{"title":"Compound Interest Corrected: The Imaginative Mathematics of the Financial Future in Early Modern England","authors":"William Deringer","doi":"10.1086/699236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/699236","url":null,"abstract":"What is money in the future worth today? In the seventeenth century, questions about the “present value” of future wealth became matters of practical concern, as businesspeople and governments deployed future-oriented financial technologies like mortgages, bonds, and annuities. Those questions also attracted the attention of mathematicians. This essay examines the excursions two English mathematicians, the indefatigable mathematical gossip John Collins (1625–83) and the lesser-known Thomas Watkins (fl. 1710s–20s), made into the mathematics of financial time. In capitalist practice today, present-value problems are invariably dealt with using a single technique, compound-interest discounting, which has become deeply embedded in commercial, governmental, and legal infrastructures. Yet, for early modern thinkers, the question of how best to calculate the financial future was an open question. Both Collins and Watkins explored imaginative alternatives to what would become the compound-interest orthodoxy. With help from his network of correspondents, Collins explored simple-interest discounting, which provoked thorny mathematical questions about harmonic series and hyperbolic curves; Watkins crafted multiple mathematical techniques for “correcting” the compound-interest approach to the financial future. Though both projects proved abortive, examining those forgone futures enables us to examine the development of a key element of capitalistic rationality before it became “black-boxed.”","PeriodicalId":54659,"journal":{"name":"Osiris","volume":"33 1","pages":"109 - 129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/699236","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41502782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Introduction: The Entangled Histories of Science and Capitalism","authors":"Lukas Rieppel, Eugenia Y. Lean, William Deringer","doi":"10.1086/699170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/699170","url":null,"abstract":"This volume revisits the mutually constitutive relationship between science and capitalism from the seventeenth century to the present day. Adopting a global approach, we reject the notion that either science or capitalism can be understood as stages of modernity that emerged in the West and subsequently engendered a “Great Divergence” with the rest of the world. Instead, both science and capitalism were historical institutions that arose in an imperial context of global exchange and whose entanglement has been continuously remade. Rather than seek to explain either the development of modern science as a product of economic forces or the divergence of capitalist economies as a result of technical innovation, we want to emphasize the knowledge work that has been a central feature of both modern science and capitalism across the globe.","PeriodicalId":54659,"journal":{"name":"Osiris","volume":"33 1","pages":"1 - 24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/699170","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46113719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Microbial Production of Expertise in Meiji Japan","authors":"Victoria Lee","doi":"10.1086/699405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/699405","url":null,"abstract":"Microbes as an object of knowledge and the scientist as an institution of authority did not exist in Japan before the nineteenth century. This essay considers the formation of these two modern categories by looking at their boundaries in late Meiji Japan (1868–1912). Charting transformations in the landscape of brewing expertise, the processes that brewing technicians used to produce molds as commodities, and finally the critical reaction of the slime-mold naturalist Minakata Kumagusu who opposed the philosophical foundations of disciplinary science, it argues that the co-production of the microbe and the scientist as new categories reveals a convergence between imported European ideas and earlier Tokugawa-era (1603–1868) commercial developments. Their convergence in turn-of-the-century Japan is highly suggestive of the ways in which the modernity of scientific institutions is entangled with industrial capitalism.","PeriodicalId":54659,"journal":{"name":"Osiris","volume":"33 1","pages":"171 - 190"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/699405","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44690604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"“Safe Driving Depends on the Man at the Wheel”: Psychologists and the Subject of Auto Safety, 1920–55","authors":"L. Vinsel","doi":"10.1086/699550","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/699550","url":null,"abstract":"In the first decades of the twentieth century, deaths from automobile accidents quickly mounted, and influential figures, like Herbert Hoover, sought ways to control this icon of industrial capitalism and its users. These early regulatory efforts opened up the new field of automotive safety, a crowded market for ideas full of both buyers and sellers of potential solutions. This essay examines the 1920s and 1930s, as one profession, psychology, entered and sought to influence this emerging field, which thoroughly entangled science and capitalism. It describes how psychologists used a committee in the National Research Council to find positions of power. It argues that the psychologists’ successes and failures were largely determined through a dialectical process between the psychologist’s skills, other powerful professions, like engineering, and available patronage and funding. The psychologists’ greatest success came through positing a novel entity—the accident-prone driver. Yet by the late 1930s, the most influential psychologists had turned against this idea, criticizing less prestigious colleagues who promoted it to industry and government. Established psychologists worried mostly that self-interested, junior colleagues were overselling their ideas and aligning too closely with corporate capitalism, thereby undermining the young profession’s already tenuous credibility.","PeriodicalId":54659,"journal":{"name":"Osiris","volume":"1 4","pages":"191 - 209"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/699550","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41280196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Starting up Biology in China: Performances of Life at BGI","authors":"Hallam Stevens","doi":"10.1086/699235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/699235","url":null,"abstract":"BGI (hua da ji ying; 华大基因; “China Great Gene”) counts among the world’s largest and wealthiest institutions for biomedical research. Located in Shenzhen, the new megacity in southern China, BGI is now a critical site for understanding the relationship between biomedicine and the economic development of China. This essay uses performance studies and the notion of shanzhai (“copycatting”) to understanding how this laboratory poses a challenge to traditional modes of understanding technoscience. This marks an attempt to understand BGI, its work, and its workers on their own terms, or at least on local terms. Just as shanzhai challenges our notions of originality, BGI’s hybridity challenges our notions of where and how scientific knowledge is produced. Performing not merely as a “laboratory,” but also, and at the same time, as a “factory,” and a “company,” BGI is an unfamiliar kind of hybrid scientific-industrial-commercial-governmental-philanthropic space that draws its repertoire from its very particular regional, national, and local-urban circumstances.","PeriodicalId":54659,"journal":{"name":"Osiris","volume":"33 1","pages":"85 - 106"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/699235","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45025536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sugar Machines and the Fragile Infrastructure of Commodities in the Nineteenth Century","authors":"D. Singerman","doi":"10.1086/699234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/699234","url":null,"abstract":"This essay uses sugar machinery to explore the fragile infrastructure that allowed global commodity traffic to emerge. In the nineteenth century, the cane sugar industry transformed the Caribbean, the Hawaiian Islands, and much of the rest of the tropical world. Observers then and now tied sugar’s revolutionary power to the invention and spread of advanced mechanical technologies. Yet the origins and lives of those machines themselves have remained obscure. The superficially effortless circulation of standardized material goods like sugar depended on carefully cultivated systems for managing people, paper, objects, and knowledge—and such things could not be standardized so easily.","PeriodicalId":54659,"journal":{"name":"Osiris","volume":"33 1","pages":"63 - 84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/699234","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46646063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Making the Chinese Copycat: Trademarks and Recipes in Early Twentieth-Century Global Science and Capitalism","authors":"Eugenia Y. Lean","doi":"10.1086/699920","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/699920","url":null,"abstract":"This essay examines early twentieth-century international disputes over alleged Chinese copying of the trademarks and brand recipes of Burroughs Wellcome and Company’s Hazeline Snow vanishing cream. By doing so, it explores the complex back-and-forth that occurred between metropole manufacturers and actors in the colonial periphery in negotiating the parameters of a newly emerging global trademark regime. The essay does not present Chinese adapters of brand trademarks and recipes as simply unethical counterfeiters or passive victims of imperial aggression but treats them as full participants in a global debate over questions of ownership of commercial marks and manufacturing and chemical knowledge. Furthermore, because of Chinese adaptation of marks and circulation of brand recipes as “common knowledge,” Burroughs Wellcome and Company mobilized the trademark law of the newly emerging industrial property regime to halt the travel of adapted marks and recipes. The company’s deployment of trademark law thus serves as an example of how a capitalist corporation sought to ensure its advantage in competitive pharmaceutical markets by obstructing the purportedly “free markets” of capitalism and to stymie any open circulation of chemical and manufacturing knowledge. Such findings allow us to refine the recent emphasis on “circulation” often used in the historical analysis of modern science and capitalism.","PeriodicalId":54659,"journal":{"name":"Osiris","volume":"33 1","pages":"271 - 293"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/699920","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47626034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}