Journal of Great Lakes Research最新文献

{"title":"Spatiotemporal dynamics of cyanobacterium Dolichospermum lemmermannii populations in a bloom-prone region of Lake Superior","authors":"Andrew W. Wood ,&nbsp;Jake D. Callaghan ,&nbsp;Reane Loiselle ,&nbsp;Robert M. McManus ,&nbsp;Sandra S. Brovold ,&nbsp;Holly A. Wellard Kelly ,&nbsp;Elizabeth E. Alexson ,&nbsp;Robert W. Sterner ,&nbsp;Matthew J. Hudson ,&nbsp;Cody S. Sheik","doi":"10.1016/j.jglr.2024.102455","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jglr.2024.102455","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Blooms (cHABs) are increasingly common in marine and freshwater environments, including the Laurentian Great Lakes (LGL). Lake Superior has seen two large-scale cyanobacterial blooms (2012 and 2018) along the Wisconsin shoreline west of the Apostle Islands, caused by the cyanobacterium <em>Dolichospermum lemmermannii.</em> The drivers of bloom formation in Lake Superior are not yet certain, with many factors known to trigger blooms elsewhere in the LGL being absent in Lake Superior. Furthermore, little is known about <em>D. lemmermannii</em>’s spatial structure or phenology. Thus, we sought to track the seasonal population dynamics of <em>D. lemmermannii</em> to shed light on its growth, physiology, and abundance. In 2021, we used 16S rRNA amplicon and shotgun metagenomic sequencing to characterize spatiotemporal patterns of <em>D. lemmermannii</em> abundance and diversity along the bloom-prone Wisconsin shore of Lake Superior. In 2022, we performed net tows and direct colony counts in another localized area. No large-scale bloom event was observed during either year, though several smaller localized blooms were observed. <em>D. lemmermannii</em> abundances were low at nearly all sites and sampling times. Spikes in abundance occurred in July and September, particularly near Siskiwit Bay, a hotspot of bloom formation. We also observed a seasonal shift in heterocyte and akinete abundance indicative of late-season nutrient limitation. Most striking was the seasonal turnover of <em>D. lemmermannii</em> strains, suggesting strain adaptation to specific environmental conditions. These results offer valuable and actionable insights for managers and provide a foundation for additional work to clarify drivers of bloom formation in Lake Superior.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54818,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","volume":"51 1","pages":"Article 102455"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143129596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rehabilitation progress can’t be assessed without a measuring stick: Development of a recruitment index survey for lake sturgeon in Lake Superior","authors":"Joshua T. Schloesser ,&nbsp;Henry R. Quinlan ,&nbsp;Thomas C. Pratt ,&nbsp;Edward A. Baker","doi":"10.1016/j.jglr.2024.102460","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jglr.2024.102460","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lake sturgeon <em>Acipenser fulvescens</em> remain a species of conservation concern in Lake Superior with a rehabilitation goal of maintaining spawning populations that are self-sustaining throughout their native range. The Lake Sturgeon Index Survey was developed to address rehabilitation research needs, determine rehabilitation progress, and monitor lake-wide and tributary-specific recruitment. Sampling with standardized gill nets occurred off the mouth of 19 known lake sturgeon spawning tributaries during 2011, 2016, and 2021. A target of 0.5 geometric mean catch per unit effort (CPUE) for cohort ages 4–8 was used as a quantitative recruitment indicator to determine progress towards Lake Superior’s Fish Community Objectives. In 2021, CPUE of the age 4–8 cohort met the target at the Bad, Ontonagon, Batchawana, Goulais, Michipicoten, and Pic/White rivers (7 of 19 locations), but was below target at the St. Louis, Montreal, North and South Entry Sturgeon, Pigeon, Kaministiquia, Black Sturgeon/Wolf, Nipigon, Gravel, Prairie, and Tahquamenon rivers. The Index Survey sampling design meets assessment needs by concentrating sampling effort near tributary mouths and by assessing recruitment over the age 4–8 cohort. Power analysis indicated that detecting a 50% change in CPUE was not likely at individual tributaries except Goulais River, but could detect recruitment changes when aggregated lake-wide. The Index Survey allows fishery managers to quantitatively measure recruitment for individual populations to inform evaluation or modification of rehabilitation efforts in a timely manner and help determine where rehabilitation efforts and funding should be focused.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54818,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","volume":"51 1","pages":"Article 102460"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143129387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using strain-specific genetic information to estimate the reproductive potential of lake trout spawning biomass in southern Lake Michigan","authors":"Mark P. Ebener ,&nbsp;James R. Bence ,&nbsp;Richard D. Clark Jr. ,&nbsp;Kim T. Scribner","doi":"10.1016/j.jglr.2024.102461","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jglr.2024.102461","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lake trout reproduction has increased in Lake Michigan since the 2000 s. Previous genetic studies reported that the strains of stocked adults did not contribute equally to wild recruits. Consequently, reproductive potential of spawning biomass estimated in stock assessments will depend upon strain composition, complicating comparisons across time and space. We integrated data from a stock assessment with genetic data to estimate an effective lake trout spawning biomass that accounts for strain-specific reproductive efficiency. A reproductive power index (RPI) was developed for six strains of hatchery-reared lake trout using genetic data from lakes Michigan and Huron. The RPI is the ratio of the observed to expected genetic contribution of a strain to wild recruits. The Seneca Lake strain had the highest RPI, followed by Lake Manitou, Lewis Lake, Green Lake, Lake Superior, and Lake Huron strains. The RPI in southern Lake Michigan was 2.56 for Seneca Lake, 0.74 for Lake Superior, 0.50 for Lewis Lake, and 0.32 for Green Lake strains. Strain-specific effective spawning biomass in southern Lake Michigan was estimated using numbers stocked, population demographics from a stock assessment, and RPI to develop an annual effective spawning biomass index (ESBI) as a measure of reproductive potential. After 1996, ESBI increased faster than spawning biomass, and continued to increase when spawning biomass leveled off, reflecting the shift toward lake trout strains with higher RPI. The contribution to the ESBI after 2010 was 46 % Seneca Lake, 34 % wild adults, 12 % Lake Superior, and 4 % for the Lewis Lake and Green Lake strains.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54818,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","volume":"51 1","pages":"Article 102461"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143129456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Network of nearshore protected areas provides important benefits to lake whitefish in the Apostle Islands region of Lake Superior","authors":"Dray D. Carl ,&nbsp;Scott A. Sapper ,&nbsp;Michael J. Seider","doi":"10.1016/j.jglr.2024.102338","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jglr.2024.102338","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aquatic protected areas are commonly used for fish conservation, restoration, and management and a spectrum of protection levels exist in the Great Lakes. Using fishery-independent survey data over 43 years, we evaluated whether lake whitefish (<em>Coregonus clupeaformis</em>) population dynamics differed among nearshore partially protected areas (PPAs; commercial fishing prohibited or severely limited), offshore no-take refuges, and unprotected areas in the Apostle Islands region of Lake Superior. Lake whitefish biomass and recruitment to the spawning stock increased at faster rates in nearshore PPAs and offshore refuges than unprotected areas during the initial phase after protected areas were established (1980–2000). Recruitment and biomass stabilized in all management areas in the post-rebuild phase (2002–2022), and mortality was lower in the nearshore PPAs. Mean size of adults decreased within protected areas as abundance increased but not in unprotected areas, suggesting a density-dependent growth response and spillover to the fishing grounds, which was reflected in commercial catch rates. However, nearshore PPAs still harbored larger, faster-growing, and earlier-maturing lake whitefish, likely due to underlying habitat differences. Tag recaptures indicated greater minimum distances traveled near an offshore refuge compared to a nearshore PPA, suggesting habitat gradients may influence boundary porosity. PPAs provided protection and benefits for lake whitefish in areas of higher vulnerability where ceasing all fishing was not reasonable. Great Lakes managers should consider implementing networks of protected areas across multiple habitats as tools for conserving spawning biomass, maintaining diverse population demographics, and preserving portfolio effects to enhance recruitment and population stability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54818,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","volume":"51 1","pages":"Article 102338"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140402269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial and inter-annual variation in the Lake Superior offshore zooplankton community","authors":"Julie E. Lietz ,&nbsp;Richard P. Barbiero ,&nbsp;Anne E. Scofield ,&nbsp;Barry M. Lesht","doi":"10.1016/j.jglr.2024.102496","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jglr.2024.102496","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lake Superior’s offshore zooplankton community is commonly considered spatially homogeneous and relatively invariant, and thus often referenced as a baseline oligotrophic zooplankton community for the Great Lakes. However, zooplankton biomass can indeed exhibit substantial variability in Lake Superior on finer spatial and temporal scales, but this is not well documented in the literature. We used long-term monitoring data generated by the Environmental Protection Agency’s Great Lakes Biology Monitoring Program from 1997 to 2018 to investigate offshore zooplankton community structure during summer stratification. Both cluster analysis and non-metric multidimensional scaling ordination were used to examine zooplankton spatial patterns in relation to environmental variables. In addition, we used modeled surface current projections for the weeks prior to sampling events to assess the potential importance of horizontal transport in shaping the offshore zooplankton community. We found that although calanoid copepods consistently dominated the community, the relative contribution of cladocerans to total zooplankton biomass was variable. Cluster analysis often singled out three stations, two north of Isle Royale and one offshore of the Pic River, that typically had both higher chlorophyll-a concentrations and higher cladoceran biomass than most others. Analysis of surface current projections suggested horizontal transport of zooplankton could occur from stations with high cladoceran biomass, possibly driving more widespread shifts in the offshore community than expected. Continued assessment of connections between physical and biological variables is important to anticipate food web responses to future stressors, such as climate-driven changes to temperature and circulation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54818,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","volume":"51 1","pages":"Article 102496"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143129451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biogeographic barriers are differentially permeable based on traits: Movement of hypoxia tolerant mormyrid fish in the Lake Victoria basin","authors":"David A.G.A. Hunt ,&nbsp;Quinn Thomas ,&nbsp;Shelby B. Clarke ,&nbsp;Lauren J. Chapman","doi":"10.1016/j.jglr.2024.102485","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jglr.2024.102485","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lake Nabugabo is a small satellite lake separated from Lake Victoria by hypoxic swamps that impose a biogeographic barrier to fish assemblages. Some species occur exclusively in Nabugabo while others show high differentiation across this barrier, yet air-breathing fishes show nearly zero genetic differentiation between the two lakes. We hypothesize that hypoxia-tolerant fishes, unlike other non-air-breathing species, would have similarly low genetic differentiation across the barrier. We used pooled RAD-seq to examine the degree of genetic differentiation in two species of non-air-breathing but hypoxia-tolerant mormyrid fishes, <em>Marcusenius victoriae</em> and <em>Petrocephalus degeni</em>. Other non-air-breathing fishes have been shown to have FST values as low as 0.05 but mostly between 0.10 and 0.20; however, we discovered that the genetic differentiation in our focal species was very low, with FST values between 0.02 and 0.04, making them much more comparable to air-breathing fishes with FST values of near zero. We conclude that this and other analogous barriers should be understood as differentially permeable depending on the traits of the organisms crossing them, such as hypoxia tolerance in this case.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54818,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","volume":"51 1","pages":"Article 102485"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143129450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting the response of fish populations to changes in river connectivity using individual-based models","authors":"Shane Flinn ,&nbsp;Travis O. Brenden ,&nbsp;Kelly Robinson","doi":"10.1016/j.jglr.2024.102463","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jglr.2024.102463","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Barrier removal restores physical stream processes and improves accessibility of critical habitats to migratory fishes. Although increasing connectivity benefits stream systems and migratory fishes, barrier removals may also lead to increased production of undesirable or invasive migratory species, as well as myriad other concerns (e.g., reduced recreational opportunities). Few studies have predicted how migratory fish populations will respond to enhanced fish passage, despite being a critical step in the decision-making process. We developed an individual-based model framework to forecast the response of migratory fishes to changes in connectivity and applied the framework to six species under multiple fish passage scenarios for the FishPass project on the Boardman River, MI, which outlets into Lake Michigan. Population response to barrier removal was species-specific and varied based on initial population size and distribution within the watershed, number of fish passed upstream, and species life history traits. Species restricted to below the barrier prior to removal benefitted most; non-native species were found to have greater production potential under full passage scenarios than native Great Lakes species. With increasing passage of non-native Pacific salmonids, steelhead <em>Oncorhynchus mykiss</em> surpassed brook trout <em>Salvelinus fontinalis</em> as the system’s dominant species. Our results will inform decision-makers on management alternatives for fish passage on the Boardman River and our model framework can be modified, updated, and applied to additional river systems as more barrier removal projects are conducted in the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54818,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","volume":"51 1","pages":"Article 102463"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143129455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lake Superior fish community and fisheries, 2001–2022: An era of stability","authors":"Cory A. Goldsworthy ,&nbsp;Dray D. Carl ,&nbsp;Shawn P. Sitar ,&nbsp;Michael J. Seider ,&nbsp;Mark R. Vinson ,&nbsp;Ian Harding ,&nbsp;Thomas C. Pratt ,&nbsp;Paul P. Piszczek ,&nbsp;Eric K. Berglund ,&nbsp;Samuel B. Michaels ,&nbsp;Jessica M. Barber","doi":"10.1016/j.jglr.2024.102414","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jglr.2024.102414","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lake Superior is the least anthropogenically impacted of the Laurentian Great Lakes ecosystems, yet dramatic changes to the fish community are evident. Previous published works chronicled those changes and the efforts to rehabilitate the fish community through the year 2000. Here, we review through the year 2022, where post-rehabilitation stability was driven by lean lake trout (<em>Salvelinus namaycush namaycush)</em> as the most abundant piscivore in nearshore waters, siscowet lake trout (<em>Salvelinus namaycush siscowet)</em> as the most abundant piscivore in offshore waters, and a healthy, intact assemblage of native prey species, which created ecological redundancies and helped stabilize the food web. Stocking of non-native salmonines was reduced 74%, and populations of Chinook salmon (<em>Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)</em> and coho salmon (<em>Oncorhynchus kisutch)</em> were maintained through natural reproduction. Despite reduced stocking, yield from recreational fisheries was stable. Likewise, developments in population modeling led to evaluations and refinement of management strategies that helped create stability for lake trout, lake whitefish (<em>Coregonus clupeaformis</em>), and cisco (<em>Coregonus artedi</em>) fisheries. With lake trout rehabilitation achieved, focus shifted toward rehabilitation of native brook trout (<em>Salvelinus fontinalis</em>), lake sturgeon (<em>Acipenser fulvescens</em>), and walleye (<em>Sander vitreus</em>). Despite continued control efforts, sea lamprey (<em>Petromyzon marinus</em>) abundance increased considerably, and estimates of fish killed by lampreys averaged 2.65 million kg annually. Environmental changes have benefited sea lampreys and fostered thermal habitats more suitable to non-native organisms, posing new challenges for managers and researchers. Nevertheless, the post-rehabilitation stability in the contemporary fish community will help provide resilience to future perturbations in the ecosystem.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54818,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","volume":"51 1","pages":"Article 102414"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142187336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Watershed inputs of suspended sediment drive patterns of total phosphorus in Chequamegon Bay, Lake Superior","authors":"Matthew J. Hudson ,&nbsp;Matthew J. Cooper ,&nbsp;Amanda K. Suchy ,&nbsp;Peter S. Levi ,&nbsp;Bridget R. Thornburg ,&nbsp;Paige J. Penningroth ,&nbsp;Randy A. Lehr","doi":"10.1016/j.jglr.2024.102444","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jglr.2024.102444","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lake Superior is considered the least anthropogenically stressed and has the lowest offshore phosphorus (P) concentrations of the five Laurentian Great Lakes. However, nearshore habitats in Lake Superior are showing evidence of nutrient related stress. We examined drivers of total P dynamics in Chequamegon Bay, a shallow embayment in southwestern Lake Superior located in a region of the Laurentian Great Lakes that is primarily forested with low human development. Over a nine-year period (2014–2022) we measured total and soluble reactive phosphorus (TP and SRP, respectively), total suspended solids (TSS), and chlorophyll-<em>a</em> (Chl-<em>a</em>) at 12 locations distributed across Chequamegon Bay. Path analysis revealed that TP in this region of Lake Superior is largely sediment bound and driven by watershed inputs of suspended sediment. SRP and Chl-<em>a</em> make up only a small portion of TP. TP and TSS were highly correlated, with a stronger correlation at the most nearshore locations and following extreme precipitation events in 2016 and 2018. TP and Chl-<em>a</em> had a weak positive correlation at low TP concentrations, and lack of correlation at high TP concentrations. This suggests that despite high TP inputs from runoff events, Chl-<em>a</em> response was minimal, likely due to low light availability and limited bioavailability of sediment-bound P. Understanding conditions where episodic inputs of TP could contribute to the reactive P pool and how hydrodynamics affect biogeochemical processes and algal response to nutrient inputs are critical to understanding how an expected increase in extreme events will influence nearshore water quality in large lakes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54818,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","volume":"51 1","pages":"Article 102444"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143129560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lake Superior: Current conditions, trends, and emerging threats – Foreword to the special section","authors":"Kaitlin L. Reinl ,&nbsp;Ellen M. Coffman ,&nbsp;Thomas P. Hollenhorst ,&nbsp;Cory A. Goldsworthy ,&nbsp;Joel C. Hoffman","doi":"10.1016/j.jglr.2024.102502","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jglr.2024.102502","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lake Superior is one of the five Laurentian Great Lakes and the largest lake in the world by surface area. Lake Superior and its surrounding watershed support a wide range of species, provide a wealth of ecosystem services, and support a robust economy, much of which is reliant on the health of the ecosystem. Though Lake Superior continues to lead the other Laurentian Great Lakes in condition and quality, it has also undergone significant changes including chemical pollution, invasive species, and harmful algal blooms (HABs). The lake is also sensitive to climate change, with rapidly warming water temperatures, significant nutrient input from extreme storm events, and changes to habitat and food web structure, among other impacts. Understanding the current conditions, trends, and emerging threats to Lake Superior from local to ecosystem scales allows us to better manage the lake now and prepare for the future. This <em>Journal of Great Lakes Research</em> special section features a wide range of research, capturing the status of Lake Superior and providing insight to current and future stressors. Further, this issue includes results from the 2021 Lake Superior Cooperative Science and Monitoring Initiative field season and other collaborative efforts to better understand and protect Lake Superior.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54818,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","volume":"51 1","pages":"Article 102502"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143129446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}