Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing最新文献

{"title":"Psychometric Testing of the Nurses' Cardiac Triage Instrument in a Nationwide Sample.","authors":"John R Blakeman, MyoungJin Kim, Ann L Eckhardt, Holli A DeVon, Cynthia Arslanian-Engoren","doi":"10.1097/JCN.0000000000001182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/JCN.0000000000001182","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Triage nurses are responsible for determining the urgency with which patients are evaluated and treated. How triage nurses make decisions is critical to providing effective care.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aims were to (1) analyze the psychometric properties of the Nurses' Cardiac Triage Instrument in a large, national sample of emergency department nurses, and (2) make recommendations for refining the instrument.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data were obtained from a descriptive, survey study. Participants were recruited from the Emergency Nurses Association website using stratified random sampling. Participants completed the Nurses' Cardiac Triage Instrument. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) were performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Emergency nurses (n = 414) had a mean age of 41.7 years (SD, 12.0 years) and had a median of 8.0 years (interquartile range, 11.0 years) of emergency department experience. The CFA demonstrated a poor fit with the original factor structure (χ2[402] = 1872.59, P = .000, root mean square error of approximation = .094, comparative fit index = .585, Tucker-Lewis Index = .551, standardized root mean square residual = .086). Therefore, the dataset was divided into 2; EFA and CFA were conducted. Factor 3 (nurse action) showed ceiling effects and was excluded from analysis. EFA and subsequent CFA resulted in 7 factors explaining 63.49% of the variance.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Factors 1 and 2 (patient presentation and nurses' reasoning process) of the original Nurses' Cardiac Triage Instrument were validated by EFA and CFA. Factor 3 items could be used as outcome measures in the future. This study supports further testing to compare purported versus actual nurse actions.</p>","PeriodicalId":54868,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143607179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perceived Discrimination, Trauma, Mental Health, and Blood Pressure Outcomes Among Young African American/Black Mothers in the InterGEN Study.","authors":"Alexandria Nyembwe, Yihong Zhao, Eugenia Millender, Kelli Hall, Billy A Caceres, Brittany Taylor, Morgan T Morrison, Laura Prescott, Stephanie Potts-Thompson, Arezo Aziz, Fisola Aruleba, Cindy Crusto, Jacquelyn Y Taylor","doi":"10.1097/JCN.0000000000001190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/JCN.0000000000001190","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>African American (AA) women are disproportionately affected by hypertension. Discrimination, which can be traumatic, and depressive symptoms are independently associated with blood pressure (BP).</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>We assessed whether the combined influence of discrimination and race-related trauma and depressive symptoms influenced BP over time.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a secondary data analysis of data from a longitudinal cohort study examining factors associated with BP in 250 AA/Black mother-child dyads. Eligible participants were AA/Black mothers, 21 years and older, with a biological child aged 3-5 years. Clinical (BP, body mass index) and psychosocial measures (racial discrimination, major discrimination, race-related stress, depressive symptoms) were examined. Principal component analysis and linear regression were completed to assess the associations of discrimination, race-related trauma, and depressive symptoms with maternal BP.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Data from 183 participants were analyzed. Principal component analysis identified 2 key components: overall discrimination and race-related trauma (principal component 1) and depressive symptoms (principal component 2), which explained 83% of data variation. Linear regression analyses revealed principal component 1 was associated with changes in systolic BP (b = 0.92; P = .04), whereas principal component 2 was not (b = 0.31; P = .71).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings highlight the need to further explore experiences of discrimination and race-related trauma as a contributing factor for hypertension. In addition, building on existing efforts, future studies should further analyze the presentation of depressive symptoms among AA women to inform the development and validation of culturally sensitive screening tools that effectively capture these symptoms and enhance access to care.</p>","PeriodicalId":54868,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143574647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychometric Testing of the Self-Care Self-Efficacy Scale Version 3.0 in Thai Patients With Heart Disease.","authors":"Chidchanog Mayurapak, Chonchanok Bunsuk, Jom Suwanno, Naruebeth Koson, Wanna Kumanjan, Chennet Phonphet, Ladda Thiamwong","doi":"10.1097/JCN.0000000000001189","DOIUrl":"10.1097/JCN.0000000000001189","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The Self-Care Self-Efficacy Scale version 3.0 (SCSES-v3.0) measures self-efficacy in various chronic conditions. However, its psychometric properties in specific conditions and non-Western contexts are not well understood.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>We evaluated the psychometric properties of the Thai version of the SCSES-v3.0 in patients with heart disease.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this cross-sectional methodological study, we recruited patients with heart disease from 2 hospitals and 15 primary care settings. We evaluated structural validity using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, and hypothesis testing against the Self-Care of Chronic Illness Inventory version 4.c (SC-CII-v4.c). Reliability was assessed using McDonald's ω , Cronbach α , intraclass correlation coefficients, and measurement errors were calculated for score precision.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 300 patients, 287 were included in the analysis after excluding outliers. Exploratory factor analysis conducted with the first split-half subsample revealed a 2-factor structure: one factor represented self-efficacy in maintenance and monitoring behaviors (items 1-5), and the other represented self-efficacy in management behaviors (items 6-10). Confirmatory factor analysis conducted with the second split-half subsample and the overall sample confirmed the scale's bidimensional model with high factor loadings. The dimensions and overall SCSES-v3.0 positively correlated with each scale and the overall SC-CII-v4.c. Reliability was excellent for internal consistency (range, 0.91-0.94) and test-retest reliability (range, 0.95-0.97). The measurement error results were satisfactory.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The SCSES-v3.0 demonstrated robust psychometric characteristics. Its validity and reliability make it a valuable instrument for clinical practice and research with the potential to enhance patient outcomes in heart disease management.</p>","PeriodicalId":54868,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143568869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Intersection of Rurality With Female Sex and Gender in Heart Failure: A Scoping Review Using the Social-Ecological Model.","authors":"Holly A Buchanan, Melanie T Turk, Denise Lucas, James Schreiber, Shelly Smith","doi":"10.1097/JCN.0000000000001185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/JCN.0000000000001185","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Despite the increasing recognition of heart failure (HF) as a critical public health issue for both rural populations and women, the intersection of rurality and female sex in HF remains underexplored.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The objective of this scoping review was to synthesize the evidence on the intersection of rurality with female sex and gender in HF, examining how individual, interpersonal, organizational, or community factors influence the experience, management, and outcomes of HF in women.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using the PubMed, Embase, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature databases, a literature search was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for scoping reviews. Findings were organized by level of the social-ecological model (SEM).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the 1119 articles reviewed, 11 original studies met inclusion criteria, and their results were synthesized. Rural women were found to be at higher risk of developing HF when compared with their male and urban counterparts and tended to have worse outcomes, including higher rates of hospitalizations and mortality. Rural women were also less likely to receive evidence-based care and used healthcare services less.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Findings underscore the intricate interplay between SEM factors that influence HF outcomes in rural women. While highlighting the disparities this demographic group faces, the findings also emphasize the urgency for targeted interventions to address these multifaceted disparities. Future research should further explore the interactions between individual, interpersonal, organizational, and community factors to improve the care and outcomes of rural women living with HF.</p>","PeriodicalId":54868,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143568872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cardiovascular Disease as a Moderator Between Airflow Limitation and Health-Related Quality of Life Among Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.","authors":"Walter Wills, Pedro Reyes, Arch Amon, Luis Daniel Lugo, Anas Bizanti, Andrew Bugajski","doi":"10.1097/JCN.0000000000001181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/JCN.0000000000001181","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) often occur comorbidly, sharing similar risk factors and symptom presentations. However, the influence of comorbid CVD on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) along the gradient of airflow limitation severity found within COPD is understudied.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The objective of this study was to identify if comorbid CVD demonstrates a significant moderating influence on HRQoL at each distinct stage of airflow limitation presenting among a sample of individuals living with COPD.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional secondary analysis of N = 1609 participants enrolled in the SubPopulations and InteRmediate Outcome Measures in COPD Study observational cohort study using a 4 × 2 factorial analysis of variance.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were significant differences in HRQoL among those with and without comorbid CVD at Global Initiative for Chronic Lung Diseases Stages I (P < .001) and II (P < .001); however, there were no significant differences at Stages III (P = .182) or IV (P = .138).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The moderating influence of comorbid CVD on HRQoL may be variable among the various stages of airflow limitation present within COPD. Future studies should further examine comorbid illness interactions within the context of their gradients of severity.</p>","PeriodicalId":54868,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143607178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding the Lived Experience of Patients With Heart Failure During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-synthesis of Qualitative Studies.","authors":"Chantira Chiaranai, Saranya Chularee, Nudchaporn Doommai, Sunthara Liangchawengwong","doi":"10.1097/JCN.0000000000001186","DOIUrl":"10.1097/JCN.0000000000001186","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Patients with heart failure face multifaceted challenges, including emotional, social, and psychological burdens, while managing their condition. The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated these difficulties, amplifying fear, uncertainty, and healthcare complexities, further complicating their experiences.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The objective of this study was to identify and analyze the challenges faced by patients with heart failure during the pandemic.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic review and meta-synthesis were conducted to analyze data from qualitative studies. Data were sourced from EMBASE, PubMed, and SCOPUS, spanning from March 11, 2020, when the WHO declared COVID-19 a pandemic, to May 5, 2023, marking the end of COVID-19 as a global public health emergency.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A systematic review and meta-synthesis were conducted, identifying 676 articles through database searches: CINAHL-Complete (n = 130), PubMed (n = 313), SCOPUS (n = 210), hand search (n = 22), and Thai journal online (ThaiJO) (n = 1). After screening and quality assessment using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme, 17 full-text articles of sufficient quality involving 277 participants with heart failure from East Asia (Taiwan, Japan), Southeast Asia (Thailand, Indonesia), Europe (Denmark, UK, Spain, Italy, Sweden), North America (United States), and the Middle East (Iran) were included in the synthesis. Six primary themes emerged: (1) Emotional Impact-patients reported increased anxiety, fear of disease progression, and heightened feelings of isolation, (2) Limited Physical and Social Activities-restrictions during the pandemic significantly disrupted daily routines, (3) Cultivating Resilience and Meaningful Living-many adapted by finding new coping mechanisms and purpose, (4) Divergent Perspectives on Care Delivery Innovation-although telehealth offered convenience for some, others faced challenges because of the lack of in-person care, (5) Social Support from Family and Friends-family support was critical but often limited by quarantine measures, and (6) Trust in Healthcare Providers-trust emerged as a key factor in managing heart failure during the crisis. Using the GRADE-CERQual approach, the certainty of evidence was evaluated and ranged from moderate to high.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings underscore the urgent need for targeted interventions that address the emotional and practical needs of patients with heart failure during crises. By promoting well-being and enhancing healthcare delivery, these insights can inform healthcare providers and policymakers in developing tailored support strategies aimed at improving patient outcomes and quality of lifePROSPERO registration number: CRD42024526561.</p>","PeriodicalId":54868,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143544533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association Between Insomnia and Cognitive Frailty Among Older Patients With Chronic Heart Failure: Multiple Mediating Effects of Depressive Symptoms and Social Support.","authors":"Simeng Zhang, Jian Liu, Wenran Qu, Huimin Wei, Jiurui Wang, Zhiwei Wang, Zeping Yan, Mengqi Liu, Xiaoli Wang, Xiaorong Luan","doi":"10.1097/JCN.0000000000001124","DOIUrl":"10.1097/JCN.0000000000001124","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Older patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) are prone to insomnia. Studies have shown that insomnia affects the onset of cognitive frailty and is also strongly associated with depressive symptoms and social support. However, information on how these factors interact to influence cognitive frailty remains underexplored.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>Our aim in this study was to explore the multiple mediating roles of depressive symptoms and social support in the relationship between insomnia and cognitive frailty.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We recruited 300 hospitalized older patients with CHF to participate in this study. The participants completed the Athens Insomnia Scale, Geriatric Depression Scale, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, FRAIL Scale, and Social Support Rating Scale. The mediation hypothesis was tested using a multiple mediation model and bootstrapping method.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In this study, 44% of the patients experienced insomnia, and 51.3% were in a state of cognitive frailty. Our main findings suggest that insomnia has an indirect effect on cognitive frailty through 2 pathways: the multiple mediating effects of depressive symptoms and social support, and a single mediating effect of depressive symptoms. The direct effect of insomnia on cognitive frailty is also significant.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Older patients with CHF who experience insomnia tend to have more severe depressive symptoms, cognitive frailty, and poor social support. Thus, interventions to recognize insomnia early, improve depressive symptoms, and provide social support may reduce cognitive frailty in older patients with CHF. Longitudinal studies are necessary to further refine our findings and address the limitations of the current study.</p>","PeriodicalId":54868,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing","volume":" ","pages":"114-123"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11801432/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141621836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Qualitative Description of Exercise Perceptions and Experiences Among People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus in the High-Intensity Exercise to Attenuate Limitations and Train Habits Study.","authors":"Harriet Fridah Adhiambo, Paul Cook, Kristine M Erlandson, Catherine Jankowski, Vitor H F Oliveira, Hoai Do, Vincent Khuu, Christine Horvat Davey, Allison R Webel","doi":"10.1097/JCN.0000000000001082","DOIUrl":"10.1097/JCN.0000000000001082","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The benefits of physical activity (PA), specifically exercise, among older adults in general are well known. Yet globally, there is concern regarding limited engagement in PA, increased obesity, and frailty among older people with human immunodeficiency virus related to low levels of PA.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted in-depth interviews among 30 older, sedentary people with human immunodeficiency virus participating in the ongoing High-Intensity Exercise to Attenuate Limitations and Train Habits (HEALTH study, NCT04550676) between February 2021 and August 2022. A semistructured interview guide, informed by two minds theory, which frames behavior change as an intention-behavior gap between 2 neurocognitive systems, was used to elicit data from participants. Interviews explored general exercise perceptions, self-efficacy for exercise, mobile health intervention tailoring, outcome expectations, and PA goals. Thirty interviews from 33 participants were recorded and transcribed verbatim, and deductive and inductive thematic analysis were used using Dedoose.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Physical activity was defined as maintaining daily living activities and addressing health goals. Previous experiences with PA varied among participants and were influenced by chronic illnesses, including human immunodeficiency virus; motivation; work commitments; interest; and social support. Reported barriers to PA included antiretroviral adverse effects, comorbidities, aging, and the COVID-19 pandemic. Changes in health status, body changes, and relationships were identified as benefits of PA. Conversations with healthcare providers supporting exercise goals were perceived to be important but rarely received by the participants.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Understanding how older people with human immunodeficiency virus perceive PA is crucial to developing tailored strategies and structuring service delivery within the healthcare setting to promote a physically active life.</p>","PeriodicalId":54868,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing","volume":" ","pages":"E101-E109"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11377861/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140051042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PCNA News and Resources.","authors":"","doi":"10.1097/JCN.0000000000001174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/JCN.0000000000001174","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54868,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing","volume":"40 2","pages":"95-96"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143366783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Do Interventions Meet the Needs of Caregivers of Cardiac Patients?: A Scoping Review.","authors":"Nina Konstantin Nissen, Mai-Britt Guldin, Camilla Palmhøj Nielsen, Lisbeth Ørtenblad","doi":"10.1097/JCN.0000000000001122","DOIUrl":"10.1097/JCN.0000000000001122","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Interventions targeting the needs of caregivers of cardiac patients are few, and in most cases, no effect is found on caregivers' well-being. A closer look at the existing interventions will provide a solid foundation for future efforts to develop effective interventions targeted at caregivers of cardiac patients.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The study's objective was to scrutinize and discuss interventions targeting caregivers of cardiac patients and contribute to reflections that will improve future interventions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Systematic scoping of the literature within the field was conducted through a literature search in PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Cochrane Library from January 2011 to May 2022. The development of search terms and inclusion criteria was inspired by the Patient problem/population, Intervention, Comparison/Control, and Outcome approach, and the Medical Research Council framework for developing and evaluating complex interventions served as the underlying basis for the analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Eleven articles were included. The interventions reported in the articles were generally not systematically developed and did not include field-specific, methodological, and theoretical reflections. Furthermore, the development process behind the studies seemed not to be transparent.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Lack of systematic methodology and methodological transparency in the reviewed studies hinders further testing of interventions and might explain lack of evidence for effective interventions within the field. More systematic, needs-based, and well-documented interventions targeting caregivers of various kinds of cardiac patients are needed to develop the field to the benefit of caregivers, patients, and society.</p>","PeriodicalId":54868,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing","volume":" ","pages":"143-162"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141749791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}