Journal of Materials Research and Technology-Jmr&t最新文献

{"title":"Effects of hydrothermal temperature on kaliophilite fillers and the fire resistance of geopolymers","authors":"Haoxuan Zhang ,&nbsp;Jinbang Wang ,&nbsp;Tongsheng Zhang ,&nbsp;Yulong Liu ,&nbsp;Zonghui Zhou ,&nbsp;Xiuzhi Zhang ,&nbsp;Yongbo Huang ,&nbsp;Xiaolei Lu ,&nbsp;Peng Du","doi":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.09.093","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.09.093","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Geopolymers exhibit significant application prospect in fireproofing owing to their thermal stability. This paper adopted the kaliophilite filler prepared at different hydrothermal temperatures to further enhance the fire resistance of geopolymers, and the phase transformation behavior of kaliophilite-reinforced geopolymers were investigated by XRD, SEM, FT-IR, and TG-DTG. The results showed that the grain size and purity of kaliophilite filler could be regulated by the hydrothermal temperature. Moreover, lower hydrothermal temperature (140 °C) was not conducive to the formation of kaliophilite fillers, while higher hydrothermal temperature (≥150 °C) promoted its formation. Kaliophilite fillers synthesized at 180 °C exhibited the highest relative crystallinity, the highest thermal stability and the lowest mass loss. Furthermore, the kaliophilite-reinforced geopolymers possessed intact appearance, minimal mass loss and high residual compressive strength when exposed to high temperatures up to 1000 °C and 1200 °C, which indicated the kaliophilite fillers significantly improved the fire resistance of geopolymers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54332,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Research and Technology-Jmr&t","volume":"39 ","pages":"Pages 134-144"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145108840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of AlCoCrFeNiTi high entropy bonding phase with different content on properties and microstructure of WC cemented carbide","authors":"Ke Zhang ,&nbsp;Ke Xiong ,&nbsp;Mingchun Zhao ,&nbsp;Dashan Guo ,&nbsp;Qin Qin ,&nbsp;Lin Yu ,&nbsp;Yijing Huang ,&nbsp;Mingliang Xiang ,&nbsp;Jianbo Nie ,&nbsp;Lin Huang ,&nbsp;Wei Feng","doi":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.09.074","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.09.074","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study systematically investigated the effects of AlCoCrFeNiTi high-entropy alloys with different contents (5–30 wt%) as binder phases on the microstructure and mechanical properties of WC cemented carbides. The results showed that the high-entropy binder phase significantly inhibited the growth of WC grains through the high-entropy effect. Among them, WC-10AlCoCrFeNiTi exhibited the optimal comprehensive performance, with an average grain size of 0.308 μm, which was 36.9 % smaller than that of traditional WC-10Co (0.488 μm). Its hardness reached 1889.5HV (1700HV for WC-10Co), and the fracture toughness was 12.69 MPa m^1/2 (8.9 MPa m^1/2 for WC-10Co). However, the insufficient wettability of the high-entropy binder phase led to lower relative density and bending strength of WC-5AlCoCrFeNiTi–WC-30AlCoCrFeNiTi alloys compared with WC-10Co. When the content of the high-entropy binder phase increased to 30 wt%, the grains abnormally grew to 0.473 μm, but the relative density of the alloy increased to 96 %, and the fracture toughness anomalously increased to 13.7 MPa m^1/2, which was attributed to the synergistic effect of the crack deflection effect of coarse grains and high density. The fracture morphology indicated that the increase in high-entropy content promoted the transformation of the fracture mechanism from brittle fracture to ductile fracture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54332,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Research and Technology-Jmr&t","volume":"39 ","pages":"Pages 179-188"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145108952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Annealing-induced precipitation strengthening and thermal stability of an ultrafine-grained bioresorbable Zn–Li–Mn–Mg alloy processed by rapid solidification","authors":"Wiktor Bednarczyk ,&nbsp;Witold Chromiński ,&nbsp;Grzegorz Cios ,&nbsp;Maria Wątroba ,&nbsp;Monika Wieczorek-Czarnocka ,&nbsp;Grzegorz Cieślak ,&nbsp;Marianna Marciszko-Wiąckowska ,&nbsp;Johann Michler ,&nbsp;Piotr Bała ,&nbsp;Małgorzata Lewandowska","doi":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.09.099","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.09.099","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biodegradable Zn alloys require improved strength and thermal stability to meet the demands of load-bearing biomedical, bioresorbable implants. In this study, a Zn–0.33Li–0.44Mn–0.45Mg (wt.%) alloy was processed by rapid solidification (RS) followed by high-pressure torsion (HPT), producing a uniform ultrafine-grained matrix (∼140 nm) with a homogeneous dispersion of nanometric Mg₂Zn₁₁ precipitates. These precipitates effectively stabilized grain boundaries and provided precipitation strengthening. Post-deformation annealing up to 300 °C resulted in gradual grain growth without abrupt coarsening, confirming the enhanced thermal stability imparted by Mg₂Zn₁₁. The RS–HPT condition annealed at 250 °C for 15 min achieved an ultimate tensile strength of ∼507 MPa and a yield strength of ∼391 MPa, with a UTS/YS ratio of ∼1.3 and measurable strain hardening. Strain-rate sensitivity remained high in the ultrafine state and decreased only after significant grain growth, consistent with grain boundary-mediated deformation. These results demonstrate that combining RS, HPT, and tailored Mg content provides a controllable processing pathway to thermally stable, high-strength Zn alloys, offering strong potential for bioresorbable load-bearing applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54332,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Research and Technology-Jmr&t","volume":"39 ","pages":"Pages 15-25"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145108848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surface integrity enhancement through vibration-assisted ball burnishing of maraging steel produced by selective laser melting","authors":"Adrián Travieso-Disotuar ,&nbsp;Ramón Jerez-Mesa ,&nbsp;Montserrat Vilaseca ,&nbsp;J. Antonio Travieso-Rodriguez","doi":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.09.078","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.09.078","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the effects of post-processing techniques on the surface roughness and the mechanical behavior of additive manufactured (AM) components. Post-processing has been identified as essential for applications where surface integrity directly impacts component performance. Specifically, it includes milling (M), vibration-assisted ball burnishing (VABB), and their combined application as finishing techniques. Utilizing a Taguchi L27 design, the study identifies the most significant parameters influencing the VABB process for two distinct surface conditions: AM + M + VABB and AM + VABB. Results indicate that for the AM + M + VABB condition, the burnishing force (Fb) and the lateral offset (LO) significantly affect surface roughness, with increased values leading to rougher surfaces. Conversely, for the AM + VABB condition, Fb and the number of passes (Np) are the most influential parameters, highlighting the importance of force and repetition in achieving lower roughness values. The combined post-processing method of AM + M + VABB yielded the most substantial surface improvement, achieving an Sq (root mean square height) value of 0.23 μm, which represents a 98 % reduction in roughness compared to the initial AM condition. Both post-processing methods produced Gaussian material distributions. Subsurface analyses revealed plastic deformation, grain refinement, surface hardening, and residual stress, with the AM + M + VABB condition exhibiting the highest degree of plastic deformation. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of combining milling and VABB to optimize the surface roughness and mechanical properties of AM components, establishing a viable post-processing route for advanced manufacturing applications, highlighting the potential of VABB as an alternative to traditional finishing methods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54332,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Research and Technology-Jmr&t","volume":"39 ","pages":"Pages 493-505"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145108907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of MA–SPS–PA processing on the microstructure and compression-compression fatigue behavior of a CoCrFeMnNi high entropy alloy","authors":"Sungmin Yoon ,&nbsp;Dogyun Byeon ,&nbsp;Yasuhiro Kimura ,&nbsp;Yong Suk Oh ,&nbsp;Yuhki Toku ,&nbsp;Yang Ju","doi":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.09.098","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.09.098","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Various high-entropy alloys (HEAs) have been studied to improve their synthetic processes using mechanical alloying (MA) and spark plasma sintering (SPS). However, the MA conditions that enhance the fatigue properties have not been identified for the CoCrFeMnNi HEA. Additionally, the desired microstructure that ensures fatigue properties can be generated via an additional post-annealing (PA) process. This is often ignored in HEAs, including CoCrFeMnNi, and most studies have examined samples in their MA-SPS states. Therefore, this study evaluated the compression-compression fatigue of a CoCrFeMnNi HEA prepared using SPS to determine the efficiencies of processes such as MA, SPS, and PA. Defects were decreased by tailoring the MA-SPS-PA treatment conditions, and the effects of PA on the fatigue characteristics and limits were determined. We selected a representative MA-SPS condition that yielded the most favorable microstructural features among the tested combinations. Based on this selected condition, we applied various post-annealing (PA) treatments to investigate their effects on compressive fatigue behavior. The findings suggest that tailored PA treatments play a key role in enhancing fatigue resistance, contributing to a clearer understanding of the process–microstructure–property relationship in CoCrFeMnNi HEAs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54332,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Research and Technology-Jmr&t","volume":"39 ","pages":"Pages 1243-1251"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145160274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The influence mechanism of primary carbides on the tribological behavior of M50 steel","authors":"Yidi Wang ,&nbsp;Zhipo Zhao ,&nbsp;Dianzhong Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.09.072","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.09.072","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Primary carbides in high-carbon alloyed steels have sparked considerable debate over their impact on wear resistance. Due to concomitant alterations in matrix microstructures, it's difficult to isolate the individual effects of primary carbides. This study prepares M50 steel without primary carbides via powder metallurgy process (PM-M50), and ensures that its matrix structure remains consistent with that of M50 steel prepared by casting and forging processes (CF-M50) via applying the same heat treatment procedure. A comprehensive examination of microstructural, mechanical, and tribological behavior was conducted. Notably, CF-M50 contained primary carbides up to 10 μm in size, arranged in distinct banded clusters, while PM-M50 effectively mitigated such carbides and instead exhibited a homogeneous distribution of fine, near-spherical carbides. Consequently, PM-M50 showed enhanced properties: compared with CF-M50, its impact toughness increased by 27 % and wear volume decreased by 59 %. The main wear mode of CF-M50 involved abrasive wear and peeling pits, which arose from the fracture and dislodgment of large primary carbides. These findings underscore the detrimental effect of primary carbides on wear resistance, highlighting the removal of primary carbides as a pivotal consideration for future research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54332,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Research and Technology-Jmr&t","volume":"39 ","pages":"Pages 299-308"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145108638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructure and mechanical properties of explosively welded joints between 06Cr18Ni11Ti stainless steel tube and Ti–4Al–2V alloy rod","authors":"Mingming Wang ,&nbsp;Shuo Hou ,&nbsp;Shujian Tang ,&nbsp;Shuai Chen ,&nbsp;Guangyao Lu ,&nbsp;Xiaoqiang Zhuang ,&nbsp;Peipei Cao ,&nbsp;Yongzhi Dong ,&nbsp;Xiangyang Peng ,&nbsp;Kuiming Yi ,&nbsp;Qingsong Liu ,&nbsp;Jianming Zhou ,&nbsp;Guofeng Zhou ,&nbsp;Xianfeng Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.09.084","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.09.084","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The reliable joining of titanium and stainless steel is critically important, as these two materials are increasingly integrated in advanced industrial applications. In this work, a tubular composite rod was fabricated by explosive welding (EXW) between a 06Cr18Ni11Ti stainless steel tube and a Ti–4Al–2V alloy rod. Multi-scale characterization techniques, including SEM, EBSD, TEM, and microhardness testing, were employed to examine interfacial microstructural evolution, bonding mechanisms, and mechanical properties. The welded interface exhibited a corrugated morphology with a thin diffusion layer (∼260 nm). This layer formed through solid-state diffusion and localized eutectic reactions, producing amorphous phases and nanocrystalline Ti–Fe intermetallic compounds (IMCs). Interfacial shear testing revealed a maximum strength of 482 MPa, with fracture preferentially initiating in IMC-rich vortex regions acting as stress concentrators. Fractography confirmed predominantly brittle failure characterized by cleavage planes and fragmented IMCs, with localized ductile features near the IMC zones. The interfacial hardness on the stainless steel side increased markedly from 228 HV to 405 HV owing to the formation of strain-induced α′-martensite, deformation twins, and high-density dislocations, whereas the titanium side remained essentially unchanged. Compared with previously reported Ti/Fe plate joints, this work is the first to systematically investigate a tubular/rod-type Ti/Fe EXW joint, revealing interfacial microstructure–property relationships and extending the applicability of EXW to geometries more representative of engineering components.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54332,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Research and Technology-Jmr&t","volume":"39 ","pages":"Pages 322-337"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145108640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of as-cast Al–Mg–Si alloy induced by Fe addition","authors":"Shougang Duan ,&nbsp;Mingkan Tang ,&nbsp;Weilun Chen ,&nbsp;Chengyi Huang ,&nbsp;Jun Du","doi":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.09.086","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.09.086","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study systematically investigates the role of Fe content in governing the microstructure and mechanical properties of recycled Al–Mg–Si alloys. Through multiscale characterization (SEM, TEM, DSC, and tensile testing), we reveal that Fe-rich intermetallic compounds (IMCs) transition from needle-like β-AlFeSi phases at low Fe levels to interconnected Chinese script α-AlFeSi networks at higher Fe contents. The addition of iron refined the grain size, which decreased from 149.1 μm when the iron content was 0.15 wt% to 118.9 μm when the iron content was 1.05 wt%. Meanwhile, the ultimate tensile strength was enhanced, whereas the plasticity exhibited a non-monotonic trend. The 1.05Fe alloy achieves an exceptional elongation of 15.7 % (67 % higher than 0.40Fe) due to α-AlFeSi-induced crack deflection and strain delocalization, despite elevated porosity. DSC analysis confirms Fe reduces the formation temperature of primary α-Al and suppresses Mg₂Si formation via solute competition. This work establishes that optimizing Fe content transforms detrimental β-phase-dominated structures into beneficial α-phase architectures, enabling strength-ductility synergy in recycled Al alloys.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54332,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Research and Technology-Jmr&t","volume":"39 ","pages":"Pages 202-212"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145108950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Amorphous TiZrNbTaFe high entropy alloy coatings for enhanced osseointegration of orthopedic implants","authors":"Shih-Jie Lin ,&nbsp;Sen-You Hou ,&nbsp;Yitong Albert Liu ,&nbsp;Pei-Shan Wu ,&nbsp;Peter K. Liaw ,&nbsp;Chun-Wei Hou ,&nbsp;Po-Yu Chen ,&nbsp;Bih-Show Lou ,&nbsp;Jyh-Wei Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.09.087","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.09.087","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With aging populations and rising injury rates, the demand for orthopedic implants has increased significantly. Surface modifications have been developed to enhance implant longevity by improving mechanical and physicochemical properties. In this work, the osseointegration performance of high entropy alloy (HEA) coatings was evaluated through <em>in vivo</em> bone implantation tests. Two TiZrNbTaFe HEA coatings were deposited on the commercial pure titanium (cp-Ti) rod using a high power impulse magnetron sputtering system. These coated implants were inserted into the distal femur of rats, and their integration was assessed through pull-out mechanical testing, histological analysis, and micro-computed tomography imaging. Compared to bare cp-Ti, HEA-coated implants noticeably enhanced collagen synthesis, mineralization, and bone-like tissue fixation at the implant interface. The HEA coating with higher Ti content exhibited a more pronounced improvement in osseointegration. Overall, the TiZrNbTaFe HEA coatings improved both the quality and quantity of regenerated bone, highlighting their strong potential for orthopedic implant applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54332,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Research and Technology-Jmr&t","volume":"39 ","pages":"Pages 47-58"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145108914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of gallium addition on the microstructure, thermal behavior, mechanical and electrical properties of SAC305 lead-free solder and solder joints","authors":"Ivona Černičková ,&nbsp;Libor Ďuriška ,&nbsp;Marián Drienovský ,&nbsp;Yuriy Plevachuk ,&nbsp;Peter Švec Sr. ,&nbsp;Patrícia Danišovičová ,&nbsp;Tereza Machajdíková ,&nbsp;Roman Moravčík ,&nbsp;Roman Čička","doi":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.09.096","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmrt.2025.09.096","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The aim of this work was to study the effect of Ga addition (1, 2, 4, and 6 wt %) on the microstructure and properties of the SAC305 lead-free solder and solder joints. The main emphasis was placed on a detailed study of the influence of Ga content, especially on the microstructural changes in the solders and/or solder joints, but also on their thermal behavior, mechanical and electrical properties. The results showed that while SAC305 contained (Sn), Ag₃Sn and Cu₆Sn₅ phases, the solders enriched with Ga rather contained Ag₂Ga, γ-Cu₂Ga, CuGa₂ and (Ga) phases in addition to (Sn). It was found that the addition of Ga prevented the formation of Cu₆Sn₅ in solder joints as a consequence of higher driving force of Cu–Ga intermetallic phases combined with high affinity of Ga for Cu and fast diffusion of Ga atoms towards Cu under soldering conditions. It was further found that the melting temperature of solders decreased from 219.7 °C (SAC305) to 201.5 °C (SAC305+6Ga). The addition of 1 wt % Ga increased Vickers hardness by approximately 50 % (21.9 ± 1.0 HV1). The hardness of SAC305+6Ga reached 38.3 ± 1.1 HV1. The tensile strength slightly increased up to 2 wt % Ga compared to pure SAC305 (77.2 ± 6.6 MPa vs. 82.7 ± 3.3 MPa). At higher Ga contents, solders became brittle. Ga additions above 4 wt % led to increase in electrical resistivity (1.57 × 10⁻⁵ Ohm cm for SAC305+4Ga and 1.83 × 10⁻⁵ Ohm cm for SAC305+6Ga at room temperature), while resistivity remained comparable up to 2 wt % (1.32 × 10⁻⁵ Ohm cm, 1.34 × 10⁻⁵ Ohm cm and 1.36 × 10⁻⁵ Ohm cm for 0, 1 and 2 wt % Ga, respectively). The intermetallic layer thickness was measured to be ∼1 μm, ∼1.5 μm, ∼3 μm and ∼10 μm for 1, 2, 4, and 6 wt % of Ga, respectively. Based on the results, it can be concluded that solders with up to 2 wt % Ga provide the most favorable balance between properties and joint reliability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54332,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Research and Technology-Jmr&t","volume":"39 ","pages":"Pages 528-547"},"PeriodicalIF":6.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145108958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}