Journal of Heredity最新文献

{"title":"Bycatch in a bottle: what taxa are recoverable from metabarcoding DNA in historical invertebrate collection preservative fluid?","authors":"Ajith Seresinghe, David Herbst, Jen Quick-Cleveland, Severyn Korneyev, Benjamin K Maples, Eva Sofia Horna Lowell, Malia Mosser, Robert N Fisher, Eric P Palkovacs, Daniel Gluesenkamp, Rachel S Meyer","doi":"10.1093/jhered/esag001","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jhered/esag001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Natural history museum collections are invaluable repositories of biodiversity, offering insights into life on Earth. Genomic approaches provide powerful tools to characterize biodiversity in these collections. However using these collections for genomics without damaging specimens is a challenge. Here, we develop and test non-destructive DNA metabarcoding methods to capture biodiversity from the preservative fluids of archived insect collections ('Bycatch'). We optimized workflows for extracting and amplifying the partial CO1 locus (CO1) and fungal ITS1 locus from ethanol-based preservative fluids, validating ethanol preparation methods, comparing DNA extraction kits, and refining PCR protocols. Our results demonstrate that from museum collections with low DNA yields, CO1 and fungal ITS1 loci can often be recovered from preservative fluids, and we present detailed methodology and workflows. We test metabarcoding success to recover taxa in several museum collections ranging in age and storage condition. This is to support the State of California's effort to catalog and sequence all insects and fungi, building baselines of California biodiversity with help from museum collections. Lastly, we investigate the complementarity of metabarcoding water versus ethanol and morphological identifications aimed to capture benthic macroinvertebrate biodiversity in streams. Our findings highlight that DNA metabarcoding of the preservative fluid is a non-destructive tool for capturing biodiversity in historical specimens, but there are limitations on the overlaps between DNA results and physical contents, where morphological identification still reigns in taxon counts, but metabarcoding sometimes provides more taxonomic resolution, and can be used to track DNA from other organisms such as fungi beyond the directly surveyed specimens.</p>","PeriodicalId":54811,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Heredity","volume":" ","pages":"1036-1048"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13539438/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145953943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The value of structural variants to conservation genomics in the pangenome era.","authors":"Teresa M Pegan, Ashwin H Sivakumar, Christian A Burns, Kelsie A Lopez, Bohao Fang, Nicole M Melendez, Lauren Bartel, Scott V Edwards","doi":"10.1093/jhered/esaf098","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jhered/esaf098","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Structural variants (SVs) comprise an axis of genetic diversity with strong consequences for phenotype and fitness, making them a potentially important target for conservation genomics. Here, we review how and why SVs can play a role in conservation genomics; the different types of SVs and how they can affect phenotype; and how pangenomes and long-read sequencing are illuminating their evolution in populations, including small populations and those of conservation concern. SVs comprise multinucleotide mutations including insertions, deletions, transpositions, inversions, and other multinucleotide mutations, often overlapping genes and other functional genome regions. As a result, SVs often play important roles in phenotypic evolution and local adaptation and can contribute substantially to genetic load in inbred populations. However, our understanding of the factors influencing SV diversity in populations is still in its infancy and is complicated by the vast range of sizes, effects, and mechanisms of formation of these mutations. We argue that SVs are an important axis of genetic diversity which should be characterized alongside more traditional metrics of genetic diversity in conservation contexts. There are a number of analytical challenges to detecting and studying SVs, but analyses aimed at understanding the role of SVs in inbreeding load and population health are rapidly becoming realizable goals, accelerated by new technologies and analytical approaches. New tools, including population-scale long-read sequencing and pangenome approaches, are beginning to make SVs accessible in ways which can be readily applied in conservation settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":54811,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Heredity","volume":" ","pages":"975-992"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145589614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A chromosome-level genome of the Nicobar pigeon, Caloenas nicobarica.","authors":"Nicolas Alexandre, Jennifer Balacco, Tatiana Tilley, Linelle Abueg, Nadolina Brajuka, Lucas R Moreira, Conor Whelan, Erika Schwarz Taylor, Erich D Jarvis, Olivier Fedrigo, Beth Shapiro, Anna L Keyte","doi":"10.1093/jhered/esaf031","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jhered/esaf031","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Nicobar pigeon (Caloenas nicobarica), the closest living relative of the extinct Dodo (Raphus cucullatus), is endemic to Southeast Asia with a fragmented distribution across numerous small islands. It suffers from habitat loss, hunting, and predation from invasive species, resulting in its classification as Near Threatened by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature. We have generated a haplotype-resolved and chromosome-level genome assembly of the Nicobar pigeon using a combination of PacBio HiFi long-read sequencing and Arima Hi-C chromatin interaction mapping. This assembly includes two haplotypes, each spanning approximately 1.2 Gb. Haplotype 1 has a contig N50 of 25.2 Mb and a scaffold N50 of 79.7 Mb, whereas haplotype 2 has a contig N50 of 24.7 Mb and a scaffold N50 of 107.9 Mb. As the first high-quality genome assembly of any bird in the Columbidae Indo-Pacific clade, this resource provides valuable insights for phylogenetic studies. Furthermore, the phylogenetic proximity of the Nicobar pigeon to the Dodo (R. cucullatus) and the Rodrigues Solitaire (Pezophaps solitaria) offers a unique opportunity to study these extinct species, making this assembly a critical resource for evolutionary studies. It also offers a unique model for studying genetic diversity, adaptation, and speciation in island environments. This genomic resource will not only enhance our understanding of the evolutionary history of the Nicobar pigeon but also serve as a valuable tool for future conservation efforts aimed at preserving this unique species and its fragile island ecosystem.</p>","PeriodicalId":54811,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Heredity","volume":" ","pages":"1144-1149"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13539444/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144082160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The paradoxical extinction: Exploring signatures of assortative mating as a possible mechanism that maintains canonical Red Wolf genetic ancestry in the American Gulf Coast canids.","authors":"Bridgett M vonHoldt, India Macaire, Kristin E Brzeski","doi":"10.1093/jhered/esag010","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jhered/esag010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Admixed genomes, particularly those with an evolutionary history of genetic exchange with an endangered or extinct species, are valued for innovative and unconventional conservation actions. Here, we show the substantial conservation value that the admixed canids of the Gulf Coast have as they retain high amounts of contemporary Red Wolf ancestry and unique genetic variation of past Red Wolf lineages (e.g. ghost ancestry). We analyzed 54,439 loci genotyped across the genome of 413 North American canids and investigated the role that assortative mating with respect to ancestry proportions played in the retention of endangered genetic variation. We report high correlations of inter-chromosomal ancestry proportions that varied with geographic location along Texas and Louisiana Gulf Coast populations, with the stronger signatures reported in the latter. We found that models of assortative mating promoted greater ancestry variance compared with random mating leading to increased efficiency of selection for Red Wolf and ghost alleles. Despite the Red Wolf being extinct in the wild, original, and ghost genomic variation persists in Gulf Coast admixed canids. We suggest two conservation strategies that value and preserve this unique and endangered genomic variation through designed breeding programs. Ultimately the incorporation of this ghost genetic variation would be valuable to boost the genetic viability of the ex situ Red Wolf breeding program, create in situ redundancy, and avoid extinction for this endemic American wolf species.</p>","PeriodicalId":54811,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Heredity","volume":" ","pages":"1059-1072"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13539447/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146088187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term rock dove (Columba livia) primordial germ cell culture: A tool towards avian conservation.","authors":"Martin W Nicholson, Lucas Moreira, Emily A Boyle, Evan McCabe, Adrianna Soriano, Malcolm McSwain, William N Feist, Samantha K Nguyen, Kaitlin Steiger, Nicolas Alexandre, Savannah J Hoyt, Nicole M Tillquist, Rachel J O'Neill, Kennosuke Ichikawa, Mike J McGrew, Olivier Fedrigo, Anna Keyte","doi":"10.1093/jhered/esag045","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jhered/esag045","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are critical tools for genome engineering and conservation in birds. Although culture systems for chicken PGCs have been well established for nearly two decades, efforts to propagate PGCs from other avian species have proved exceptionally challenging, limiting the broader application of artificial reproductive technologies in birds. Here we report the first successful derivation and long-term culture of PGCs from the rock dove, or common pigeon (Columba livia). Guided by transcriptomic profiling of PGCs, we developed a species-specific medium that supports PGC maintenance and expansion. We identify insulin signaling as a requirement for survival under the conditions tested, and demonstrate that inhibition of the retinoic acid receptor, in the presence of vitamin A, supports propagation. Supplementation with bone morphogenetic protein 4, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, and pleiotrophin further enhances PGC proliferation. Cultured cells express canonical germline markers and migrate to the gonads following injection into both rock dove and chicken embryos, confirming functional migratory competency. These findings establish a platform for germline manipulation and biobanking in Columbidae, broadening the potential applicability of reproductive technologies to conservation efforts.</p>","PeriodicalId":54811,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Heredity","volume":" ","pages":"1130-1143"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13539448/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148037787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"De-extinction technology and its application to conservation.","authors":"Stephen D Turner, Anna Keyte, Andrew Pask, Beth Shapiro","doi":"10.1093/jhered/esaf069","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jhered/esaf069","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>De-extinction, once the realm of science fiction, has evolved into a tangible scientific endeavor thanks to breakthroughs in genome sequencing, engineering, advanced assisted reproductive technologies, and stem cell biology. Alongside this work are innovations in reintroduction science and artificial intelligence, which are refining strategies for species translocations, rewilding, and long-term ecosystem monitoring of de-extinct species and populations. While the primary motivation for de-extinction is restoring lost ecological functions to eroded ecosystems, each of these technologies can also be applied to conservation biology for de-endangerment, offering new solutions for biodiversity preservation. This review synthesizes the technological advancements emerging from de-extinction science and explores their broad applications in conservation, demonstrating how de-extinction is both about resurrecting lost species and about expanding the conservation toolkit to sustain and rebuild biodiversity in the face of accelerating environmental change.</p>","PeriodicalId":54811,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Heredity","volume":" ","pages":"959-974"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13539451/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145132509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bridging the gap between legacy polymerase chain reaction-based microsatellite data with high-throughput sequencing data for conservation genomics.","authors":"Dalya Salih, Ellie E Armstrong, Charles T Robbins, Lisette P Waits, Joanna L Kelley","doi":"10.1093/jhered/esaf090","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jhered/esaf090","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microsatellites are powerful markers for tracking genetic variation in wildlife populations due to their high polymorphism and genome-wide abundance. While polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based fragment size analysis has been the standard for genotyping microsatellites, high-throughput sequencing offers greater resolution and the opportunity to sync historical datasets with modern analyses. We evaluated how genotypes from whole-genome sequencing align with PCR data for 15 microsatellite loci in 11 North American brown bears (Ursus arctos). Brown bear populations in the 48 contiguous United States have declined from approximately 50,000 to fewer than 2,000 over the past decades. Their endangered status has prompted extensive research and genetic monitoring, yielding large, multiyear microsatellite datasets upon which future conservation efforts can build. We achieved an overall microsatellite genotype concordance rate of 94.5% comparing high-throughput sequencing results to PCR based-fragment size results. All discrepancies occurred at complex loci containing multiple insertions and/or deletions (indels). Physically linked indels or single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) occurring within the loci were misinterpreted as independent insertions, underscoring the need for genotyping tools that incorporate phasing when genotyping. To evaluate coverage effects, we downsampled high-throughput sequence data from 30x to 2x. Concordance remained high at 20 to 30x but dropped sharply at 10x, with 5x and 2x having discordant genotypes or insufficient coverage for genotyping. Accurate genotyping required both sufficient depth and number of reads spanning the entire repeat regions. Our results show that short-read whole-genome sequencing can recover microsatellite genotypes with high accuracy when paired with careful variant interpretation. By aligning historical PCR datasets with modern sequencing data, we can preserve decades of genetic insight and strengthen long-term monitoring of at-risk populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":54811,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Heredity","volume":" ","pages":"1107-1117"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13539450/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145440095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chromosome-Level Reference Genome of the Desert Night Lizard Xantusia vigilis.","authors":"Athena W Lam, James B Henderson, Iris A Holmes, Richard B Seymour, Michael Westphal, Rayna C Bell","doi":"10.1093/jhered/esag063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esag063","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We present a reference-quality genome assembly for the desert night lizard (Xantusia vigilis). The night lizards (Xantusiidae) are a family of small-bodied lizards found in North America (Xantusia), Central America (Lepidophyma), and Cuba (Cricosaura). The night lizard family has an independent evolutionary history of at least 80 million years from its sister taxa within Scincoidea. The Xantusiids have several unique ecological, behavioral and evolutionary characteristics. For instance, the family contains the only squamate species that form diploid, unisexual, parthenogenic lineages. In addition, most night lizards are viviparous and form stable kin groups that are maintained over multiple years, an unusual life history strategy among lizards. Combining PacBio long-read sequencing, Hi-C, and RNAseq data we developed a reference-quality genome for the desert night lizard, X. vigilis. We assembled a complete mitochondrion and ~ 2.2 Gb nuclear genome, with 20 scaffolds that correlate in size to the X. vigilis karyotype. In addition, we found that X. vigilis chromosome 1 aligns with gene content of both of macrochromosome 1 and microchromosome 9 from a genome assembly of a species in the sister family Cordylidae (Hemicordylus capensis).</p>","PeriodicalId":54811,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Heredity","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148889484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From environmental DNA into actionable biodiversity data: Towards the implementation of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework.","authors":"Mark Louie D Lopez, Neha Acharya-Patel, Michael J Allison, Amy Migneault, Sarah Trilesky, Caren C Helbing","doi":"10.1093/jhered/esaf068","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jhered/esaf068","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Biodiversity is declining at an alarming rate due to ongoing habitat destruction, climate change, pollution, the spread of invasive species, and unsustainable use of natural resources. In response, the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF), adopted in 2022, outlines a transformative goal to reverse biodiversity loss by 2030. The framework focuses on three main pillars: mitigating biodiversity threats, advancing implementation, and ensuring fair and sustainable use of biological resources. Meeting these objectives requires the adoption of innovative, adaptable, and inclusive monitoring strategies. Among these, environmental DNA (eDNA) has gained recognition as a non-invasive biodiversity assessment method that detects trace genetic material in environmental samples like sediment, soil, water, and air. Compared to conventional survey techniques, eDNA offers improved accuracy, sampling flexibility, and a non-destructive approach to monitoring ecosystems. Herein, we examine eDNA's role in achieving KMGBF goals to enable fulfilment of the Convention on Biological Diversity's vision of living in harmony with nature by 2050. We discuss its use in meeting several KMGBF targets including early detection of invasive species, enhancing biosecurity, monitoring species recovery, assessing pollution impacts, and supporting climate resilience. The standardization of eDNA protocols and alignment with FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable) data principles ensure that results are transparent and interoperable across regions and platforms. Integrating eDNA into existing biodiversity monitoring networks enhances conservation planning, restoration efforts, and the management of protected areas. Additionally, eDNA facilitates inclusive conservation by supporting Indigenous-led and community-based monitoring, promoting stewardship, and enabling equitable access to biodiversity data worldwide.</p>","PeriodicalId":54811,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Heredity","volume":" ","pages":"1022-1035"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13539455/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145126650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Past genomes guide future conservation: insights from extinct populations of the endangered Pacific pocket mouse.","authors":"Erik R Funk, Caitlin J Curry, Scott Tremor, Debra M Shier, Aryn P Wilder","doi":"10.1093/jhered/esaf092","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jhered/esaf092","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Efforts to recover endangered species often rely on restoring populations to their historical range, yet reestablishing lost genetic variation is challenging when the ancestral genetic landscape is poorly understood. The Pacific pocket mouse (Perognathus longimembris pacificus), a federally endangered heteromyid rodent, has been extirpated from most of its range in coastal southern California. Recovery efforts call for establishing new populations in their historic range through translocation, but the extent to which historical patterns of genetic variation can be recapitulated is unknown. To inform conservation planning, we sequenced whole genomes of historical samples, including individuals from populations that went extinct in the mid-1900s. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that mice from the southernmost extirpated population form a clade with a different subspecies, while populations to the north form a sister clade. These findings support morphological evidence calling for a taxonomic revision, which would modify the definition of the historic range and complicate the interpretation of suitable reintroduction sites. Despite this divergence, D-statistics and demographic models indicate historical gene flow among coastal populations, suggesting that alleles reintroduced to the southern coast may echo ancestral connectivity. Thus, management efforts should consider potential receiver sites that contain suitable habitat within this range as viable for population creation. These results highlight the value of historical genomics in guiding conservation decisions, particularly when taxonomic uncertainty, extirpation, and limited genetic diversity constrain modern management. Although historical baselines often cannot be restored, conservation strategies can leverage genomic insights to enhance future adaptive potential and long-term resilience of threatened species.</p>","PeriodicalId":54811,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Heredity","volume":" ","pages":"1049-1058"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145440073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}