Progress in Aerospace Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Generalized hydrodynamic equations-based macroscopic nonlinear constitutive models for high-speed rarefied gas flows: From theory to engineering applications","authors":"Shuhua Zeng,&nbsp;Wenwen Zhao,&nbsp;Zhongzheng Jiang,&nbsp;Zhenyu Yuan,&nbsp;Junyuan Yang,&nbsp;Yanlan Zhang,&nbsp;Weifang Chen,&nbsp;Ramesh K. Agarwal","doi":"10.1016/j.paerosci.2026.101250","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paerosci.2026.101250","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rarefied gas flows exhibit complex nonequilibrium and nonlinear transport phenomena that challenge the validity of classical continuum models such as the Navier-Stokes equations with linear constitutive relations obtained from Newton's law of viscosity and Fourier's law of heat conduction. This has motivated the development of various macroscopic nonlinear constitutive models through the moment method, which are regarded as approximate solutions of kinetic equations, offering a physically meaningful and numerically efficient approach at moderate Knudsen numbers. This paper presents a comprehensive review of recent research advancements and ongoing efforts in generalized hydrodynamics theory and the corresponding macroscopic nonlinear constitutive models for high-speed rarefied gas flows, spanning theoretical foundations to engineering applications. First, the theoretical foundations of generalized hydrodynamic equations (GHE) are systematically introduced, followed by a detailed discussion of GHE-based macroscopic nonlinear constitutive models within the generalized hydrodynamics framework. Subsequently, the development of numerical methods for solving these models is briefly summarized, along with the extensions of these models to thermodynamic nonequilibrium and thermochemical nonequilibrium flows. In addition, experimental validation and engineering-oriented computational implementations are also highlighted. Finally, the key challenges and prospects of GHE-based macroscopic nonlinear constitutive models are outlined. The review aims to provide promising alternatives and essential support for researchers to investigate the high-speed rarefied gas flows and to develop next-generation high-speed vehicles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54553,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Aerospace Sciences","volume":"166 ","pages":"Article 101250"},"PeriodicalIF":24.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149141200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Liquid-propellant rocket engine health monitoring technologies: A survey, insights, and prospects","authors":"Jianjun Wu,&nbsp;Yuwei Liu,&nbsp;Yuqiang Cheng,&nbsp;Shuming Yang,&nbsp;Yang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.paerosci.2026.101251","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paerosci.2026.101251","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As modern launch missions demand ever higher performance, reliability, and reusability, health monitoring of liquid-propellant rocket engines (LREs) has become a cornerstone of propulsion-system safety and efficiency. This paper provides a systematic review of the theoretical foundations, core technologies, and engineering applications of fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) within LRE health monitoring systems (HMS). The discussion spans system architecture; advanced sensing and data acquisition; model-based and data-driven diagnostic algorithms; and the integration of digital twins and artificial intelligence. Recent advances highlight a rapid transition from threshold-based monitoring and post-event analysis toward intelligent, real-time, life-cycle health management, featuring multimodal sensor fusion, hybrid physics–data modeling, and predictive-maintenance frameworks. By examining documented engineering practices and representative research efforts in the United States, China, and Russia, the paper distinguishes demonstrated applications from emerging approaches and assesses their reported benefits and remaining engineering challenges. The paper also analyses current challenges — namely data quality, model generalization, interpretability, and engineering validation — and outlines future directions in autonomous, trustworthy, and adaptive health management enabled by large-scale models and digital twins. These developments are expected to markedly enhance the safety, reliability, and operational economics of next-generation liquid rocket engines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54553,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Aerospace Sciences","volume":"166 ","pages":"Article 101251"},"PeriodicalIF":24.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149199986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of rocket gain technology in the rocket-based combined cycle ejector mode","authors":"Guoqiang He,&nbsp;Shao Nie,&nbsp;Jinying Ye,&nbsp;Duo Zhang,&nbsp;Xuanfei Yu,&nbsp;Fei Qin,&nbsp;Xianggeng Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.paerosci.2026.101230","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paerosci.2026.101230","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rocket-based combined cycle (RBCC) engines are considered one of the primary power solutions for future reusable vehicles, near-space high-speed flight vehicles and other novel types of aerospace vehicles. In recent years, RBCC power has made significant breakthroughs in key research areas, such as mode transition, wide-domain combustion organization and flow channel design. The ejector mode, the most distinctive among the RBCC engine's modes, serves as a bridge between the ground and the ramjet mode. The performance of the ejector mode plays a pivotal role in determining the vehicle's overall design. This paper first reviews publicly reported research progress on the ejector mode in typical RBCC vehicles and analyzes the thrust and specific impulse gain characteristics of the ejector mode in each scheme based on public data. Second, independent research progress on the gain characteristics of the ejector mode in public reports is reviewed, and the thrust and specific impulse gain characteristics achieved are analyzed. Finally, the key technical directions for the development of rocket gain technology are identified, highlighting directions for improving ejector mode performance and promoting the integrated design of ejector mode gain technology with other modes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54553,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Aerospace Sciences","volume":"164 ","pages":"Article 101230"},"PeriodicalIF":16.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148188019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Active control of dynamic stall: A review","authors":"David Greenblatt","doi":"10.1016/j.paerosci.2026.101221","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paerosci.2026.101221","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The active control of dynamic stall on helicopter blades, wind turbine blades, fixed-wing aircraft, and flapping-wing flyers is reviewed. Different dynamic stall problems are identified, stall types are defined, control metrics are established, and the parameter space is delineated. For helicopter and wind turbine blades, as well as small unmanned aerial vehicles, the primary objective is generally to eliminate or mitigate the effects of dynamic stall. However, in certain fixed-wing, flapping-wing, and energy-generation applications, the goal is to utilize or exploit dynamic stall effects.</div><div>A major emphasis is placed on nominally incompressible flows, including dynamic stall management, passive control devices, steady and unsteady active control techniques, scheduled control, iterative learning control, closed-loop control, and the role of dynamic stall control in flapping-wing flight. Significant control authority can be achieved by either suppressing or inducing dynamic stall through low-frequency leading-edge slot blowing on thick airfoils, which is particularly suitable for wind turbine blade load control. High-frequency unsteady dynamic stall control—typically achieved using fluidic, combustion-based, or plasma-based devices—is effective because the resulting stall-controlling leading-edge vortices are generated more than an order of magnitude faster than dynamic stall vortices.</div><div>Simple reactive control can be achieved through the adaptation of stall warning methods, and a feedforward/feedback control architecture is shown to be both practical and effective for gust alleviation in small vehicles. In flapping-wing flyers, the role of dynamic stall control differs between propulsive and hovering flight. In propulsive flight, active flow control may enhance propulsive efficiency. In hovering flight, a relationship appears to exist between Strouhal numbers associated with insect flight, leading-edge forcing on flat-plate airfoils and low-aspect-ratio wings, and vortex shedding.</div><div>Under subsonic compressible conditions, dynamic stall is driven by shock-induced separation. In such cases, passive leading-edge modifications—including vortex generators, discrete wall-normal jets or micro-jet blowing, and dielectric barrier discharge actuation—demonstrate significant control potential. Computational methods play a vital role in advancing the application and evaluation of active control strategies by enabling system-level studies that assess aerodynamic, aeromechanical, energetic, and structural benefits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54553,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Aerospace Sciences","volume":"164 ","pages":"Article 101221"},"PeriodicalIF":16.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148188146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lunar construction: A state-of-the-art survey","authors":"Ketan Vasudeva ,&nbsp;M. Reza Emami ,&nbsp;Cameron Dickinson","doi":"10.1016/j.paerosci.2025.101159","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paerosci.2025.101159","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The renewed global interest in furthering human’s presence on the Moon has catalyzed efforts to establish a sustainable lunar base. The incentive is not only for scientific opportunities and prospects of deep-space exploration, but also for demonstrating technologies that will extend our reach throughout the Solar System. Central to such efforts is the development of robust and scalable lunar construction technologies. This survey presents a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art in lunar construction, including environmental characterization, infrastructure development, construction methods and materials, and robotic systems. The unique challenges posed by the lunar environment are highlighted, such as extreme temperature variations, high radiation exposure, and micrometeorite impacts, with a particular emphasis on the abrasive, adhesive, and electrostatically charged lunar regolith, thus including strategies developed for lunar dust mitigation. The survey investigates the critical infrastructure that will need to be established, including habitats, power stations, communication stations, landing pads, blast berms, and more. A detailed analysis of the methods and materials that are being developed to create such infrastructure is presented, identifying which methods have demonstrated promise and garnered the most attention. A diversity of robotic technologies are required to enable the construction of the necessary infrastructure using these methods and systems, which are broken down into lunar cranes, mobile manipulators, 3D printers, and robot teams, with a particular focus on work being done to develop flight systems. The paper concludes by identifying critical research and technological gaps that must be addressed to support the next generation of lunar missions and long-term extraterrestrial habitation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54553,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Aerospace Sciences","volume":"161 ","pages":"Article 101159"},"PeriodicalIF":16.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145645686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of the aerodynamics of airborne wind energy systems","authors":"Iván Castro-Fernández ,&nbsp;Gonzalo Sánchez-Arriaga ,&nbsp;Manuel García-Villalba","doi":"10.1016/j.paerosci.2025.101157","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paerosci.2025.101157","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Airborne Wind Energy (AWE) systems are tethered aircraft for wind energy harvesting that, since not constrained by a tower like conventional wind turbines, can operate at high altitudes with access to a better wind resource. This work presents a comprehensive review of the current knowledge and state of the art of the aerodynamics of AWE systems. Aerodynamics, which affects power generation, flight physics, control, structure, and safety, among others, is the most transversal area for AWE technology. It is a rich field of experimental and theoretical research due to its significant impact on performance. The review starts organizing actual AWE prototypes, some of them reaching the 100 kW range, according to some selected dimensionless parameters strongly related with their aerodynamics including the Reynolds and Mach numbers, the aspect ratio, the maximum lift-to-weight ratio and aerodynamic efficiency, the reduced frequency, and the sweep and dihedral angles of the wing. AWE machines with different electrical generation solutions (on the ground and onboard), links to the ground (tethered and rotary machines), aircraft (non-rigid or soft, hybrid and fixed wing), and control (aerodynamic surfaces, hanging control pod, ground-based, etc.) are considered and the implication of each architecture on the aerodynamics is discussed. After such a fundamental introduction, the work reviews the current state of AWE numerical and experimental aerodynamics, detailing the modeling methods and key findings. The numerical models are categorized into fast, low- to mid-fidelity methods based on potential flow, and high-fidelity computational fluid dynamics methods like Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes and Large-Eddy Simulations. Most numerical studies aim to understand local phenomena by examining the flow and pressure fields over wings, and/or to calculate the aerodynamic force and moment coefficients of 2D airfoils or entire wings. On the experimental side, the significant progress characterizing different types of aircraft in wind tunnels, water channels and in-flight during typical AWE trajectories is summarized. Special attention is paid to the experimental setups and on-board instruments that have been used for the in-situ measurements of aerodynamic variables, as well as the estimation theory and applications of the experimental data to construct aerodynamic models. Furthermore, this paper analyzes the effective application of current numerical and experimental aerodynamic knowledge and models in related areas such as dynamics and control, and fluid–structure interaction. The paper concludes with a critical assessment of the current state of knowledge, highlighting the main open questions, challenges, and opportunities in the field of AWE aerodynamics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54553,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Aerospace Sciences","volume":"161 ","pages":"Article 101157"},"PeriodicalIF":16.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145884078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of ice detection technologies","authors":"L. Maio ,&nbsp;J. Moore ,&nbsp;D.E. Cook ,&nbsp;P. Potluri ,&nbsp;C.K. Bosetti","doi":"10.1016/j.paerosci.2025.101158","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paerosci.2025.101158","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Since the dawn of aviation, aircraft icing has been a problem for air vehicles. Ice buildup on aircraft is a potentially serious safety issue as it can interfere with the aerodynamic characteristics. Icing alters performance and controllability of the vehicle, and hence it has been identified as one of the main causes for catastrophic accidents. Consequently, for safety reasons, the installation of devices to detect its presence has become necessary. However, ice formations can represent a threat also for other types of structures, such as high-power lines, bridge stay cables, antennas, or wind turbines, placed in environments that contribute to the ice formation. The purpose of this paper is to provide a review on the different ice detection technologies, focusing principally on aircraft icing, and classifying them according to the possible applications and their operating principle.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54553,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Aerospace Sciences","volume":"161 ","pages":"Article 101158"},"PeriodicalIF":16.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145645687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent advancements and challenges for eVTOL aircraft aerodynamic noise in Urban Air Mobility","authors":"Changsheng Zhao ,&nbsp;Yannian Yang ,&nbsp;Zhiyong Cheng ,&nbsp;Tongzhen Zhang ,&nbsp;Yu Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.paerosci.2026.101184","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paerosci.2026.101184","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urban Air Mobility (UAM) is emerging as a transformative mode of transportation, operating in densely populated, acoustically complex urban environments where public tolerance to noise is substantially lower than in conventional helicopter operations. In this context, even moderate noise can critically affect community acceptance, regulatory approval, and operational deployment, making it a central challenge for urban integration of electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft. This review synthesizes recent advancements in understanding eVTOL vehicle aerodynamic noise and explores emerging noise control strategies. The primary noise sources are rotor self-noise and interaction noise arising from rotor–rotor, rotor–airframe, and rotor–duct interferences. Distinct configurations—such as multirotor, tiltrotor, lift+cruise, and ducted-fan designs—exhibit notable differences in noise characteristics and source mechanisms, leading to shifts in dominant noise types across different flight conditions. Passive noise mitigation approaches, such as blade geometry optimization, blade serrations, surface treatment, and porous materials, are critically reviewed alongside blade- and flow-based active techniques as well as rotor synchrophasing. Research methodologies span theoretical modeling, numerical simulations, and experimental measurements. Current limitations, such as gaps in accurately simulating complex interaction noise and validating control strategies under real-world conditions, are fairly addressed. The review concludes by advocating for integrated design frameworks that harmonize noise reduction with safety, efficiency, and regulatory compliance, stressing the need for interdisciplinary collaboration to advance scalable UAM noise solutions. By integrating current knowledge on eVTOL noise mechanisms and control strategies, this review aims to inform research priorities and guide industry efforts toward meeting acoustic certification standards for sustainable urban air mobility.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54553,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Aerospace Sciences","volume":"161 ","pages":"Article 101184"},"PeriodicalIF":16.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146777617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bridging game theory and multi-agent systems: Development status and future prospects","authors":"Ruizhe Feng ,&nbsp;Shuangxi Liu ,&nbsp;Wei Huang ,&nbsp;Tuo Han ,&nbsp;Binbin Yan ,&nbsp;Zhongwei Wang ,&nbsp;Yaobin Niu","doi":"10.1016/j.paerosci.2026.101183","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paerosci.2026.101183","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The integration of game theory and multi-agent systems (MASs) has been systematically examined as a transformative paradigm for modeling strategic interactions among autonomous entities in advanced technological systems. This paper focuses on the synergy between game-theoretic principles and MASs, with emphasis on their applications to complex operational domains such as autonomous system coordination, distributed system control, and intelligent network management. Firstly, foundational concepts, historical developments, and classifications of both fields have been analyzed. The analysis highlights how game theory provides robust frameworks for addressing challenges in cooperative control, resource allocation, and swarm dynamics within advanced operational contexts. For instance, game-theoretic approaches to swarm-vs.-swarm engagement in contested environments and distributed guidance for interception systems have been investigated. Subsequently, key application scenarios have been explored, including robust path optimization for autonomous agents operating under uncertain conditions, such as GPS-denied or similar challenging environments. Challenges unique to complex applications, such as high-dimensional state spaces, real-time computational demands, and communication constraints in dynamic environments, have also been identified. Finally, future research directions emphasize the development of scalable distributed algorithms, enhancement of resilience against adversarial disruptions, and optimization of decision-making under incomplete information—critical for advancing autonomous systems in diverse technological fields. Overall, this paper offers a comprehensive analysis of the application of game theory in MASs and anticipates future advancements in the field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54553,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Aerospace Sciences","volume":"161 ","pages":"Article 101183"},"PeriodicalIF":16.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146153018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A blueprint for a zero-emission hydrogen aviation ecosystem for the year 2050","authors":"Phillip J. Ansell","doi":"10.1016/j.paerosci.2025.101169","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paerosci.2025.101169","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;In pursuit of developing a sustainable aviation future, the application of liquid hydrogen as an energy carrier for aircraft has emerged as an appealing strategy to achieve future zero-emission goals. Liquid hydrogen is uniquely capable of meeting the aggressive power and energy requirements of aircraft systems, though utilizing it requires a substantial and extensive transition process throughout the entire industry and energy supply infrastructure. This work is intended to demonstrate the feasibility of developing a hydrogen aviation ecosystem by the year 2050, in the form of a visionary blueprint that includes forecasts in energy, operations, aircraft systems, and infrastructure. The projected 2050 scenario is informed by a meta-analysis of roadmaps and forecasts across a broad range of technical areas, where hydrogen is demonstrated to achieve technical feasibility, scalability, economic competitiveness, and deep environmental benefits for use in aviation. It is demonstrated that liquid hydrogen applications can meet the stringent safety requirements of aviation with abatement of currently recognized hazards. The increase in global hydrogen production across the coming decades is projected to reduce the life cycle emission impacts of aviation operations by over 80% by 2050, which is enabled by decarbonization of hydrogen production pathways and electrical grids anticipated across all global regions. The cost of liquid hydrogen for aircraft, including gaseous hydrogen production, liquefaction, transportation, and distribution, is projected to decrease to $3.37/kg by 2050 to become commensurate or lower cost than that projected for kerosene fuels on a per unit energy basis. With the continued increase in air traffic and global aircraft fleets, a sufficient volume of hydrogen produced and accessible by aviation is anticipated to meet the energy demands of hydrogen aircraft of 2050. Concept aircraft for future generations of regional jet, narrowbody, and widebody hydrogen aircraft are also provided, which are capable of providing extreme improvements in energy efficiency when compared to the incumbent fleet at the corresponding entry into service timeframe. A significant investment in capital is identified to establish the necessary infrastructure for liquid hydrogen use in aviation, though the vast majority of these costs are associated with off-site energy/fuel production and processing capabilities, which can be strategically co-developed with other transportation and energy industries. Based on all of these conclusions, developing a burgeoning liquid hydrogen aviation ecosystem by 2050 is entirely feasible, but it requires purposeful investment, pursuit, and alignment both within and outside of the aviation community. As such, when determining a pathway for a sustainable aviation future, the question is not whether it is possible. Rather, the question is whether we, as an aviation community, will decide to bring this future into bei","PeriodicalId":54553,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Aerospace Sciences","volume":"160 ","pages":"Article 101169"},"PeriodicalIF":16.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145823338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}