Journal of Great Lakes Research最新文献

{"title":"Spatial and inter-annual variation in the Lake Superior offshore zooplankton community","authors":"Julie E. Lietz ,&nbsp;Richard P. Barbiero ,&nbsp;Anne E. Scofield ,&nbsp;Barry M. Lesht","doi":"10.1016/j.jglr.2024.102496","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jglr.2024.102496","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lake Superior’s offshore zooplankton community is commonly considered spatially homogeneous and relatively invariant, and thus often referenced as a baseline oligotrophic zooplankton community for the Great Lakes. However, zooplankton biomass can indeed exhibit substantial variability in Lake Superior on finer spatial and temporal scales, but this is not well documented in the literature. We used long-term monitoring data generated by the Environmental Protection Agency’s Great Lakes Biology Monitoring Program from 1997 to 2018 to investigate offshore zooplankton community structure during summer stratification. Both cluster analysis and non-metric multidimensional scaling ordination were used to examine zooplankton spatial patterns in relation to environmental variables. In addition, we used modeled surface current projections for the weeks prior to sampling events to assess the potential importance of horizontal transport in shaping the offshore zooplankton community. We found that although calanoid copepods consistently dominated the community, the relative contribution of cladocerans to total zooplankton biomass was variable. Cluster analysis often singled out three stations, two north of Isle Royale and one offshore of the Pic River, that typically had both higher chlorophyll-a concentrations and higher cladoceran biomass than most others. Analysis of surface current projections suggested horizontal transport of zooplankton could occur from stations with high cladoceran biomass, possibly driving more widespread shifts in the offshore community than expected. Continued assessment of connections between physical and biological variables is important to anticipate food web responses to future stressors, such as climate-driven changes to temperature and circulation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54818,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","volume":"51 1","pages":"Article 102496"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143129451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting the response of fish populations to changes in river connectivity using individual-based models","authors":"Shane Flinn ,&nbsp;Travis O. Brenden ,&nbsp;Kelly Robinson","doi":"10.1016/j.jglr.2024.102463","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jglr.2024.102463","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Barrier removal restores physical stream processes and improves accessibility of critical habitats to migratory fishes. Although increasing connectivity benefits stream systems and migratory fishes, barrier removals may also lead to increased production of undesirable or invasive migratory species, as well as myriad other concerns (e.g., reduced recreational opportunities). Few studies have predicted how migratory fish populations will respond to enhanced fish passage, despite being a critical step in the decision-making process. We developed an individual-based model framework to forecast the response of migratory fishes to changes in connectivity and applied the framework to six species under multiple fish passage scenarios for the FishPass project on the Boardman River, MI, which outlets into Lake Michigan. Population response to barrier removal was species-specific and varied based on initial population size and distribution within the watershed, number of fish passed upstream, and species life history traits. Species restricted to below the barrier prior to removal benefitted most; non-native species were found to have greater production potential under full passage scenarios than native Great Lakes species. With increasing passage of non-native Pacific salmonids, steelhead <em>Oncorhynchus mykiss</em> surpassed brook trout <em>Salvelinus fontinalis</em> as the system’s dominant species. Our results will inform decision-makers on management alternatives for fish passage on the Boardman River and our model framework can be modified, updated, and applied to additional river systems as more barrier removal projects are conducted in the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54818,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","volume":"51 1","pages":"Article 102463"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143129455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biogeographic barriers are differentially permeable based on traits: Movement of hypoxia tolerant mormyrid fish in the Lake Victoria basin","authors":"David A.G.A. Hunt ,&nbsp;Quinn Thomas ,&nbsp;Shelby B. Clarke ,&nbsp;Lauren J. Chapman","doi":"10.1016/j.jglr.2024.102485","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jglr.2024.102485","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lake Nabugabo is a small satellite lake separated from Lake Victoria by hypoxic swamps that impose a biogeographic barrier to fish assemblages. Some species occur exclusively in Nabugabo while others show high differentiation across this barrier, yet air-breathing fishes show nearly zero genetic differentiation between the two lakes. We hypothesize that hypoxia-tolerant fishes, unlike other non-air-breathing species, would have similarly low genetic differentiation across the barrier. We used pooled RAD-seq to examine the degree of genetic differentiation in two species of non-air-breathing but hypoxia-tolerant mormyrid fishes, <em>Marcusenius victoriae</em> and <em>Petrocephalus degeni</em>. Other non-air-breathing fishes have been shown to have FST values as low as 0.05 but mostly between 0.10 and 0.20; however, we discovered that the genetic differentiation in our focal species was very low, with FST values between 0.02 and 0.04, making them much more comparable to air-breathing fishes with FST values of near zero. We conclude that this and other analogous barriers should be understood as differentially permeable depending on the traits of the organisms crossing them, such as hypoxia tolerance in this case.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54818,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","volume":"51 1","pages":"Article 102485"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143129450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Watershed inputs of suspended sediment drive patterns of total phosphorus in Chequamegon Bay, Lake Superior","authors":"Matthew J. Hudson ,&nbsp;Matthew J. Cooper ,&nbsp;Amanda K. Suchy ,&nbsp;Peter S. Levi ,&nbsp;Bridget R. Thornburg ,&nbsp;Paige J. Penningroth ,&nbsp;Randy A. Lehr","doi":"10.1016/j.jglr.2024.102444","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jglr.2024.102444","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lake Superior is considered the least anthropogenically stressed and has the lowest offshore phosphorus (P) concentrations of the five Laurentian Great Lakes. However, nearshore habitats in Lake Superior are showing evidence of nutrient related stress. We examined drivers of total P dynamics in Chequamegon Bay, a shallow embayment in southwestern Lake Superior located in a region of the Laurentian Great Lakes that is primarily forested with low human development. Over a nine-year period (2014–2022) we measured total and soluble reactive phosphorus (TP and SRP, respectively), total suspended solids (TSS), and chlorophyll-<em>a</em> (Chl-<em>a</em>) at 12 locations distributed across Chequamegon Bay. Path analysis revealed that TP in this region of Lake Superior is largely sediment bound and driven by watershed inputs of suspended sediment. SRP and Chl-<em>a</em> make up only a small portion of TP. TP and TSS were highly correlated, with a stronger correlation at the most nearshore locations and following extreme precipitation events in 2016 and 2018. TP and Chl-<em>a</em> had a weak positive correlation at low TP concentrations, and lack of correlation at high TP concentrations. This suggests that despite high TP inputs from runoff events, Chl-<em>a</em> response was minimal, likely due to low light availability and limited bioavailability of sediment-bound P. Understanding conditions where episodic inputs of TP could contribute to the reactive P pool and how hydrodynamics affect biogeochemical processes and algal response to nutrient inputs are critical to understanding how an expected increase in extreme events will influence nearshore water quality in large lakes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54818,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","volume":"51 1","pages":"Article 102444"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143129560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lake Superior fish community and fisheries, 2001–2022: An era of stability","authors":"Cory A. Goldsworthy ,&nbsp;Dray D. Carl ,&nbsp;Shawn P. Sitar ,&nbsp;Michael J. Seider ,&nbsp;Mark R. Vinson ,&nbsp;Ian Harding ,&nbsp;Thomas C. Pratt ,&nbsp;Paul P. Piszczek ,&nbsp;Eric K. Berglund ,&nbsp;Samuel B. Michaels ,&nbsp;Jessica M. Barber","doi":"10.1016/j.jglr.2024.102414","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jglr.2024.102414","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lake Superior is the least anthropogenically impacted of the Laurentian Great Lakes ecosystems, yet dramatic changes to the fish community are evident. Previous published works chronicled those changes and the efforts to rehabilitate the fish community through the year 2000. Here, we review through the year 2022, where post-rehabilitation stability was driven by lean lake trout (<em>Salvelinus namaycush namaycush)</em> as the most abundant piscivore in nearshore waters, siscowet lake trout (<em>Salvelinus namaycush siscowet)</em> as the most abundant piscivore in offshore waters, and a healthy, intact assemblage of native prey species, which created ecological redundancies and helped stabilize the food web. Stocking of non-native salmonines was reduced 74%, and populations of Chinook salmon (<em>Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)</em> and coho salmon (<em>Oncorhynchus kisutch)</em> were maintained through natural reproduction. Despite reduced stocking, yield from recreational fisheries was stable. Likewise, developments in population modeling led to evaluations and refinement of management strategies that helped create stability for lake trout, lake whitefish (<em>Coregonus clupeaformis</em>), and cisco (<em>Coregonus artedi</em>) fisheries. With lake trout rehabilitation achieved, focus shifted toward rehabilitation of native brook trout (<em>Salvelinus fontinalis</em>), lake sturgeon (<em>Acipenser fulvescens</em>), and walleye (<em>Sander vitreus</em>). Despite continued control efforts, sea lamprey (<em>Petromyzon marinus</em>) abundance increased considerably, and estimates of fish killed by lampreys averaged 2.65 million kg annually. Environmental changes have benefited sea lampreys and fostered thermal habitats more suitable to non-native organisms, posing new challenges for managers and researchers. Nevertheless, the post-rehabilitation stability in the contemporary fish community will help provide resilience to future perturbations in the ecosystem.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54818,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","volume":"51 1","pages":"Article 102414"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142187336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lake Superior: Current conditions, trends, and emerging threats – Foreword to the special section","authors":"Kaitlin L. Reinl ,&nbsp;Ellen M. Coffman ,&nbsp;Thomas P. Hollenhorst ,&nbsp;Cory A. Goldsworthy ,&nbsp;Joel C. Hoffman","doi":"10.1016/j.jglr.2024.102502","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jglr.2024.102502","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lake Superior is one of the five Laurentian Great Lakes and the largest lake in the world by surface area. Lake Superior and its surrounding watershed support a wide range of species, provide a wealth of ecosystem services, and support a robust economy, much of which is reliant on the health of the ecosystem. Though Lake Superior continues to lead the other Laurentian Great Lakes in condition and quality, it has also undergone significant changes including chemical pollution, invasive species, and harmful algal blooms (HABs). The lake is also sensitive to climate change, with rapidly warming water temperatures, significant nutrient input from extreme storm events, and changes to habitat and food web structure, among other impacts. Understanding the current conditions, trends, and emerging threats to Lake Superior from local to ecosystem scales allows us to better manage the lake now and prepare for the future. This <em>Journal of Great Lakes Research</em> special section features a wide range of research, capturing the status of Lake Superior and providing insight to current and future stressors. Further, this issue includes results from the 2021 Lake Superior Cooperative Science and Monitoring Initiative field season and other collaborative efforts to better understand and protect Lake Superior.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54818,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","volume":"51 1","pages":"Article 102502"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143129446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microplastics in freshwater copepods of Lake Baikal","authors":"Pinjia Yang ,&nbsp;Rei Yamashita ,&nbsp;Hiroshi Ogawa ,&nbsp;Natalia G. Sheveleva ,&nbsp;Olga G. Penkova ,&nbsp;Masumi Yamamuro ,&nbsp;Marianne V. Moore","doi":"10.1016/j.jglr.2024.102495","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jglr.2024.102495","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Little is known about the ingestion or retention of microplastic particles (MPs) by freshwater copepods in nature or in the laboratory. Yet copepods dominate zooplankton biomass in large, oligotrophic lakes where they occupy a critical trophic position, shunting energy from the planktonic and microbial food webs to higher trophic levels. We collected pelagic copepods from Lake Baikal, Siberia where the concentration of MPs is high relative to other large lakes with no large, urbanized areas near its shores. We quantified microplastic (MP) ingestion incidence by the copepods and describe the shape, size, color, and polymer composition of ingested MPs. Incidence of MPs was more than 10X higher than that reported for copepods in British Columbia lakes and similar to that for copepods from oceanic sites recognized as hotspots of microplastic contamination. The high incidence value might be due to our detection of the smaller, more abundant MPs which have often gone undetected in other studies. All ingested MPs were either fibers or fragments; mean MP particle size was 65.2±41.9 µm; transparent MPs were most common; and ingested MPs composed of the high-density polymer polyethylene terephthalate (PET) were the most abundant. Our findings emphasize that calanoid copepods are a potential vector for moving MPs into the pelagic food webs of large, oligotrophic lakes and highlight the importance of investigating MP uptake, retention, and effects by freshwater copepods in nature and the laboratory.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54818,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","volume":"51 1","pages":"Article 102495"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143129458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regional variability of resource use, trophic position and habitat coupling within Lake Superior","authors":"M.E. Wegher ,&nbsp;A.T. Fisk ,&nbsp;T.B. Johnson ,&nbsp;M.D. Rennie","doi":"10.1016/j.jglr.2024.102457","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jglr.2024.102457","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Food web characterizations of large lakes have rarely considered spatial variation in resource use or trophic connections among species. This is also true of Lake Superior, the world’s second largest freshwater lake. While instances of habitat coupling in Lake Superior have been documented, the extent to which coupling or resource specialization in this system varies spatially, particularly within a species, remains unknown. To address this, stable isotopes of common fish species and prey were collected and analyzed along a depth gradient at four geographically and bathymetrically distinct regions of Lake Superior; 1099 fish and 60 composite invertebrate samples (separately for zooplankton and benthos) were collected from both deeper regions (Keweenaw and Western Arm) and shallower regions (Nipigon Bay and Whitefish Bay). Benthic and pelagic species of fish and invertebrates were collected to characterize different energy pathways. Within regions and taxa, benthic reliance and trophic position differences across depth strata were large and comparable to those previously observed among species lake wide. Across regions, large within-taxa differences in resource use patterns and trophic position existed at similar depth strata, as well as among taxa. Generally, there was a high reliance on pelagic resources across all fish species with greater benthic resource use observed at medium and deep strata. As expected, higher trophic organisms tended to have greater evidence of benthic-pelagic coupling. Our findings reinforce the need to consider regional variation in resource use and trophic position in large lake systems over broad approaches that can overgeneralize patterns of energy flow.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54818,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","volume":"51 1","pages":"Article 102457"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143129594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Full year seasonality of benthos in the nearshore of Lake Superior","authors":"Kirill Shchapov ,&nbsp;Ted Ozersky","doi":"10.1016/j.jglr.2024.102314","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jglr.2024.102314","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Relatively little is known about the full-year dynamics of benthic invertebrates in seasonally-freezing lakes. In this study, we describe the seasonal variability in benthic invertebrate abundance and coarse-level taxonomic composition across five nearshore locations in Lake Superior, with a focus on the winter period. We found that benthos abundances were relatively stable across the year, with similar winter (2294 ± 987 SD ind. m⁻²) and summer densities (2710 ± 1445 SD ind. m⁻²) across all stations. Community composition was also relatively stable across the year at our study stations, with <em>Hexagenia</em> sp., chironomids, and oligochaetes dominating our shallowest station (Duluth Harbor) and oligochaetes, <em>Diporeia</em> sp., and clams (Sphaeriidae) dominating deeper locations. Across all stations, diversity was similar across seasons, with the highest number of taxa observed in the fall (5.4 ± 1.8) and lowest number in the summer (4.5 ± 1.4). We found that the winter-spring period was an important time for the reproduction of the Lake Superior keystone amphipod <em>Diporeia</em> sp. Finally, we show that community structure was more variable across sites than across seasons. This is one of very few studies of winter benthos in the Great Lakes and suggests that benthic invertebrate communities show muted seasonal variability compared to planktonic organisms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54818,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","volume":"51 1","pages":"Article 102314"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139950773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vertical distribution of Lake Superior cisco (Coregonus artedi) spawning aggregations and implications for population monitoring","authors":"Jeremiah S. Shrovnal ,&nbsp;Bradley A. Ray ,&nbsp;Dray D. Carl ,&nbsp;Stephanie L. Shaw ,&nbsp;Scott A. Sapper ,&nbsp;Christopher A. Zunker ,&nbsp;Ross A. Lind","doi":"10.1016/j.jglr.2024.102424","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jglr.2024.102424","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cisco (<em>Coregonus artedi</em>) support an evolving commercial roe fishery in Wisconsin waters of Lake Superior. To monitor trends in spawning cisco abundance, fishery managers recently began estimating adult biomass and exploitation using fall hydroacoustic surveys, which were combined with gill net surveys to inform apportionments of acoustic data. The gill net survey design consisted of paired top-suspended and bottom-set gill nets, but only the sex ratios from top nets are currently used with the hydroacoustic surveys due to an assumption that cisco in Lake Superior are pelagic spawners. However, the vertical sex distribution of cisco during spawning aggregations has been described as dynamic, with males becoming more bottom-oriented throughout the spawning season. We used multilevel aggregated binomial regressions to: 1) determine if there is bias between top and bottom gill net catches of cisco for either sex and if it changes throughout the spawning season, 2) evaluate how the vertical distribution of males and females may create bias in sex ratios used to estimate exploitation, and 3) explore the effect that maturity (i.e., gonadal development) has on vertical distribution during spawning aggregations. We identified sex-specific bias in vertical catch location that has the potential to bias estimates of sex ratio, and the source of this bias may be attributable to maturity driven changes in behavior. These findings highlight a need for caution when relying on gill nets to apportion cisco sex ratios during spawning aggregations and provide support for a non-pelagic alternative hypothesis of spawning behavior.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54818,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","volume":"51 1","pages":"Article 102424"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142187431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}