Conflict and Health最新文献

{"title":"Real-time analytical insights for disease surveillance and response during the severe drought and food security crisis, Somalia 2022-2023.","authors":"Jonathan A Polonsky, Farid Muhammad, Mutaawe Athanansius Lubogo, Mukhtar Shube, Mustafe Awil Jama, Robin Thompson, Sk Md Mamunur Rahman Malik","doi":"10.1186/s13031-026-00799-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13031-026-00799-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Decades of conflict, epidemics, and climatic shocks have severely weakened Somalia's health system. The failure of five consecutive rainy seasons in 2022-2023 led to the longest and most severe drought in recent history, resulting in an unprecedented nutrition and food security crisis. These conditions have heightened the risk of disease epidemics, particularly cholera and measles. To assess the effect of interventions on disease transmission in real time, make short-term projections of disease incidence, and inform response efforts, the World Health Organization Somalia Country Office developed the Somalia infectious disease explorer (WHO-SIDE).</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To describe the development and application of WHO-SIDE and demonstrate its potential to identify high-risk areas for targeted public health interventions.</p><p><strong>Description: </strong>WHO-SIDE is an interactive web-based application designed using the Shiny framework in R. It estimates the time-varying reproduction number (Rt), projects case incidence, and evaluates the impact of interventions on transmission. The application uses routine disease surveillance data, offering features such as data visualization, geographic analysis, and customizable epidemic projections.</p><p><strong>Implementation: </strong>Since its deployment, WHO-SIDE has been used to monitor infectious disease trends, guide targeted interventions, and evaluate public health response efforts in Somalia. Outputs were reviewed jointly by WHO and Ministry of Health staff and formed part of the evidence base used to prioritise response activities. Challenges including limited access to technology, incomplete surveillance data, and a lack of trained personnel have hindered its full potential.</p><p><strong>Implications: </strong>WHO-SIDE highlights the feasibility and utility of analytical tools for disease monitoring and response in resource-limited, crisis-affected settings. Realising this potential will require sustained investment in three areas: building analytical capacity among local health staff; improving the completeness and timeliness of surveillance data; and developing processes for integrating modelled outputs with field intelligence. Without progress in these areas, tools such as WHO-SIDE risk producing outputs that are difficult to interpret and act upon in operational contexts.</p>","PeriodicalId":54287,"journal":{"name":"Conflict and Health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147857691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patient characteristics and interventions at a trauma stabilization point in Gaza- a retrospective analysis.","authors":"Wessam El Ghoul, Hareen De Silva, Samar Al-Hajj, Jonas Zimmerman, Marta Caviglia, Johan von Schreeb, Luca Pigozzi, Flavio Salio, Luca Ragazzoni, Martin Gerdin Wärnberg","doi":"10.1186/s13031-026-00795-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13031-026-00795-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Timely prehospital care is essential in preventing trauma‑related deaths in conflict settings, yet civilian systems often lack the capacity for rapid stabilization and evacuation. Trauma Stabilization Points (TSPs), adapted from military models, have been introduced in Gaza to provide forward‑deployed triage and stabilization. This study describes patient characteristics, clinical presentations, interventions, and outcomes at a TSP operating in Khan Younis, Gaza, in 2024 during the ongoing war.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a retrospective cross‑sectional analysis of routinely collected patient‑level data from a TSP operated by the Palestinian Red Crescent Society with support from the WHO and an international emergency medical team. All patients presenting between 12 February and 28 April 2024 were included. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression assessed associations between patient characteristics, injury severity, interventions, and referral outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>1,928 patients were entered into the dataset. Non‑traumatic conditions accounted for 53% of attendances, while 47% were trauma‑related. Most patients (94.8%) were stable, as defined by the Interagency Integrated Triage Tool (IITT) on arrival. A total of 3482 interventions were recorded, dominated by basic care (86%). Overall, 80.6% of patients were discharged, 19.3% referred to still-functioning hospitals, and 0.1% died at the TSP. Clinical instability, fractures, and penetrating injuries were significantly associated with referral, while basic interventions (e.g., wound suturing, antipyretics) predicted discharge.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Despite operating in a high‑intensity conflict, the TSP primarily functioned as a triage and primary‑care access point rather than a trauma‑focused facility. The dominance of on-site treatment and same-day discharge suggest the TSP offloaded some non-urgent patients from overwhelmed hospitals and likely contributed to reducing consumption of limited ambulance resources.</p>","PeriodicalId":54287,"journal":{"name":"Conflict and Health","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13151167/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147846034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unplanned pregnancy and contraceptive use in humanitarian settings: the case of Syrian refugee women in Lebanon.","authors":"Samar Karout, Hani M J Khojah, Tareq L Mukattash, Abdalla El-Lakany","doi":"10.1186/s13031-026-00792-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13031-026-00792-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Contraception is a vital component of reproductive health, yet refugee women often face multiple barriers to accessing family planning (FP) services. This study aimed to explore contraception experiences, practices, and adherence among Syrian refugee women in Lebanon and to identify key sociodemographic predictors influencing contraceptive use.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted between November 2023 and March 2024 among 790 married Syrian refugee women aged 18-50 across four Lebanese governorates. Structured face-to-face interviews were conducted using a validated questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were used to analyze the data.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Nearly 45% had experienced an unplanned pregnancy, with 27.4% resulting in spontaneous miscarriage and 11.3% ending in medical or surgical abortion. About 67.1% were using contraception, with withdrawal (33.2%), intrauterine devices (30.4%), and oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) (19.8%) being the most frequently used method. Among OCP users, 40% were unaware of the medication name, though adherence was generally high (mean score = 21.95 ± 3.68 on a 25-point scale). Logistic regression showed that higher parity (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 41.03), residing in Lebanon more than ten years (AOR = 1.57), and employment (AOR = 1.49) were significant predictors of contraceptive use (p < 0.001). Primary barriers to non-use included the desire for more children (31.9%) and spousal opposition (20.4%). More than half of the participants (52.8%) reported at least one chronic condition, with migraine with aura, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease being most common.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The high prevalence of unplanned pregnancy (44.5%) and reliance on traditional methods (33.2%) highlight critical gaps in reproductive healthcare. For women with an unmet need for contraception, cultural, informational, and systemic barriers hinder access to modern methods. Improving education, engaging men in FP initiatives, strengthening healthcare infrastructure, and enhancing access to affordable contraceptive methods are essential for advancing reproductive autonomy and health in this vulnerable population.</p>","PeriodicalId":54287,"journal":{"name":"Conflict and Health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147788965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From discovery to delivery: a systems-based pathway for translating science into global and humanitarian health impact.","authors":"Ben Ramalingam","doi":"10.1186/s13031-026-00778-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13031-026-00778-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Global and humanitarian health impact pathways consist of multiple well-understood stages: setting strategic and policy priorities, scientific discovery, solution development, industry efforts, harnessing delivery systems and meaningful policy and public engagement. Yet it is in the transitions between these stages that progress is often lost. This Commentary argues that breakdowns at 'baton pass' handover points - just as much as challenges within each stage of the pathway - are a major source of unrealised impact. It proposes an end-to-end 'science-to-health' pathway framework to help actors identify where progress is stuck, diagnose underlying vulnerabilities, and select targeted systems-based leverage points to strengthen these baton passes. The leverage points are the 6Rs: Resources, Roles, Relationships, Rules, Routines and Results. Four case examples - antimicrobial resistance, oral cholera vaccine deployment, mpox response in Africa and an illustrative donor health portfolio - show how the tool can guide strategic and operational decisions across diverse health and institutional contexts.</p>","PeriodicalId":54287,"journal":{"name":"Conflict and Health","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13085610/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147700747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rationale for the under-implementation of catch-up vaccination in conflict-affected regions, Northeast Ethiopia.","authors":"Muluemebet Kassa Mezen, Yemisrach Belete Biru","doi":"10.1186/s13031-026-00794-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13031-026-00794-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>In conflict-affected settings, catch-up vaccinations are recognized as a crucial strategy to reinforce the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) when the standard immunization schedule is interrupted. In the North Wolo zone after the Northern conflict which lasts for six months, 44% of children less than two years old defaulted from the immunization program. This study aims to explore the rationales influencing parents' decisions not to engage in the catch-up vaccination in the aftermath of the conflict, with the goal of developing evidence-based interventions to improve the health of children in conflict-affected areas.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A phenomenological qualitative study design was conducted in conflict-affected areas of Northeast Ethiopia from July to September 2022. The study included mothers of children aged 6 to 23 months who either defaulted on vaccinations due to conflict and did not return, or who gave birth during the conflict and never initiated vaccinations. Data were collected from 109 mothers through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. All audio recordings were transcribed, translated, and cleaned for analysis. The thematic analysis was conducted by considering Preliminary or interim analysis started in the field and MAXQDA 2020 software.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>The primary client-related factors contributing to the decision not to consider catch-up vaccinations after the conflict included a lack of awareness about these vaccines, loss of vaccination cards, fear of side effects, and the increased workload on mothers, exacerbated by insufficient support from male partners and family members, as well as traditional gender roles. Health facility-related factors included the inability of health facilities to resume previous services, distance from home, the burden on certain healthcare professionals, and long waiting times.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study reveals that the low uptake of catch-up vaccination in conflict-affected areas is not due to a single cause, but a complex interplay of client and health system barriers. At the individual level, parental decisions are hindered by a lack of information, fear of side effects, and significant gender-based domestic burdens. Simultaneously, health facilities struggle with service limitations, accessibility issues, and overburdened staff.</p>","PeriodicalId":54287,"journal":{"name":"Conflict and Health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147663334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can improved handwashing infrastructure and soap change behavior? findings from a randomized control study in the Dadaab refugee camp in Kenya.","authors":"Dennis Akeyo, Innocent Tumwebaze, Naomi Ngáng'a, George Kiragu, Viviana Olivetto, Stephen Philips, Vishna Shah, Sheillah Simiyu","doi":"10.1186/s13031-026-00793-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13031-026-00793-2","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Globally, around 40% of people lack access to handwashing facilities with soap and water, a proportion likely higher in crisis-affected settings such as refugee camps. This increases vulnerability to hygiene-related diseases including diarrhea and respiratory infections. This study assessed whether improved access to handwashing facilities (Jengu) increases handwashing with soap (HWWS) among refugees in Dadaab camp, Kenya. Jengu is a foot-operated handwashing facility which is designed to integrate water storage, soap placement, and drainage in a compact structure suitable for household use in resource-constrained environments.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;A randomized control study was conducted in Dadaab refugee camp in Kenya between June 2023 to July 2024. The sample size was 300 households across nine camp sections. Households were randomly assigned to receive either an intervention group receiving a Jengu handwashing facility with a 20-L jerry can and regular soap supply (n = 150) or a control group receiving soap provision only (n = 150). Soap was distributed bi-monthly to both groups. Data were collected through structured observations and household surveys at baseline, one-month post-intervention, and endline. Surveys assessed sociodemographic factors, knowledge, attitudes, and practices, while observations captured HWWS behavior at predefined critical hygiene moments. Descriptive statistics summarized baseline data. Logistic regression and a difference-in-differences approach were used to evaluate predictors and intervention effects.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Among respondents, 75.4% were female (mean age 42 ± 12.7 years), 62.3% of household heads had no formal education. Across all rounds, 4,323 critical handwashing events were observed, of which 38.5% involved HWWS. HWWS prevalence rose from 28.4% at baseline to 61.0% one-month post-intervention, then declined to 32.4% at endline, remaining above baseline. Total HWWS moments nearly doubled (350 to 597), with the largest relative increase before child feeding (sixfold rise). HWWS before eating was significantly greater in the intervention group at endline (OR = 1.77, 95% CI: 1.13-2.77, p = 0.013). Soap and water availability were key predictors, HWWS odds were 2.53 times higher with soap (95% CI: 2.08-3.06, p &lt; 0.001) and 1.23 times higher with water (95% CI: 1.02-1.49, p = 0.027). Compared to baseline, HWWS odds tripled at one month(OR = 3.05, 95% CI: 2.47-3.73, p &lt; 0.001) and remained elevated at endline (OR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.01-1.42, p = 0.037).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;Enhanced handwashing facilities, consistent soap provision, and improved water access substantially increased HWWS in this refugee setting. Soap availability was critical for sustaining behaviors, while the Jengu facility prompted short-term gains. Integrated WASH interventions combining infrastructure, supply continuity, and behavior change strategies are essential ","PeriodicalId":54287,"journal":{"name":"Conflict and Health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147629116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Civilian family members' deaths and perceived causes in war-torn Tigray, Ethiopia: modified poisson regression.","authors":"Ataklti Gebretsadik, Brhane Ayele, Mussie Alemayehu, Mulugeta Tilahun, Desalegn Meresa, Haftu Gebrehiwot, Reda Shamie, Assefa Ayallew, Hailay Gebretnsae, Tsegay Hadgu, Asfawesen Aregay, Kiros Demoz, Znabu Hadush, Tsegay Wellay, Adhena Ayaliew, Mebrahtu Kalayu, Hayelom Kahsay, Fana Gebreslassie, Mulugeta Woldu, Gebrehaweria Gebrekurstos, Liya Mamo, Tadelle Tesfaen, Ferehhiwet Hailemariam, Abrham Gebrelibanos, Araya Abrha Medhanyie, Afework Mulugeta, Ataklti Gebretsadik Woldegebriel","doi":"10.1186/s13031-026-00789-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13031-026-00789-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Civilians suffer greatly from mortality as a result of armed conflicts.The magnitude of family members' deaths and their perceived causes in households in war-affected settings of Tigray region of Ethiopia has not been investigated.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study was part of a large integrated cross-sectional survey conducted in selected 13,915 households from 19 districts.The data analysis was done using STATA 17 versions software packages.We have fitted all the possible count regression models to discover the best fitted model. Log-likelihood, Akaike Information Criteria (AIC), and Bayesian Information Criteria (BIC) were also used to compare various candidate models. We found that the robust Poisson regression model better fits the mortality data. Adjusted Incidence Rate Ratio (AIRR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) at P < 0.05 was used to establish the statistical significance in multivariable robust Poisson regression to assess the association between independent variables and the out come variable.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In this study, from the total 13,915 participants, 5% (n = 699) of them experienced civilian family members' war-associated death.Households with a disabled member (AIRR = 2.46; 95%CI: 1.80, 3.39), displaced from home (AIRR = 0.60; 95%CI: 0.50, 0.74,five and more family size (AIRR = 1.09; 95%CI: 1.04-1.14) and widowed marital status (AIRR = 3.72; 95%CI: 2.89-4.81),, and semi-urban place of residence (AIRR = 0.49; 95CI: 0.30, 0.82) were associated with the outcome variable .</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Civilian family members' death report in this study is high. Large family size, widowed marital status, not displacing from home, having a disabled member of the family, and rural residences were the identified factors associated with civilian's death. In the context of the cessation of hostilities following the Pretoria Peace Agreement, sustained efforts from the government, humanitarian organizations, and the international community are essential .</p>","PeriodicalId":54287,"journal":{"name":"Conflict and Health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147624830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conflict-driven antenatal care interruption in conflict zones of Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Amare Simegn, Yitayal Ayalew Goshu, Temesgen Lingerh Endalew, Yeshiambaw Eshetie, Yirgalem Abere, Yohannes Tesfahun, Temesgen Birlie Asmare, Negesse Zurbachew Gobezie, Habtie Bantider Wubet, Kumlachew Geta Belete, Belayneh Jejaw Abate, Getachew Mekete Deress, Biruk Demissie","doi":"10.1186/s13031-026-00790-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13031-026-00790-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54287,"journal":{"name":"Conflict and Health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13047819/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147582586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interventions addressing mental health in conflict-affected settings: A literature review.","authors":"Nicoline Falkbøll, Marie Louise D Østergaard, José Gabriel Zapata García, Diego Mauricio Aponte Canencio, Jens Modvig, Marie Brasholt","doi":"10.1186/s13031-025-00746-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13031-025-00746-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The burden of mental health disorders is high in conflict-affected populations. However, there is still limited evidence from studies that measure the effectiveness of mental health interventions implemented in conflict and post-conflict settings. This study presents the results of a literature review aiming to identify those mental health interventions that have been implemented in such contexts. A systematic literature search was conducted in MEDLINE (PubMed), Scopus and PsycINFO leading to the identification of 33 relevant studies reporting on results of mental health-focused interventions with pre- and post- measurements. Eighteen studies were randomized clinical trials (RCTs), five were quasi-experimental and 10 were studies without controls. They covered 21 countries. Five RCTs reported effect sizes that were categorized as large. Their intervention models were Resource-Oriented Trauma Therapy (ROTATE), Problem Management Plus (PM+), a version of Narrative Exposure Therapy adapted for forensic offenders (FORNET), a contextual adaptation of the Unified Protocol (CXA-UP) and Common Elements Treatment Approach (CETA) respectively. Five other RCTs showed moderate effect sizes. All quasi-experimental studies and studies without controls reported some level of improvement in clients' well-being. Target groups and intervention types as well as providers of the interventions differed significantly across studies, as did outcome measures. PM + and NET including FORNET are the interventions best studied and have shown moderate to high effect in several contexts and for different populations. CETA and ROTATE have shown large effect in one RCT each. These four treatment modalities are all focused on the individual and delivered by mental health professionals, but some can also be delivered in groups and by lay health workers, which may be important in low resource contexts and where emphasis is put on the collective. Ways to standardize and manualize interventions need to be found so that they can be adequately tested in different contexts, on different well-defined target groups, with due consideration to who provides the services in question and with well-defined outcome measures both immediately post-intervention and at long-term follow-up.</p>","PeriodicalId":54287,"journal":{"name":"Conflict and Health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147576621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Between bullets and outbreaks: epidemic control in Sudan's forgotten war.","authors":"Salma Ibrahim Mohammed Adam, Rawa Badri, Iyas Dawood, Safa Abdalrhim, Alaa Elsaeed, Mohamed Idries, Lina Hemmeda","doi":"10.1186/s13031-026-00763-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s13031-026-00763-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Two years into Sudan's prolonged war, the collapse of health systems has fueled multiple concurrent epidemics, triggering a complex humanitarian emergency with regional spillover risks. Over 30 million people need aid, more than 11 million displaced internally, and cross-border movement has exacerbated the spread of vaccine-preventable diseases, including Cholera, Measles, and circulating vaccine-derived Poliovirus type 2 (cVDPV2). This review analyzes emerging epidemiological patterns and operational barriers to epidemic control in the context of armed conflict, displacement, and infrastructure collapse. It concludes with targeted recommendations for conflict-sensitive public health interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":54287,"journal":{"name":"Conflict and Health","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13011572/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147505589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}