Ecological Management & Restoration最新文献

{"title":"Destocking waterways: Evidence that stocked Murray Cod (Maccullochella peelii) were extracted at pumped irrigation diversions within 24 hours of release","authors":"Joachim B. Bretzel,&nbsp;Craig A. Boys,&nbsp;Jerom R. Stocks,&nbsp;Meaghan L. Rourke,&nbsp;Chris Brauer,&nbsp;Lee J. Baumgartner","doi":"10.1111/emr.12607","DOIUrl":"10.1111/emr.12607","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Millions of native fish are entrained into irrigation pumps in Australian rivers every year. It is often assumed these fish are wild, but stocked fish may also be affected. During fish entrainment surveys at two pump intakes on the Macquarie River, New South Wales, a noticeable increase of entrained juvenile Murray Cod (<i>Maccullochella peelii</i>) was observed. DNA parentage analysis confirmed that a large proportion of these fish were linked to nearby fish restocking events. At both pump intakes, genetic analysis confirmed that at least 70% and 17% of the individuals sampled were stocked fish. This equated to up to 3% of the fish that were stocked – most of which were entrained less than 24 h after their release. Given the large number of unscreened irrigation pumps in this reach of river, and more broadly throughout the Murray–Darling Basin, fish losses at pump intakes have the potential to remove large numbers of stocked fish from the river where they are released to support native fish recovery and boost recreational fishing opportunities. The use of fish-protection screens at pump intakes may be a suitable solution to reduce the number of fish entrained and thus increase the survival of recently stocked fish in the rivers.</p>","PeriodicalId":54325,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Management & Restoration","volume":"25 2","pages":"93-102"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/emr.12607","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141783484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Managing biodiversity on private land: Directions for collaboration through reconciliation ecology","authors":"Wesley S. Ward,&nbsp;Colin (Max) Finlayson,&nbsp;Michael Vanderzee","doi":"10.1111/emr.12606","DOIUrl":"10.1111/emr.12606","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Natural resource management in Australia is beset with ‘wicked’ problems: diminishing biodiversity, increasing soil erosion, spreading soil salinity and global climate change all impact private landholders across rural Australia. These problems highlight the complexity of biodiversity conservation, and the need for inclusive, respectful approaches that enable the participation of rural communities, private landholders and government agencies to effectively manage biodiversity on public and private lands. To address these problems, some landholders, rural communities and other stakeholders are seeking evidence-based solutions through directly applicable research. In this paper, we identify current barriers to such research and highlight principles and processes for co-designing and managing research based on mutual trust, respect, power sharing and acceptance of various knowledge systems, as embodied in the theory of reconciliation ecology. We suggest that a ‘community of practice’ approach could assist in establishing effective deliberative relations as a basis for active collaboration in natural resource management research to address these complex problems.</p>","PeriodicalId":54325,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Management & Restoration","volume":"25 2","pages":"85-92"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/emr.12606","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141194342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mitigative translocation of Singleton Mint Bush (Prostanthera cineolifera) on the NSW North Coast: Effects of soil texture, horticultural practice and bushfire on the translocation outcome","authors":"Andrew Benwell,&nbsp;Jeremy Benwell-Clarke","doi":"10.1111/emr.12604","DOIUrl":"10.1111/emr.12604","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Translocation of the threatened species Singelton Mint Bush (<i>Prostanthera cineolifera</i> R.T.Baker &amp; H.G.Sm.) was carried out for a highway project on the New South Wales North Coast to mitigate development impact on this species. The translocation aimed to augment an existing population with propagated plants to compensate for cleared plants and conduct field research to better understand the effects of soil properties, horticultural practices and a wildfire on translocation results. A novel soil seedbank and fire method applied ex-situ was used to propagate plants for introduction. After an initial attempt at site-wide introduction resulted in widespread mortality of seedlings from a wilt disease, three plot-based experiments were carried out to examine how disease incidence was related to spatial variation in soil properties and horticultural practices. The experiments showed that relatively subtle changes in the clay and sand content of soil strongly affected susceptibility of Singelton Mint Bush seedlings to wilt disease; 12 month old seedlings performed much better than 6 month old seedlings; plants propagated from seed performed better than cuttings, and most of the recipient site represented unsuitable habitat for Singelton Mint Bush. Sufficient Singelton Mint Bush seedlings were established after 3 years, but after a bushfire, the translocated cohort recruited poorly from seed, so that after 6 years, &lt;10% of the total Singelton Mint Bush population in the recipient site was of translocated origin and &gt;90% of in-situ (pre-translocation) origin. Lessons learnt from the translocation project were that: (i) microhabitat is as important as macrohabitat in selecting a translocation recipient site; (ii) short-term survival may not be a reliable indicator of a self-sustaining population; (iii) translocation incorporating designed experiments can greatly improve understanding of how certain factors influence species performance and (iv) horticultural practices can be as important as ecology in determining the translocation outcome.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":54325,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Management & Restoration","volume":"25 2","pages":"110-119"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141062190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extruded seed pelleting offers an alternative direct seeding option to rehabilitate forested ecosystems impacted by a soil-borne plant pathogen","authors":"Himbutugoda S. Harshani,&nbsp;Treena Burgess,&nbsp;Giles Hardy,&nbsp;Todd E. Erickson","doi":"10.1111/emr.12600","DOIUrl":"10.1111/emr.12600","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The high cost of native seeds and low seedling establishment percentages after seed broadcasting are major constraints for seed-based rehabilitation. This study examines whether extruded seed pelleting can be used as a tool to distribute seeds more effectively (e.g. distribute small seeds in a precise manner) while maintaining or enhancing seedling emergence and establishment of Australian shrub species used in the rehabilitation of <i>Phytophthora cinnamomi</i> infested Jarrah (<i>Eucalyptus marginata</i>) forest sites. Pellet formulation was first tested using five different formulations of dry ingredients and the addition of seeds from four <i>Phytophthora</i>-resistant species under glasshouse conditions. The best performing formulation from this work was then adopted to compare laboratory-produced and field-deployed pellets. Seedling emergence of the larger seeded species, Raspberry Jam Wattle (<i>Acacia acuminata</i>) and Pin-cushion Hakea (<i>Hakea laurina</i>), was highest using field-deployed pellets and emergence was statistically similar to the non-pelleted seeds. Seedling emergence reached 100% for the small seeded species, Silky-leaved Bold Flower (<i>Calothamnus sanguineus</i>) and <i>Melaleuca seriata</i>, from laboratory-produced pellets and was significantly higher than non-pelleted seeds. These results indicate that extruded pelleting offers an alternative direct seeding option that can result in greater or equal seedling emergence than that observed with non-pelleted seeds, yet the responses are species-specific. These species-specific pelleting techniques must now be tested under field conditions to confirm whether pellet production method and delivery improve seedling establishment under field conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":54325,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Management & Restoration","volume":"25 2","pages":"120-128"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/emr.12600","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140629619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Do different camera trap lures result in different detection rates of vertebrates because of their attractiveness to invertebrates?","authors":"Michael A. Weston,&nbsp;Nick Porch,&nbsp;Desley A. Whisson,&nbsp;John G. White,&nbsp;Raylene Cooke,&nbsp;Jarrod Gagliardi,&nbsp;Anthony R. Rendall","doi":"10.1111/emr.12603","DOIUrl":"10.1111/emr.12603","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The type of attractant used in camera trap lures is recognised as an important methodological decision. We investigated whether the type of attractant in lures indirectly influences detectability of wildlife on cameras via differential attraction of invertebrates which themselves constitute prey of insectivorous animals. We indexed invertebrate abundance using pitfall and sticky-traps at 36 camera stations deployed in a Latin Squares design for 5 days, with three lure options (peanut-butter, tuna oil and control) in a coastal mosaic, at Cape Otway, Victoria, Australia. We classified vegetation types (habitat) as: low (no or sparse), medium (grass), and high (shrubs) from aerial imagery and estimated their percentage cover at each grid point (medium and high were uncorrelated and included as separate variables in models). We first examine if attractant types or the habitat influence invertebrate abundance and assemblage, and then examine whether invertebrate abundance influences vertebrate detectability on cameras. There was a trend for the composition of terrestrial invertebrate assemblages to be influenced by lure type (peanut-butter, tuna oil and control attractants) and the proportional cover of medium height vegetation within 20 m; however, assemblage composition was clearly influenced by the proportional area of high vegetation cover within 20 m. The detection probability of insectivorous birds increased where medium-sized (2.5–5 mm) flying invertebrates were present whereas insectivorous mammal detectability increased with terrestrial invertebrate species richness. Mammal detections are more likely associated with use of habitats that have more diverse invertebrate communities. This study provides some support to the hypothesis of the indirect mechanism whereby bird detections are influenced by invertebrate attraction to lures. Therefore, lure choice for camera traps is critical and the possibility of guild-level biases in detection suggests that cautious interpretation of results is required.</p>","PeriodicalId":54325,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Management & Restoration","volume":"25 2","pages":"103-109"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/emr.12603","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140625906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Native establishment improved and weed competition reduced by topsoil removal in direct-sown native grasslands","authors":"Paul Gibson-Roy,&nbsp;John Delpratt,&nbsp;Greg Moore","doi":"10.1111/emr.12595","DOIUrl":"10.1111/emr.12595","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Australian temperate grasslands are among its most threatened plant communities. In agricultural landscapes, major barriers to their recovery are high soil nutrient levels that favour the growth of exotic pasture and other non-native species, high standing weed biomass creating fierce aboveground competition, and rich weed seed and bud banks providing dense emergent seedling competition. Therefore, the return of grasslands to arable landscapes through restoration must rely on overcoming these challenges, ideally by reducing soil nutrients and mitigating the effects of weeds. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of topsoil removal for restoring diverse native grassy communities by direct seeding on sites with a legacy of elevated soil nutrients and competitive exotic vegetation. Conversely, it showed that repeated shallow cultivation (four times over 12 months) to stimulate weed emergence, followed each time by herbicide application, failed to achieve this outcome, at least in the short term (three years). Grassy community restoration is imperative in Australia, but importantly, it must utilise restoration protocols that are as effective as possible so that limited time, money, and resources are not wasted. In this light, the technique of topsoil manipulation may take us one step closer to achieving this goal in agricultural locations, where their loss is most pronounced.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":54325,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Management & Restoration","volume":"25 1","pages":"68-82"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140625756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Browsing impacts on seedling survival of Black Box (Eucalyptus largiflorens)","authors":"Claire Moxham,&nbsp;Sally A. Kenny","doi":"10.1111/emr.12598","DOIUrl":"10.1111/emr.12598","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Black Box (<i>Eucalyptus largiflorens</i> F. Muell) is a dominant floodplain tree across the Murray-Darling Basin. At Hattah-Kulkyne National Park (northwest Victoria), historical changes in the hydrological regime and land use have degraded Black Box populations, with the majority of trees in poor health and with limited recruitment. To mitigate this threat, environmental watering has been implemented to improve condition, but successful regeneration has been limited. A 17-month trial (April 2021 to September 2022) was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of different management techniques in promoting Black Box regeneration (natural regeneration, seed-scattering, tube stock and browsing control: guarded and unguarded tube stock). At the end of the trial, only four of the initial 63 seedlings remained alive (two guarded tube stock and two natural regeneration). Most seedling death was attributed to browsing (likely kangaroos), which was evident in the first three months, with unguarded plants heavily impacted. No germinants were recorded in the seed—scattering plots. Our findings of high browsing impacts on Black Box seedling survival, corroborates existing data on browsers (abundance levels and management thresholds) and emphasises the importance of incorporating herbivore browsing management in floodplain vegetation management strategies that aim to promote regeneration within Hattah-Kulkyne National Park.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":54325,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Management & Restoration","volume":"25 1","pages":"32-36"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140609154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural and functional indicators in freshwater ecosystem monitoring programs","authors":"Wing Chun Derek Cheung,&nbsp;Ryan M. Burrows","doi":"10.1111/emr.12599","DOIUrl":"10.1111/emr.12599","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Ecosystem function is a foundational part of ecosystem health, but it is often neglected in the practice of ecosystem monitoring. We conducted a review of freshwater ecosystem management literature, analysing 60 documents across multiple organisations to understand the prevalence of function in conceptualisations and measures of ecosystem health. Only 28% (<i>n</i> = 13) of analysed documents included definitions of waterway health that included function, and only 30% (<i>n</i> = 18) integrated function into their conceptualisations of waterway health. More generally, we observed noticeable deviation in analysed documents from management best practices advocated for by contemporary ecosystem science – including unclear rationales, vague language, and imprecise metrics for assessing waterway health. We discuss these findings in broader ecosystem management contexts. Our findings support previous observations of a strong structural bias in current ecosystem health monitoring and suggest the need for closer examinations into the processes and rationales by which such an important factor could be absent from monitoring programs.</p>","PeriodicalId":54325,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Management & Restoration","volume":"25 1","pages":"3-13"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/emr.12599","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140581305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Indices for ecological condition of native vegetation: A review, and introducing the HH2.0 method","authors":"Graeme S. Lorimer","doi":"10.1111/emr.12601","DOIUrl":"10.1111/emr.12601","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;The concept of using a single index to encapsulate the ‘ecological condition’ or ‘quality’ of native vegetation is reviewed and critiqued, along with the history of the adoption of such indices by governments at the State and Federal levels in Australia. Despite the value judgements inherent in such a concept, these indices provide a currency that is useful for comparing sites for purposes such as to provide a nexus between vegetation proposed to be removed under permit and other vegetation that will be protected or improved as an ‘offset’. The oldest of the reviewed indices – Habitat Hectares, from the Victorian Government – has been the subject of more scrutiny than others but there has been negligible change to it in response to recommendations made. A recommendation of particular significance is for values of the index to respond smoothly to changes in continuously variable observables like foliage cover, rather than discretising the data into broad class intervals. The step-wise jumps in index values that result from discretisation can have the effects of creating false indications of difference between sites or over time and masking actual differences. The index's value for monitoring change is thereby impaired. The Biodiversity Assessment Method of New South Wales is the only index reviewed here that avoids discretisation. However, many of the other recommendations that have been made for changes to Habitat Hectares were adopted in 2003 for a simplified variant of that method – the ‘Land manager self-assessment method’. Therefore, this variant has been used as the basis for a new index – HH2.0 – that retains the simplifications but does not discretise continuous variables or allocate scores in a step-wise manner. The process of translating field observations into scores is automated by a Microsoft Excel workbook, saving time and reducing human error. HH2.0 will suit landowners, land managers, local government and regional authorities, for non-regulatory purposes such as determining what planning protection to apply to an area or prioritising vegetation management among different areas. It requires significantly less gathering of field data than Habitat Hectares, but like that method, it places weight on vegetation's similarity to a long-undisturbed state. No restriction is made on whether it is applied to plots of specified size or shape. A pre-existing set of observational data has been used to retrospectively determine scores under HH2.0 and compare them with Habitat Hectares scores. The data came from 37 sites spanning a range of vegetation types and ecological condition. The root-mean-square difference between the two methods' scores is 5.1 points (out of a theoretical maximum of 100). For reference, Tolsma and Newell (2003) concluded that a difference of 20 points between two Habitat Hectares assessments cannot be relied upon to indicate a genuine difference in ecological condition. A larger data set would ","PeriodicalId":54325,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Management & Restoration","volume":"25 2","pages":"139-150"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140581377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does the NSW vegetation integrity assessment underestimate the conservation values of derived native grasslands?","authors":"Josh Dorrough,&nbsp;Ian Oliver","doi":"10.1111/emr.12602","DOIUrl":"10.1111/emr.12602","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Vegetation condition metrics are often used as a surrogate of biodiversity to support management decisions, conservation regulations and biodiversity markets. Vegetation condition metrics, which aggregate multiple attributes, are often criticised for simplifying the complexity of biodiversity. A particular challenge is substitution when high-scoring attributes compensate for those with low scores (e.g. high vegetation cover compensating for low growth from diversity). The geometric mean is often suggested for aggregation to reduce these effects. In New South Wales, Australia, the Vegetation Integrity metric, calculated as the geometric mean of Composition, Structure and Function sub-indices, measures the losses and gains in biodiversity values within the NSW Biodiversity Offsets Scheme. However, concern has been raised that Vegetation Integrity underestimates conservation values of derived native grasslands when the Function sub-index (primarily tree-related attributes) approaches zero. We explore this issue using two datasets and compare the current Vegetation Integrity metric with aggregation using the arithmetic mean, adopting a minimum value of 10/100 for the Function sub-index and use of a grassland benchmark for derived native grasslands. Our evaluation draws on a large-scale expert elicitation of conservation values in Critically Endangered Box-gum Grassy Woodlands and 4018 Vegetation Integrity estimates undertaken during development assessments. We find that Vegetation Integrity underestimates conservation values of derived native grasslands and that the problem is widespread. Although evidence most strongly supports aggregation using the arithmetic mean, this change could be disruptive to the Biodiversity Offsets Scheme. Alternatively, a sub-index minimum of 10/100 eliminates underestimation of derived native grasslands without substantial impacts in other circumstances. We found little evidence to support the use of a grassland benchmark, which tended to overestimate conservation values. This study highlights the need for sufficient flexibility in biodiversity policies and regulations to accommodate ongoing metric evaluation and revision to support more robust biodiversity outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":54325,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Management & Restoration","volume":"25 2","pages":"129-138"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/emr.12602","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140581412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}