IF 0.5 3区哲学

Osiris Pub Date : 2018-01-01 DOI: 10.1086/699234

D. Singerman

引用次数: 1

Proving Future Profit: Business Plans as Demonstration Devices 证明未来利润：作为示范设备的商业计划

IF 0.5 3区哲学

Osiris Pub Date : 2018-01-01 DOI: 10.1086/699293

M. Giraudeau

{"title":"Proving Future Profit: Business Plans as Demonstration Devices","authors":"M. Giraudeau","doi":"10.1086/699293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/699293","url":null,"abstract":"This essay is a study of the “Project for the establishment of a war and hunting gunpowder manufactory in the United States,” written by Irénée Du Pont de Nemours in 1800, in order to raise funds from potential investors for what was to become the DuPont Corporation. It shows that the “Project” is best understood as a demonstration device akin to those used by natural philosophers at the time. This investment proposal relied on demonstration techniques similar to those of the report of an experiment, textually gathering a crowd of virtual witnesses to address their objections, submitting the proposed manufactory to a number of manipulations to assess its reactions under various circumstances, and relying on a specific experimental device—a profit-and-loss account—that made it possible to produce compelling quantitative results. The essay shows the originality of these techniques at a time when profit-and-loss calculations were uncommon in business practice. It explains that these calculations were intended to ameliorate the entrepreneur’s problematic credit situation, which required a specific demonstrative effort, and points to scientific demonstration practices in Physiocratic political economy, and in Lavoisier’s chemistry, as likely influences.","PeriodicalId":54659,"journal":{"name":"Osiris","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/699293","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41703673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 6

Organizing the Marketplace 组织市场

IF 0.5 3区哲学

Osiris Pub Date : 2018-01-01 DOI: 10.1086/699856

Lukas Rieppel

{"title":"Organizing the Marketplace","authors":"Lukas Rieppel","doi":"10.1086/699856","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/699856","url":null,"abstract":"This essay engages a classic debate about the way nineteenth-century biology was informed by contemporaneous developments in political economy, and vice versa. However, rather than argue for a convergence between classical liberalism and Darwinian evolution, this essay traces the way that the concept of organization moved between both fields of discourse. Compared to the theory of evolution by natural selection, the logic of organization was far more teleological and, often, authoritarian. Instead of asserting that competition for access to scarce resources among autonomous agents yields adaptive outcomes in the population at large, it held that organic entities inexorably tend to develop from a state of simplicity to one of complexity. Moreover, it stressed the production of hierarchical structures wherein the whole was privileged over its constitutive parts, in biology as well as society. It is my thesis that the logic of organization proved especially attractive in debates about the transition from free-market to corporate capitalism, providing a powerful means to describe, discuss, and dispute the centralization, rationalization, and bureaucratization that contemporary observers often took to be characteristic of a distinctly modern political economy.","PeriodicalId":54659,"journal":{"name":"Osiris","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/699856","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48346173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Lies, Damned Lies, and (Bourgeois) Statistics: Ascertaining Social Fact in Midcentury China and the Soviet Union 谎言、该死的谎言与(资产阶级的)统计:确定上世纪中叶中国和苏联的社会事实

IF 0.5 3区哲学

Osiris Pub Date : 2018-01-01 DOI: 10.1086/699237

Arunabha Ghosh

引用次数: 3

Feeding Desire: Generative Environments, Meat Markets, and the Management of Sheep Intercourse in Great Britain, 1700–1750 喂养欲望:1700-1750年英国的繁殖环境、肉类市场和绵羊性交管理

IF 0.5 3区哲学

Osiris Pub Date : 2018-01-01 DOI: 10.1086/699233

E. Pawley

{"title":"Feeding Desire: Generative Environments, Meat Markets, and the Management of Sheep Intercourse in Great Britain, 1700–1750","authors":"E. Pawley","doi":"10.1086/699233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/699233","url":null,"abstract":"As a system of profit based on reproduction, growth, and eating, animal husbandry offers an ideal place to examine how capitalism shapes knowledge of bodies. Recent work on the history of breeding demonstrates this, showing how new markets in “blood” helped define new theories of heredity and race. This essay expands on this literature by examining eighteenth-century British efforts to control a different aspect of animal reproduction: desire. Spurred by changing meat markets in out-of-season lamb and expanding property structures that created sex-segregated herds, shepherds, farmers, and agricultural writers worked to provoke the seasonally dependent desires of ewes by feeding them aphrodisiac foods, changing the ways that sex was staged, and creating landscapes of “artificial” grass timed to help ewes escape the constraints of the seasons. Their efforts draw our attention to a broader range of bodily experts, from physicians, to professional feeders, to Linnaean botanists, who were interested in the ways that landscapes could be made to shape bodies. The essay suggests that these forms of environmental control, which still undergird capitalist farming, have left significant modern traces on both knowledge and landscapes and offer a rich and relatively untapped source of bodily knowledge.","PeriodicalId":54659,"journal":{"name":"Osiris","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/699233","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45894030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 6

Microbiology and the Imperatives of Capital in International Agro-Biodiversity Preservation 微生物学与国际农业生物多样性保护中的资本要求

IF 0.5 3区哲学

Osiris Pub Date : 2018-01-01 DOI: 10.1086/699993

Courtney Fullilove

{"title":"Microbiology and the Imperatives of Capital in International Agro-Biodiversity Preservation","authors":"Courtney Fullilove","doi":"10.1086/699993","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/699993","url":null,"abstract":"This essay considers the political economy of transnational scientific research based on global collection of biota for laboratory manipulation, focusing on a program to develop pest-resistant wheat using fungal endophytes common in a range of wild but closely related grasses. This effort extends long-standing efforts to commoditize living substances of increasing scope and complexity, and it is supported by efforts to collect and preserve biological diversity. The essay explores how imperatives of capital shape biodiversity as a policy category and determine which forms of life are saved, materially altering our records of life on earth. These newly legible and malleable organisms become more perfect commodities, suitable for standardization and transmutation into finance capital. Yet endophytes are also of interest in part because of their resistance to such control, throwing into sharp relief the reductive imperatives of commoditization while also provoking new ways of justifying capital accumulation and flow. This essay questions the extent to which histories of capitalism and science as conjoined projects rooted in the biological species concept can explain contemporary practices of biodiversity preservation and the microbiological research they support. Microbiological research provides new renderings of life on earth that may challenge or reconfigure metaphors and practices common to capitalism and science.","PeriodicalId":54659,"journal":{"name":"Osiris","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/699993","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42090642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

Sciences and Economies in the Scientific Revolution: Concepts, Materials, and Commensurable Fragments 科学革命中的科学和经济:概念、材料和可通约的碎片

IF 0.5 3区哲学

Osiris Pub Date : 2018-01-01 DOI: 10.1086/699171

H. J. Cook

{"title":"Sciences and Economies in the Scientific Revolution: Concepts, Materials, and Commensurable Fragments","authors":"H. J. Cook","doi":"10.1086/699171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/699171","url":null,"abstract":"Debates about the nature of the so-called Scientific Revolution can be treated as a touchstone describing many of the fundamental changes in the field of the history of science. The establishment of the history and philosophy of science in the second half of the twentieth century occurred at a time when leading academic scientists among the victorious Western allies were intent on keeping the sciences apart from direct political and economic entanglements. In contradistinction to the Marxist-inspired scientists of the 1930s, they sought to raise scientific ideas to the rank of the highest expression of the human spirit, standing alongside Shakespeare and the like. A history of “pure” scientific ideas therefore motivated the field. By the 1970s, attention to ideologies, social relations, and practices began to open up other analytical possibilities. But other analytical approaches began to look for ways to understand mind and body as joined rather than as separate. The material objects to which scientists attend can be made commensurable, flowing like coins across many borders, suggesting that scientific processes are not confined to one branch of human history or one region of the world. The sciences have economies that are larger than moral economies alone.","PeriodicalId":54659,"journal":{"name":"Osiris","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/699171","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45138006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Comstock Capitalism: The Law, the Lode, and the Science 康斯托克资本主义：法律、法律与科学

IF 0.5 3区哲学

Osiris Pub Date : 2018-01-01 DOI: 10.1086/699702

P. Lucier

引用次数: 1

“Scientific Crude” for Currency: Prospecting for Specimens in Stalin’s Siberia 用于货币的“科学原油”:在斯大林的西伯利亚勘探标本

IF 0.5 3区哲学

Osiris Pub Date : 2018-01-01 DOI: 10.1086/699703

Julia Fein

{"title":"“Scientific Crude” for Currency: Prospecting for Specimens in Stalin’s Siberia","authors":"Julia Fein","doi":"10.1086/699703","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/699703","url":null,"abstract":"Responding to the Soviet state’s call to expand export for currency during the First Five-Year Plan (1928–32), Siberian scientific personnel—pointing to Siberia’s importance in the history of global science and exploration—created and promoted a new category of commodity, calling it “scientific” or “museum crude.” These uniform sets of objects of the natural and human sciences of Siberia represented a departure from existing international specimen trade in that the expeditions to extract scientific/museum crude relied on institutions and techniques of state socialism. In this vision, scientific goods became a nationalized resource subject to state planning and capitalization. However, once collected, these commodities came up against characteristically Soviet/Stalinist barriers: after being trumpeted as a contribution to Soviet trade, most of these collections were stopped at the border because of a shift in Soviet political culture. Instead of contributing profits to Soviet international trade, therefore, scientific crude’s accumulation in Moscow and Leningrad functioned as a way of requisitioning value from the periphery to the center, not unlike state treatment of other resources. Suggesting that scientific/museum crude represents the ultimate logic of capitalism as applied to the scientific spheres, this essay argues that state socialism itself created the institutional spaces that fostered and then shut down this extreme iteration of capitalism-science entanglement.","PeriodicalId":54659,"journal":{"name":"Osiris","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/699703","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43629322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Afterword 后记

IF 0.5 3区哲学

Osiris Pub Date : 2017-12-31 DOI: 10.1086/725185

J. Tresch

引用次数: 0

Osiris最新文献