</h3><div>our empirical evaluation demonstrates that the proposed personalization goals effectively support designers in creating adaptable workflows, showing improved quality scores in personalization compared to traditional BPMN practices, without increasing design effort. Performance analysis also shows the feasibility of our run-time adaptation approach with linear scaling as the number of personalization goals increases.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion:</h3><div>a personalization process for modelling personalizable workflows may be a flexible instrument for designers to conceive assistive applications that are automatically adapted to individual users’ needs at run-time, allowing for balancing the benefits of design-time and run-time personalization techniques.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54983,"journal":{"name":"Information and Software Technology","volume":"182 ","pages":"Article 107721"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143680935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}