Progress in Aerospace Sciences最新文献

{"title":"The aerodynamics of miniature insect flight","authors":"Michael Sidebottom ,&nbsp;Lee Margetts ,&nbsp;Mostafa R.A. Nabawy","doi":"10.1016/j.paerosci.2025.101081","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paerosci.2025.101081","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The smallest example of powered flight currently known to humans is that of miniature insects, with wing lengths typically no greater than 1 mm. Flight in this domain is characterised by Reynolds numbers of the order of 10, meaning that viscous flow effects are more pronounced and, consequently, representative lift-to-drag ratios are significantly low. Most notably, at miniature scales, there is a transition from insects with wings made of continuous membranes to wings predominantly made up of bristled appendages. Yet, there remains very little understanding of how the structural arrangement of bristled wings interacts with the aerodynamics. In addition to their unique wing morphologies, the wing kinematics employed by miniature insects are also distinct. While flight is classically characterised via a lift force as the primary component for counteracting weight, miniature insects use swimming-like flapping profiles in which drag plays a distinctly more pronounced role in opposing gravity. Relative to the broader field of insect aerodynamics, the miniature domain has only recently begun to receive widespread attention from aerodynamicists, yet developing our understanding in the miniature field provides an opportunity to advance our capacity to inform the future design of miniature flying robots. To that end, the purpose of this review is to collate together the progress made thus far, in order to generate a perspective with regards to our current understanding of flight in the miniature domain.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54553,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Aerospace Sciences","volume":"154 ","pages":"Article 101081"},"PeriodicalIF":11.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143895674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A systematic review of boundary layer ingestion (BLI) fan: Current Status and future perspectives","authors":"Tao Ma ,&nbsp;Hanan Lu ,&nbsp;Qiushi Li","doi":"10.1016/j.paerosci.2025.101082","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paerosci.2025.101082","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The distributed propulsion system has a significant potential for reducing the fuel consumption, noise and pollution emissions for the next-generation aircraft and become a current hot research topic. As the core component of the distributed propulsion system, the boundary layer ingestion fan has been continuously operating under the distorted inflow conditions, which largely degrades the aerodynamic performance of the fan itself. In turn, the degradation of the BLI fan performance will have a severe impact on the overall aerodynamic benefits achievement of the aircraft. This paper has conducted a systematic review of the boundary layer ingestion fan. Firstly, the aerodynamic benefits of BLI propulsion system has been overviewed. Then, different types of BLI fan based propulsion configurations have been introduced and the distinguished features of the distorted inflows for each configuration are analyzed in detail. Thirdly, the fan aerodynamic responses to the BLI distorted inflow are given and the influences of the BLI inflow distortion on the fan aerodynamic performances and internal flow fields are fully investigated. Subsequently, the potential performance evaluation methods, mainly the low-order computational approaches, used in the preliminary design stage of the fan have been comprehensively overviewed. Finally, the research works concerning the attempts for the fan/compressor design under non-uniform inflow condition are reviewed and some perspectives of the distortion-tolerant BLI fan design in the future have also been presented. The motivation of this work is to provide some useful guidelines for the upcoming research works concerning the BLI fan based propulsion systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54553,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Aerospace Sciences","volume":"154 ","pages":"Article 101082"},"PeriodicalIF":11.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143895675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in low-altitude airspace management for uncrewed aircraft and advanced air mobility","authors":"Nichakorn Pongsakornsathien ,&nbsp;Nour El-Din Safwat ,&nbsp;Yibing Xie ,&nbsp;Alessandro Gardi ,&nbsp;Roberto Sabatini","doi":"10.1016/j.paerosci.2025.101085","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paerosci.2025.101085","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Contemporary trends in Uncrewed Aircraft Systems Traffic Management (UTM) and Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) are redefining low-altitude airspace operations, particularly in urban and suburban settings where traditional airspace management approaches are inadequate to support the predicted air transport demands. To address these challenges, the development of an integrated Low-Altitude Airspace Management (LAAM) framework is seen as an essential next step, requiring new flight systems and infrastructure tailored to the distinct challenges of these environments. Cyber technologies, including automation and Artificial Intelligence (AI), play a crucial role in LAAM by integrating data from Communication, Navigation, and Surveillance (CNS) systems to support real-time and automated decision-making for separation assurance and flow management. While human operators and social interactions retain a very important role in LAAM collaborative decision-making processes, the reliance on automation is expected to continue growing, driven by the need to effectively manage the challenges arising from the increasing number and diversity of highly automated and uncrewed aircraft. Regulatory frameworks must adapt to accommodate the unique characteristics of AAM operations, ensuring the adequacy of safety standards and airspace regulations. In particular, airspace design is bound to evolve to accommodate Vertical/Short Take-off and Landing (V/STOL) aircraft’s distinct capabilities and requirements. The deployment of AI in safety-critical systems will require rigorous verification, validation, and certification processes to ensure reliability and trustworthiness. To address these complex and interrelated challenges, a harmonized LAAM Concept of Operations (CONOPS) is needed, which should encapsulate both UTM and emerging AAM requirements, while clearly specifying the role of human operators for various levels of automation. Additionally, new system functionalities should be developed to enhance human-machine teaming by focussing on CNS performance-based airspace modeling and dynamic airspace management. Based on these premises, an integrated approach to Multi-Domain Traffic Management (MDTM) is emerging, with promising future perspectives for the safe, efficient and sustainable operation of highly automated and autonomous flight systems in all present and likely future classes of airspace.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54553,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Aerospace Sciences","volume":"154 ","pages":"Article 101085"},"PeriodicalIF":11.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143895676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reprint of : Energy demand comparison for carbon-neutral flight","authors":"Eytan J. Adler,&nbsp;Joaquim R.R.A. Martins","doi":"10.1016/j.paerosci.2025.101084","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paerosci.2025.101084","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aviation’s emissions are among the hardest to eliminate. There are a handful of solutions: battery-electric propulsion, hydrogen fuel cells, hydrogen combustion, and synthetic hydrocarbon fuel produced with carbon from the air. All of these solutions rely on renewable electricity, a resource that will be in short supply as other industries use it to decarbonize. Depending on the flight distance and speed, some carbon-neutral aircraft types demand less renewable electricity, while others are infeasible. Previous work focuses on the cost and climate impact of these alternative fuels and their effects on individual aircraft designs, but not when each solution is viable. We determine the cruise speed and flight range limitations of each. We find that battery-electric aircraft are the most efficient option for short flights, and a combination of hydrogen combustion and fuel cell aircraft are most efficient when batteries are too heavy. We also show that battery and fuel cell technology improvements could enable them to serve all missions. Determining the potential and limitations of different sustainable aircraft enables future efforts to focus on the most impactful technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54553,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Aerospace Sciences","volume":"153 ","pages":"Article 101084"},"PeriodicalIF":11.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143619261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards drop-in sustainable aviation fuels in aero engine combustors: Fuel effects on combustion performance","authors":"Can Ruan ,&nbsp;Liang Yu ,&nbsp;Xingcai Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.paerosci.2024.101054","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paerosci.2024.101054","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The application of sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs) in aviation industry has emerged as a key strategy for reducing the net carbon oxide (CO₂) emissions while minimizing modifications to the current aircraft and engine systems. SAFs, which are derived from sustainable feedstocks through biological, thermal and chemical (or their combinations) conversion pathways, can be used in current aero engines, however, at a maximum blending ratio of 50 % with conventional fossil-based jet fuels due to their distinct physical and chemical properties. To enable the use of 100 % ‘drop-in’ SAFs, extensive research has been conducted to obtain a better understanding of the fuel effects on the combustion performance of aero engine combustors, especially the comparison between SAFs and conventional jet fuels. The present paper aims to provide a comprehensive review on this topic by firstly introducing the production pathways of both conventional jet fuels and SAFs, which serve as the root cause of the distinct physiochemical properties among the fuels of interest. Then, the relationship between fundamental combustion properties (atomization, ignition and flame speed) and fuel peculiarities is explored and discussed. This is followed by a summary of the currently available component- and engine-level tests/simulations which compare the emissions, lean blowout (LBO) limit and combustion instabilities of conventional jet fuels and SAFs. Finally, representative flight tests fueled by SAFs ranging from 2006 to the most recent 2023 are summarized and discussed. The paper closes with key conclusions and future directions for the development of SAFs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54553,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Aerospace Sciences","volume":"153 ","pages":"Article 101054"},"PeriodicalIF":11.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143619366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On pathways to green aviation","authors":"Max F. Platzer","doi":"10.1016/j.paerosci.2024.101049","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paerosci.2024.101049","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54553,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Aerospace Sciences","volume":"153 ","pages":"Article 101049"},"PeriodicalIF":11.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143619259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reprint of: A definition, conceptual framework, and pathway towards sustainable aviation","authors":"E.G. Waddington,&nbsp;P.J. Ansell","doi":"10.1016/j.paerosci.2025.101083","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paerosci.2025.101083","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sustainable aviation is a frequently discussed concept in contemporary aviation literature, industry, and policy. However, a review of definitions for sustainable aviation indicates that there is limited agreement as to what sustainable aviation entails. Most definitions include an increase in aircraft efficiency or introduce alternate energy systems in an attempt to decrease overall emissions, but fall short of considering the broader effects of aviation on the globe and its inhabitants. To make progress towards sustainable aviation, it is necessary to synthesize a definition for sustainable aviation from the key elements of aviation and sustainability. <strong>Sustainable aviation is the process of creating the air transportation system that maintains the connectivity of communities and mobility of people, goods, and services while minimizing negative impacts to human health, fostering productive quality of life, and conserving natural resources.</strong> We then apply this definition to create a theoretical framework, the Five Circles of Sustainable Aviation, which can be utilized to establish sustainability goals for the broad aviation ecosystem. We then apply the theoretical framework to the sustainability of contemporary and concept aircraft. We provide an example sustainability metric analysis that subdivides the Five Circles of Sustainable Aviation into a series of preliminary, illustrative, quantitative and qualitative metrics that can be used to assess aviation systems for their sustainability performance. The importance of applying this framework within a system-of-systems perspective of the aviation value stream is emphasized, with can be used for the practical development of engineered systems pursuant to these sustainability goals. We also address the effects of our definition and sustainable aviation perspective to governance, education, regulation, and safety. Finally, we provide context for the historical perspectives of aviation and sustainability from which we synthesize our definition and tools.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54553,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Aerospace Sciences","volume":"153 ","pages":"Article 101083"},"PeriodicalIF":11.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143619260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ammonia versus kerosene contrails: A review","authors":"Ryan Medlin ,&nbsp;Spencer Meeks ,&nbsp;Ahmad Vasel-Be-Hagh ,&nbsp;Jason Damazo ,&nbsp;Rory Roberts","doi":"10.1016/j.paerosci.2024.101074","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paerosci.2024.101074","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrogen-rich fuels, such as liquid ammonia (LNH₃), are being considered for new commercial aircraft propulsion systems to reduce aviation’s CO₂ climate impact. It is crucial to ensure that integrating these fuels does not increase non-CO₂ climate impacts, defeating the purpose of decarbonizing aviation. Specifically, there are concerns about increased atmospheric radiative forcing (RF) via more frequent and persistent condensation trails (contrails). Some recent analyses show that ammonia contrails could form at lower altitudes (i.e., warmer air) and more frequently than kerosene contrails. On an equal energy basis, NH₃-powered engines can exhaust six times more mass of water in every kilogram of air per unit Kelvin temperature increase compared to their kerosene-powered counterparts. The vastly different thermodynamic and microphysical conditions in the exhaust plume of NH₃-powered engines query the existing understanding of contrail prediction. Current literature suggests that reducing soot particles as efficient ice nuclei (IN) in plumes of conventional kerosene-fueled engines could eliminate contrails by decreasing ice crystal number density. Such a proposal fails to consider the dissimilar plume properties and a range of microphysical phenomena that affect contrail formation—and thus may not be easily conjectured to NH₃-contrails. Examples include an increase in the supersaturation temperature threshold, ambient particle effects, preexisting soot emitted from airplanes burning carbon-based fuels, the feasibility of a homogeneous freezing mechanism, and any non-soot system-exhausted particles serving as efficient IN. Hence, this review seeks to consolidate knowledge of kerosene and ammonia contrails and offer thermodynamic and microphysical perspectives on contrail formation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54553,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Aerospace Sciences","volume":"153 ","pages":"Article 101074"},"PeriodicalIF":11.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143031408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal management in high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells for aircraft propulsion systems","authors":"Adam C. Frey ,&nbsp;David Bosak ,&nbsp;Elena Madrid ,&nbsp;Joseph Stonham ,&nbsp;Carl M. Sangan ,&nbsp;Oliver J. Pountney","doi":"10.1016/j.paerosci.2024.101052","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paerosci.2024.101052","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) are a leading propulsion technology candidate for net zero carbon dioxide emission aircraft. PEMFCs generate electrical power and byproduct heat via an electrochemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen reactants. The electrical power generates thrust from motor driven propellers and the byproduct heat is rejected to atmosphere through a Thermal Management System (TMS). Thermal management of PEMFCs is more complex than jet engines because the heat cannot be as readily dissipated to the atmosphere. Increasing the operating temperature of PEMFCs is desirable as it increases the driving temperature between the TMS coolant and the atmosphere. This is advantageous from an aerospace perspective because for a given heat load it enables downsizing (and thus lightweighting) of the TMS with an associated reduction in drag. This review considers High Temperature (HT) PEMFCs that operate at temperatures between 100 and 250 °C owing to these advantages. In wider literature there are several TMS architectures that are being actively considered for HT-PEMFCs. A detailed review of literature pertinent to these HT-PEMFC TMS architectures, and their design and operation, is presented in this paper. This review is subsequently used to identify gaps in knowledge in the following thematic areas: powerplant, direct cooling, indirect cooling, heat absorption, primary heat exchanger, and operation (shutdown, cold start, and thermal transients). These gaps provide future research challenges that need to be expediently addressed to facilitate convergence to suitable solutions for HT-PEMFC TMS in aviation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54553,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Aerospace Sciences","volume":"153 ","pages":"Article 101052"},"PeriodicalIF":11.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143619262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Technical and economic assessment of cryogenic fuels for future aviation","authors":"Chuming Wei,&nbsp;Vamsi Krishna Undavalli,&nbsp;Chris Perkins,&nbsp;Katie Heglas,&nbsp;Ethan Oswald,&nbsp;Olanrewaju Bilikis Gbadamosi-Olatunde,&nbsp;Bhupendra Khandelwal","doi":"10.1016/j.paerosci.2024.101053","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paerosci.2024.101053","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The aviation industry faces the challenge of reducing its environmental impact while maintaining economic competitiveness. This study presents an extensive review of cryogenic fuels, specifically Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) and hydrogen/liquified hydrogen (LH₂), along with their renewable counterparts, as potential alternatives to conventional fuels and Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAFs). The study examines fuel properties, comparing performance metrics and environmental consequences with a focus on payload capacity, operational range, and aircraft design, including necessary fuel tank specifications for cryogenic fuels. Additionally, this paper delves into the production, transportation, and refueling processes for LNG, hydrogen, and their renewable equivalents, exploring the challenges, opportunities, and infrastructure requirements associated with each fuel type. The emissions generated by these fuels are thoroughly assessed to highlight their potential in mitigating the aviation industry's contribution to climate change, considering their entire life cycle. Moreover, the study also investigates the economic implications of adopting cryogenic and renewable fuels, encompassing production costs, Direct Operating Costs (DOC) and the impact on flight ticket prices. This comprehensive study aims to provide valuable insights into the feasibility and long-term viability of integrating these innovative fuel sources into the aviation sector, guiding the industry toward a more sustainable future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54553,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Aerospace Sciences","volume":"153 ","pages":"Article 101053"},"PeriodicalIF":11.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143619263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}