Presence-Teleoperators and Virtual Environments最新文献

{"title":"Dextrous Hands: Human, Prosthetic, and Robotic","authors":"L. Jones","doi":"10.1162/pres.1997.6.1.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/pres.1997.6.1.29","url":null,"abstract":"The sensory and motor capacities of the human hand are reviewed in the context of providing a set of performance characteristics against which prosthetic and dextrous robot hands can be evaluated. The sensors involved in processing tactile, thermal, and proprioceptive (force and movement) information are described, together with details on their spatial densities, sensitivity, and resolution. The wealth of data on the human hand's sensory capacities is not matched by an equivalent database on motor performance. Attempts at quantifying manual dexterity have met with formidable technological difficulties due to the conditions under which many highly trained manual skills are performed. Limitations in technology have affected not only the quantifying of human manual performance but also the development of prosthetic and robotic hands. Most prosthetic hands in use at present are simple grasping devices, and imparting a natural sense of touch to these hands remains a challenge. Several dextrous robot hands exist as research tools and even though some of these systems can outperform their human counterparts in the motor domain, they are still very limited as sensory processing systems. It is in this latter area that information from studies of human grasping and processing of object information may make the greatest contribution.","PeriodicalId":54588,"journal":{"name":"Presence-Teleoperators and Virtual Environments","volume":"21 1","pages":"29-56"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"1997-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81443079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Virtual Environment for Body-Image Modification (VEBIM): Development and Preliminary Evaluation","authors":"G. Riva","doi":"10.1162/pres.1997.6.1.106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/pres.1997.6.1.106","url":null,"abstract":"The Virtual Environment for Body Image Modification (VEBIM) is a set of tasks aimed at treating body-image disturbances and body dissatisfation associated with eating disorders. Two methods are commonly used to treat body-image disturbance: (1) a cognitive-behavioral therapy to influence patients' feelings of dissatisfaction and (2) a visual-motorial therapy, with the aim of influencing the level of bodily awareness. VEBIM tries to integrate these two therapeutical approaches within an immersive virtual environment. The choice of VEBIM would not only make it possible to intervene simultaneously on all of the forms of bodily representations but also to use for therapeutical purposes the psychophysiological effects provoked on the body by the virtual experience. The paper describes the VEBIM theoretical approach and its characteristics; it also presents a study on a preliminary sample (72 normal subjects) to test the efficacy of this approach.","PeriodicalId":54588,"journal":{"name":"Presence-Teleoperators and Virtual Environments","volume":"38 1","pages":"106-117"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"1997-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81898315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Virtual Tools for Supervisory and Collaborative Control of Robots","authors":"D. Cannon, G. Thomas","doi":"10.1162/pres.1997.6.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/pres.1997.6.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"Often, robotics has failed to meet industry expectations because programming robots is tedious, requires specialists, and often does not provide enough real flexibility to be worth the investment. In order to advance beyond a possible robotics plateau, an integrating technology will need to emerge that can take advantage of complex new robotic capabilities while making systems easier for nonrobotics people to use. This research introduces virtual tools with robotic attributes, and collaborative control concepts, that enable experts in areas other than robotics to simply point and direct sophisticated robots and machines to do new tasks. A system of robots that are directed using such virtual tools is now in place at the Pennsylvania State University (Penn State) and has been replicated at Sandia National Laboratories. (Mpeg movies from the Penn State Virtual Tools and Robotics Laboratory are at http://virtuoso.psu.edu/ mpeg_page.html.) Virtual tools, which appear as graphic representations of robot endeffectors interwoven into live video, carry robotic attributes that define trajectory details and determine how to interpret sensor readings for a particular type of task. An operator, or team of experts, directs robot tasks by virtually placing these tool icons in the scene. The operator(s) direct tasks involving attributes in the same natural way that supervisors direct human subordinates to, for example, put that there, dig there, cut there, and grind there. In this human-machine interface, operators do not teach entire tasks via virtual telemanipulation. They define key action points. The virtual tool attributes allow operators to stay at a supervisory level, doing what humans can do best in terms of task perceptualization, while robots plan appropriate trajectories and a variety of tool-dependent executions. Neither the task experts (e.g., in hazardous environments) nor the plant supervisors (e.g., in remote manufacturing applications) must turn over control to specialized robot technicians for long periods. Within this concept, shutting down a plant to reprogram robots to produce a new product, for example, is no longer required. Further, even though several key collaborators may be in different cities for a particular application, they may work with other experts over a project net that is formed for a particular mission. (We link simply by sending video frames over Netscape.) Using a shared set of virtual tools displayed simultaneously on each of the collaborator workstations, experts virtually enter a common videographic scene to direct portions of a task while graphically and verbally discussing alternatives with the other experts. In the process of achieving collaborative consensus, the robots are automatically programmed as a byproduct of using the virtual tools to decide what should be done and where. The robots can immediately execute the task for all to see once consensus is reached. Virtual tools and their attributes achieve robotic ","PeriodicalId":54588,"journal":{"name":"Presence-Teleoperators and Virtual Environments","volume":"17 1","pages":"1-28"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"1997-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78459222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Leibniz's Palace of the Fates: A Seventeenth-Century Virtual Reality System","authors":"E. Steinhart","doi":"10.1162/pres.1997.6.1.133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/pres.1997.6.1.133","url":null,"abstract":"In the late 1600s the mathematician and philosopher Leibniz produced the first description of a virtual reality system. He described an organized system of virtual worlds available for human perceptual exploration, along with an interface for exploring them. Leibniz's work on the logic of possible worlds has direct relevance to the conceptual foundations of virtual reality work today.","PeriodicalId":54588,"journal":{"name":"Presence-Teleoperators and Virtual Environments","volume":"438 1","pages":"133-135"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"1997-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78233209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Virtual Environments Psychotherapy: A Case Study of Fear of Flying Disorder","authors":"M. North, S. North, J. R. Coble","doi":"10.1162/pres.1997.6.1.127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/pres.1997.6.1.127","url":null,"abstract":"Current computer and display technology allows the creation of virtual environment scenes that can be utilized for treating a variety of psychological disorders. This case study demonstrates the effectiveness of virtual environment desensitization (VED) in the treatment of a subject who suffered from fear of flying, a disorder that affects a large number of people. The subject, accompanied by a virtual therapist, was placed in the cockpit of a virtual helicopter and flown over a simulated city for five sessions. The VED treatment resulted in both a significant reduction of anxiety symptoms and the ability to face the phobic situations in the real world.","PeriodicalId":54588,"journal":{"name":"Presence-Teleoperators and Virtual Environments","volume":"55 1","pages":"127-132"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"1997-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76599221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Virtual Reality (VR) and Psychotherapy: Opportunities and Challenges","authors":"K. Glantz, N. Durlach, Rosalind C. Barnett, W. Aviles","doi":"10.1162/pres.1997.6.1.87","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/pres.1997.6.1.87","url":null,"abstract":"Virtual reality technology is now being used to provide exposure and desensitization for a number of phobic conditions. In this paper, we first review these current applications and discuss the work needed to refine and expand these applications to phobias. We then comment briefly on some preliminary applications of VR technology to mental-health problems outside the domain of phobias. Finally, we consider ways in which VR might be used to further enhance psychotherapy and assist in the treatment of a wide variety of disorders. Various possible interventions are discussed, along with the technological developments needed to make them possible.","PeriodicalId":54588,"journal":{"name":"Presence-Teleoperators and Virtual Environments","volume":"21 1","pages":"87-105"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"1997-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76344710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CRYSTAL: Building Multicontext Virtual Environments","authors":"Jeffrey Tsao, C. Lumsden","doi":"10.1162/pres.1997.6.1.57","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/pres.1997.6.1.57","url":null,"abstract":"Current virtual environment systems are, for the most part, dedicated to specific applications such as engineering or surgery. The CRYSTAL project applied the concept of crystals, or 3D windows, to segment the virtual world into independent volumes, which may interact with each other. The contents of individual crystals can be very different from crystal to crystal, so the resulting virtual environment (VE) is not restricted to any unique context, and it is suitable as a general-purpose workspace. Crystals are created and owned by independent programs called modules, which serve as functional elements of the VE. There are basic modules to provide common functions, such as navigation, wand control, and so on. Extra modules can be launched to add content and functionality to the VE, and the modules can also be terminated interactively. Unlike pipelined systems for VE design, CRYSTAL modules are designed to self-assemble and resolve any interface conflicts automatically. As a result, they do not place a high demand on user proficiency in customizing VEs for a variety of uses.","PeriodicalId":54588,"journal":{"name":"Presence-Teleoperators and Virtual Environments","volume":"35 1","pages":"57-72"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"1997-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85682512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implementation of Dynamic Robotic Graphics For a Virtual Control Panel","authors":"P. Gruenbaum, W. McNeely, H. Sowizral","doi":"10.1162/pres.1997.6.1.118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/pres.1997.6.1.118","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes an implementation of robotic graphics, in which forces and torques are provided in virtual environments by the method of interacting with robots that are not attached to the body. The demonstration simulates a flat control panel containing an assortment of switches by using an immersive virtual reality head-mounted display, electro-magnetic and videometric tracking, and a robot that holds a turret containing one of each of the types of switches. The robot dynamically presents the switches to be touched in a just-in-time only-as-needed basis. Results are presented regarding visual/force registration for finger tracking and human performance.","PeriodicalId":54588,"journal":{"name":"Presence-Teleoperators and Virtual Environments","volume":"42 1","pages":"118-126"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"1997-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85723838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Company Home Pages","authors":"A. Russ","doi":"10.1162/pres.1997.6.6.705","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/pres.1997.6.6.705","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54588,"journal":{"name":"Presence-Teleoperators and Virtual Environments","volume":"1 1","pages":"705-708"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88073873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Company Home Pages","authors":"","doi":"10.1162/pres.1997.6.4.508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/pres.1997.6.4.508","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54588,"journal":{"name":"Presence-Teleoperators and Virtual Environments","volume":"107 1","pages":"508-511"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81803107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}