Journal of Great Lakes Research最新文献

{"title":"Frequency and duration of weak thermal stratification and hypoxia in the shallow western basin of Lake Erie","authors":"Yulong Kuai,&nbsp;Mathew G. Wells","doi":"10.1016/j.jglr.2025.102596","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jglr.2025.102596","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polymictic lakes are not always continuously mixed; they often experience alternating periods of mixing and weak stratification. The shallow western basin of Lake Erie is one example of a polymictic basin where the frequency of mixing has important consequences for water quality. In this study, we capture high-frequency data from the summers of 2021, 2022, and 2023, including water temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), and water current velocity. This dataset allows us to show that hypoxic events (&lt;2 mg/L) are triggered by episodes of weak stratification in Pigeon Bay, in western Lake Erie. Our five sampling sites in Pigeon Bay were located 50 m to 20 km from an important nearshore municipal water intake that supplies drinkable water to ∼66,800 residents and to the second largest greenhouse cluster in the world. Between June and September in these 3 years, we found that Pigeon Bay was stratified with a vertical temperature difference above 2 °C, for respectively 45 % (2021), 54 % (2022), and 25 % (2023) of the time. Significantly, all the hypoxic events were associated with stratified events. During the sampling periods, stratified events and hypoxic events were induced by either 1) local surface heating or 2) advection of hypolimnetic water from central Lake Erie. The majority of the hypoxic events in Pigeon Bay (83 % in 2021, 86 % in 2022, and 67 % in 2023) were associated with the horizontal transport of cold water that originated over 20 km from the central basin of Lake Erie.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54818,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","volume":"51 4","pages":"Article 102596"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144687610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nursing Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fry in cages improves growth performance, feed efficiency, condition factor, and growth pattern for stock enhancement","authors":"Omega Anthony Vicent ,&nbsp;Edmond Alavaisha ,&nbsp;Samwel Mchele Limbu","doi":"10.1016/j.jglr.2025.102587","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jglr.2025.102587","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The contribution of Nile tilapia (<em>Oreochromis niloticus</em>) to food security and livelihoods around Lake Victoria is diminishing due to recruitment overfishing. However, the application of stock enhancement as an alternative management approach for recruitment-overexploited stocks in developing countries is limited by scanty information, particularly regarding a suitable nursing system. This study determined growth performance, feed utilization, survival, condition factor, and growth pattern of Nile tilapia fry nursed in tanks, hapas-in-pond, and lake-based cages in Lake Victoria. Phytoplankton composition, abundance, and diversity were also assessed across the systems. Each system was stocked with 250 fry (mean weight: 0.63 ± 0.12 g) in triplicate and fed a commercial diet for 10 weeks. Results showed that the fry nursed in cages had significantly higher final weight (FW: 22.5 ± 0.86 g), daily weight gain (DWG: 0.33 ± 0.01 g/day), and specific growth rate (SGR: 4.47 ± 0.05%/day) compared to those in hapas-in-pond (FW: 16.4 ± 0.23 g, DWG: 0.22 ± 0.01 g/day, SGR: 4.04 ± 0.01%/day) and tanks (FW: 9.38 ± 0.23 g, DWG: 0.12 ± 0.00 g/day, SGR: 3.27 ± 0.03%/day) nursing systems (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05). Moreover, the fry reared in cages had significantly higher relative condition factor (K_n: 1.50 ± 0.01) and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR: 1.24 ± 0.06) than those reared in hapas-in-pond (K_n: 1.26 ± 0.01 and FCR: 1.32 ± 0.02) and tanks (K_n: 1.15 ± 0.01 and FCR: 1.53 ± 0.02) (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05). Cage- and pond-based culture systems supported isometric growth of fry. Percentage survival did not differ significantly among culture systems (<em>p</em> &gt; 0.05). Hapas-in-pond had significantly higher phytoplankton abundance (21.57 × 10⁴ cells/mL) than cages (5.53 × 10⁴) and tanks (2.76 × 10⁴) (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05). Conclusively, nursing Nile tilapia fry in cages improves growth and feed efficiency, offering a promising strategy for stock enhancement to manage overfished populations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54818,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","volume":"51 4","pages":"Article 102587"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144687606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diet-induced declines in thiamine concentration threaten the cardiac health of wild sub-adult Chinook salmon","authors":"K.A. Adeli ,&nbsp;E.E. Singh ,&nbsp;J. Rinchard ,&nbsp;B.D. Neff","doi":"10.1016/j.jglr.2025.102586","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jglr.2025.102586","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thiamine (vitamin B₁) is an essential vitamin involved in energy metabolism. Despite its importance, thiamine deficiency is a widespread issue among wildlife. Thiamine deficiency is particularly prevalent among salmonine fishes, in which it is diet-induced and has been associated with detrimental changes to cardiac morphology and function. Here, we assessed the diet, thiamine concentration, and ventricular morphology of sub-adult Chinook salmon (<em>Oncorhynchus tshawytscha</em>) in lakes Huron and Ontario. Stomach content analyses revealed distinct dietary differences between lakes. Chinook salmon from Lake Huron, which primarily consumed rainbow smelt (<em>Osmerus mordax</em>), had significantly higher skeletal muscle and ventricle thiamine concentrations compared to those from Lake Ontario, where their diet mainly consisted of alewife (<em>Alosa pseudoharengus</em>). Histological analyses of cardiac ventricles revealed that low ventricle thiamine concentrations were associated with detrimental changes to ventricular morphology including cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, degeneration, fibrosis, and changes in compact myocardium thickness. Altogether, this work demonstrates that low thiamine concentrations could threaten the cardiac health of wild salmonines, with important implications for their conservation and management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54818,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","volume":"51 4","pages":"Article 102586"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144687603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Budgeting internal and external nutrient loads in a shallow freshwater bay: Disentangling bioturbator-mediated and net ambient nutrient fluxes","authors":"Taylor C. Michael ,&nbsp;Lauren E. Kinsman-Costello ,&nbsp;David M. Costello","doi":"10.1016/j.jglr.2025.102584","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jglr.2025.102584","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Shallow embayments are particularly vulnerable to eutrophication and harmful algal blooms (HABs). Most management efforts focus on reducing external nutrient (i.e., nitrogen [N] and phosphorus [P]) loading from landscape runoff, yet seasonal HABs persist. When external loads are lessened, the internal loading of nutrients may contribute to continued eutrophic conditions. We investigated internal loading, including the contribution of bioturbator-mediated sediment-surface water nutrient exchange, in Sandusky Bay, OH, USA, the largest embayment in Lake Erie. Sediment-surface water nutrient fluxes are driven by oxygen conditions, geochemical processes, and microbial nutrient processes. Invertebrate bioturbation can modify nutrient fluxes by transporting oxygenated surface water through burrows, into normally anoxic sediment, which can alter abiotic nutrient flux rates (i.e., via phosphorus sorption) and promote microbial nutrient processing (i.e., nitrogen transformations). We measured benthic invertebrate densities monthly across Sandusky Bay and quantified bioturbation-driven and ambient nutrient flux rates through intact sediment core experiments. We assessed the contribution of bioturbation to net ambient nutrient fluxes and compared internal loads (ambient and bioturbation-mediated) to external loads. Net ambient phosphorus and nitrogen fluxes varied across time, space, and oxygen conditions. Invertebrate bioturbation contributed to net internal fluxes, and internal phosphorus loads were similar in magnitude to external phosphorus loads while internal nitrogen loads were much smaller than external loads in Sandusky Bay during mid-summer. We demonstrate that invertebrates contribute greatly to internal fluxes and that dynamic bioturbation and ambient nutrient fluxes at the sediment–water interface of shallow bays contribute to internal loading in freshwater aquatic ecosystems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54818,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","volume":"51 4","pages":"Article 102584"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144687611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermodynamic exposure reductions of PCBs available to Lumbriculus variegatus in Lake Erie region sediments amended with activated carbon","authors":"Philip T. Gidley,&nbsp;Guilherme R. Lotufo,&nbsp;Paul R. Schroeder","doi":"10.1016/j.jglr.2025.102582","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jglr.2025.102582","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A chemical activity-based assessment of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) bioaccumulation from Lake Erie region sediments was studied using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) coated fibers and Dow Corning (DC) silicone coated jars, both with ex situ mixing (i.e., agitation). Polymers equilibrated with the sediments were compared to bioaccumulation in blackworms (<em>Lumbriculus variegatus</em>), exposed to the sediments for 28 days. Sediments were from Cleveland Harbor, Ashtabula Harbor (Ohio, USA), and Buffalo River (New York, USA). The sediment from Ashtabula was amended with activated carbon (AC). Using lipid-polymer partition coefficients, the polymers were able to estimate actual bioaccumulation in worms, with close to a 1:1 relationship and r² = 0.94. If lipid normalized worm bioaccumulation was compared to equilibrated PDMS concentrations, there was a 20:1 ‘off-set’ (lipid concentration ≈ 20 × PDMS concentration), but the relation was still strong (r² = 0.87). Different doses of AC were mixed into Ashtabula sediment in the laboratory, corresponding to 1 %, 10 %, and 100 % of the native total organic carbon (TOC). Based on PCB concentrations in DC silicone, a target AC dose equal to 10 % of the TOC would substantially reduce (∼62 %) bioaccumulation of the more hydrophobic PCBs (log octanol–water partition coefficient &gt; 6) from Ashtabula Harbor dredged material. Widespread AC amendment to surficial sediment of the eastern basin of Lake Erie may reduce the thermodynamic pressure of PCBs from that sediment source and allow for a continued decline in fish tissue concentrations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54818,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","volume":"51 4","pages":"Article 102582"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144687527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chironomid assemblage response to cultural eutrophication and dreissenid mussel establishment in the Bay of Quinte, Ontario","authors":"Lauren Alward ,&nbsp;Isaac Armstrong ,&nbsp;Stafford Rotehrá:kwas Maracle ,&nbsp;Brian F. Cumming","doi":"10.1016/j.jglr.2025.102578","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jglr.2025.102578","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Bay of Quinte is a large (254 km²) embayment on Lake Ontario, which has experienced many environmental and ecological modifications since the arrival of European settlers. Extensive clearing of land and development of urban areas led to considerable eutrophication from anthropogenic nutrient loading in the late 1800s. The subsequent reduction of nutrient loading post-1977 was followed by the 1994 colonization of invasive dreissenid mussels, whose establishment was associated with benthification and an abrupt shift from a turbid eutrophic system to a clearer mesotrophic system. To investigate the response of the benthos to these stresses, a sediment core was collected in 2023, and sediment subsamples from 18 stratigraphic intervals were sifted to identify and enumerate subfossil chironomid (order: Diptera) assemblages. The cultural eutrophication of the bay was reflected in the sediment core by a shift from hypoxia-intolerant <em>Tanytarsus lugens</em> and <em>T. mendax</em> dominance to the more tolerant <em>Chironomus</em> sp. After 1977, <em>Chironomus</em> sp. decreased and <em>Tanytarsus</em> spp. and other hypoxia-intolerant taxa increased, consistent with nutrient abatement actions. Following dreissenid establishment (∼1994), there was a significant increase in chironomid head capsule abundance. ANOSIM suggests that the nutrient abatement actions may be a stronger driver of chironomid taxonomic and functional composition than the dreissenid invasion, though this may reflect the resolution and location of the sediment core. Overall, our results suggest chironomids experienced recovery from eutrophication and that benthic resource availability may have increased post-dreissenid invasion, which could benefit benthivorous fish.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54818,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","volume":"51 3","pages":"Article 102578"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143946567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From stream to surf zone: Differences in the composition and succession of Lake Superior macroinvertebrate communities","authors":"Sam Miess ,&nbsp;Mac Strand","doi":"10.1016/j.jglr.2025.102580","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jglr.2025.102580","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The benthic communities in the surf zone of the Laurentian Great Lakes were historically diverse assemblages with typically lotic taxa. Conditions were suitable for these lotic taxa due to wave activity and strong, nearshore currents. Due to anthropogenic stressors, including the introduction of <em>Dreissena</em> mussels, surf zone communities have been all but decimated in the lower Great Lakes. Remaining communities persist along the shorelines of Lake Superior, where they are influenced by lake conditions and tributary inputs. Despite their ecological importance, the relationship between these Great Lakes surf zone communities, nearby tributary communities, and the confluence (i.e., tributary mouth) communities has remained largely unexplored. This study compared the composition and succession of Lake Superior communities at three sites: tributary, confluence, and surf zone. Hester-Dendy multiplate samplers (n = 7 per site) were deployed for ∼ 28-day periods over the course of the ice-free season (May through October) to assess community composition. Although diversity was similar between sites, community composition was distinct between the sites across all sample periods. Overall, compositional shifts were greater along the shoreline community, followed by confluence and tributary communities. The magnitude of compositional shifts, as well as diversity and composition, varied across the sample periods. These results suggest these communities are distinct, exhibiting compositional shifts that appear to correspond with production peaks at each site. As warmer temperatures and intensified storms affect Lake Superior in the coming decades, it is important that further research explore the ecology of tributary, confluence, and surf zone communities to better preserve these fascinating communities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54818,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","volume":"51 3","pages":"Article 102580"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143946560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Source and longevity of streambed sediment and phosphorus retention in a lake-plain tributary of the Maumee River","authors":"Tanja N. Williamson ,&nbsp;Faith A. Fitzpatrick ,&nbsp;Diana L. Karwan ,&nbsp;Rebecca M. Kreiling ,&nbsp;James D. Blount ,&nbsp;Dayle J. Hoefling","doi":"10.1016/j.jglr.2025.102575","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jglr.2025.102575","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We described abundance and source of soft, fine-grained, streambed sediment and associated phosphorus (sed-P) during summer low flow in Little Flatrock Creek (LFR), a channelized tributary of the Maumee River and western Lake Erie. Reach-level assessments compared streambed-sediment storage to streambank erosion. Streambed sediment was fingerprinted and analyzed for sed-P and the potential for P de/sorption between the water column and streambed sediment. The ratio of two fallout radionuclides apportioned “new sediment” in streambed storage. Basin-wide streambed-sediment storage exceeded both annual streambank erosion and the annual suspended-sediment load. Streambed sediment was generally a mix of streambank and cropland sources and each equaled or exceeded abundance of new streambed sediment, indicating accumulation of sediment from both sources during the current agricultural cycle. The implication is that this mix of new and old sediment, and legacy P, takes multiple events and seasons to be transported downstream. Streambed sediment had the potential to adsorb dissolved P (DP) from the water column, with sed-P stored in the silt + clay fraction similar to the annual particulate-P (total-dissolved) load transported with suspended sediment, but with lower concentrations than cropland- and streambank-sourced sediment. This indicates supplementation of water-column DP as sediment settles to the bottom and a lag between land and channel management and in-channel P availability. Storage of fine-grained sediment and sed-P in this lake-plain/bed basin is distinct from another Maumee headwater tributary with glacial-moraine controlled geomorphology. The implication is that streambank erosion, in-channel sediment accumulation, and the resultant total-dissolved-sediment P spiral differ based on geomorphic setting and drainage history.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54818,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","volume":"51 3","pages":"Article 102575"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143946566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantifying the increase in shoreline armoring along Michigan’s Lake Michigan coast associated with rising lake level (2014–2020)","authors":"Ethan J. Theuerkauf ,&nbsp;Brendan M.J. Burchi ,&nbsp;Layni Wyns","doi":"10.1016/j.jglr.2025.102571","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jglr.2025.102571","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Great Lakes’ shorelines, particularly those of Lake Michigan, have undergone substantial transformations due to rising water levels and increased wave energy from 2014 to 2020. This period saw extensive erosion of beaches, dunes, and bluffs, prompting coastal property owners to install shoreline armoring to protect their properties. However, this protective measure often leads to unintended consequences, such as disrupted sediment transport and negative impacts on ecological communities. To quantify the armoring response to rising lake level, the extent of shoreline armoring along Michigan’s Lake Michigan coast was documented in 2021 (post-peak high water) and compared to publicly available shoreline armoring data from 2014 (pre-lake level rise). The research revealed a nearly fivefold increase in armoring from 2014 to 2021 along the coast, with the most significant increases observed in the southern section near larger towns and cities. Despite the protective intent, this widespread armoring raises concerns about its long-term effects on coastal ecosystems and geomorphology, highlighting the need for further research and informed policy decisions to balance protection needs with ecosystem function and integrity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54818,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","volume":"51 4","pages":"Article 102571"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144687515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical study of wave-driven flooding on Lake Ontario","authors":"Andrew Cornett ,&nbsp;Behnaz Ghodoosipour ,&nbsp;Mitchel Provan ,&nbsp;Enda Murphy ,&nbsp;Mike Shantz","doi":"10.1016/j.jglr.2025.102577","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jglr.2025.102577","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, four high-resolution numerical models of nearshore wave propagation, runup, overtopping, and coastal flooding were developed using the open source XBeach model for three sites on the Canadian shore of Lake Ontario where flooding occurred in recent years. The models were qualitatively validated through comparison with photographs of flooding from these sites, and then used to model 24 to 48 combinations of water level and wave condition at each site. A set of flood metrics were developed and computed from the simulation output based on the potential impacts to waterfront buildings and roads. Relationships were established between the flood severity metrics, lake level, and incident wave conditions at each site. Results show that the flooded area, the number of flooded houses, and the length of flooded roads were influenced by both water levels and wave conditions, generally increasing with rising water level and increasing wave height. However, the rate of increase varied from site to site depending on local factors and conditions. Approximately linear relationships were found in some cases, whereas highly nonlinear relationships were identified in others. The study highlights the importance of wave action in initiating flooding at water levels below the threshold required to cause flooding under calm conditions, and exacerbating flooding at water levels above this threshold. This study was undertaken to support the International Joint Commission’s Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Adaptive Management Committee and International Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River Board in assessing strategies for regulating outflows from Lake Ontario into the St. Lawrence River.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54818,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","volume":"51 4","pages":"Article 102577"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144687518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}