Zoological Letters最新文献

{"title":"Pattern of fin rays along the antero-posterior axis based on their connection to distal radials","authors":"Hiroki Hamada, Toshiaki Uemoto, Yoshitaka Tanaka, Yu Honda, Keiichi Kitajima, Tetsuya Umeda, A. Kawakami, M. Shinya, K. Kawakami, K. Tamura, Gembu Abe","doi":"10.1186/s40851-019-0145-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40851-019-0145-z","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54280,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Letters","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2019-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s40851-019-0145-z","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46132064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A 100-million-year old predator: a fossil neuropteran larva with unusually elongated mouthparts","authors":"J. Haug, P. Müller, C. Haug","doi":"10.1186/s40851-019-0144-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40851-019-0144-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54280,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Letters","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2019-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s40851-019-0144-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45334698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Life in a tube: morphology of the ctenostome bryozoan <i>Hypophorella expansa</i>.","authors":"Philipp Pröts,&nbsp;Andreas Wanninger,&nbsp;Thomas Schwaha","doi":"10.1186/s40851-019-0142-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40851-019-0142-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bryozoa is a large phylum of colonial aquatic suspension feeders. The boring ctenostome <i>Hypophorella expansa</i> is unique and inhabits parchment-like polychaete tubes. Morphological studies date back to the nineteenth century, but distinct adaptations to this specific habitat have not been properly analysed, which prompted us to reexamine the morphology of this recently encountered species. The colony of <i>H. expansa</i> is composed of elongated stolonal kenozooids with a distal capsule-like expansion. A median transversal muscle is present in the latter, and one autozooid is laterally attached to the capsule. Unique stolonal wrinkles are embedded in the thin parts of the stolons. Single autozooids are attached in an alternating right-left succession on subsequent stolons. Polypide morphology including digestive tract, muscular system and most parts of the nervous system are similar to other ctenostomes. The most obvious apomorphic features of <i>Hypophorella</i> are space balloons and the gnawing apparatus. The former are two fronto-lateral spherical structures on autozooids, which provide space inside the tube. The latter perforates layers of the polychaete tube wall and consists of two rows of cuticular teeth that, together with the entire vestibular wall, are introvertable during the protrusion-retraction process. The apertural muscles are in association with this gnawing apparatus heavily modified and show bilateral symmetry. Adaptations to the unique lifestyle of this species are thus evident in stolonal wrinkles, autozooidal space balloons and the gnawing apparatus. The growth pattern of the colony of <i>H. expansa</i> may aid in rapid colonization of the polychaete tube layers.</p>","PeriodicalId":54280,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Letters","volume":"5 ","pages":"28"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2019-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s40851-019-0142-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41220140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution of cis-regulatory modules for the head organizer gene goosecoid in chordates: comparisons between Branchiostoma and Xenopus","authors":"Yuuri Yasuoka, Yukiko Tando, K. Kubokawa, M. Taira","doi":"10.1186/s40851-019-0143-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40851-019-0143-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54280,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Letters","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2019-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s40851-019-0143-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47621009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Primary processing neuropils associated with the malleoli of camel spiders (Arachnida, Solifugae): a re-evaluation of axonal pathways","authors":"Andy Sombke, A. Klann, E. Lipke, H. Wolf","doi":"10.1186/s40851-019-0137-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40851-019-0137-z","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54280,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Letters","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2019-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s40851-019-0137-z","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46179827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative genomic analysis suggests that the sperm-specific sodium/proton exchanger and soluble adenylyl cyclase are key regulators of CatSper among the Metazoa.","authors":"Francisco Romero,&nbsp;Takuya Nishigaki","doi":"10.1186/s40851-019-0141-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40851-019-0141-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>CatSper is a sperm-specific calcium ion (Ca²⁺) channel, which regulates sperm flagellar beating by tuning cytoplasmic Ca²⁺ concentrations. Although this Ca²⁺ channel is essential for mammalian fertilization, recent bioinformatics analyses have revealed that genes encoding CatSper are heterogeneously distributed throughout the eukaryotes, including vertebrates. As this channel is activated by cytoplasmic alkalization in mammals and sea urchins, it has been proposed that the sperm-specific Na⁺/H⁺ exchanger (sNHE, a product of the <i>SLC9C</i> gene family) positively regulates its activity. In mouse, sNHE is functionally coupled to soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC). CatSper, sNHE, and sAC have thus been considered functionally interconnected in the control of sperm motility, at least in mouse and sea urchin.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We carried out a comparative genomic analysis to explore phylogenetic relationships among CatSper, sNHE and sAC in eukaryotes. We found that sNHE occurs only in Metazoa, although sAC occurs widely across eukaryotes. In animals, we found correlated and restricted distribution patterns of the three proteins, suggesting coevolution among them in the Metazoa. Namely, nearly all species in which CatSper is conserved also preserve sNHE and sAC. In contrast, in species without sAC, neither CatSper nor sNHE is conserved. On the other hand, the distribution of another testis-specific NHE (NHA, a product of the <i>SLC9B</i> gene family) does not show any apparent association with that of CatSper.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our results suggest that CatSper, sNHE and sAC form prototypical machinery that functions in regulating sperm flagellar beating in Metazoa. In non-metazoan species, CatSper may be regulated by other H⁺ transporters, or its activity might be independent of cytoplasmic pH.</p>","PeriodicalId":54280,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Letters","volume":"5 ","pages":"25"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2019-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s40851-019-0141-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41220139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiple functions of non-hypophysiotropic gonadotropin releasing hormone neurons in vertebrates","authors":"Chie Umatani, Y. Oka","doi":"10.1186/s40851-019-0138-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40851-019-0138-y","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54280,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Letters","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2019-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s40851-019-0138-y","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41825487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to: An efficient system for homology-dependent targeted gene integration in medaka (Oryzias latipes)","authors":"Yu Murakami, Satoshi Ansai, Akari Yonemura, M. Kinoshita","doi":"10.1186/s40851-019-0139-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40851-019-0139-x","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54280,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Letters","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2019-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s40851-019-0139-x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48221779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regeneration of the digestive tract of an anterior-eviscerating sea cucumber, <i>Eupentacta quinquesemita</i>, and the involvement of mesenchymal-epithelial transition in digestive tube formation.","authors":"Akari Okada,&nbsp;Mariko Kondo","doi":"10.1186/s40851-019-0133-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40851-019-0133-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sea cucumbers (a class of echinoderms) exhibit a high capacity for regeneration, such that, following ejection of inner organs in a process called evisceration, the lost organs regenerate. There are two ways by which evisceration occurs in sea cucmber species: from the mouth (anterior) or the anus (posterior). Intriguingly, regenerating tissues are formed at both the anterior and posterior regions and extend toward the opposite ends, and merge to form a complete digestive tract. From the posterior side, the digestive tube regenerates extending a continuous tube from the cloaca, which remains at evisceration. In posteriorly-eviscerating species, the esophagus remains in the body, and a new tube regenerates continuously from it. However, in anterior-eviscerating species, no tubular tissue remains in the anterior region, raising the question of how the new digestive tube forms in the anterior regenerate. We addressed this question by detailed histological observations of the regenerating anterior digestive tract in a small sea cucumber, <i>Eupentacta quinquesemita</i> (\"ishiko\" in Japanese) after induced-evisceration. We found that an initial rudiment consisting of mesenchymal cells is formed along the edge of the anterior mesentery from the anterior end, and then, among the mesenchymal cells, multiple clusters of epithelial-like cells appears simultaneously and repeatedly in the extending region by mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) as visulalized using toluidine blue staining. Subsequently, multiple cavities were formed surrounded with these epithelial cells, and appeared to coalesce with each other to form into multiple lumens, and to eventually become a single tube. This anterior tube then fused to the tube regenerated from the posterior rudiment. Thus, we elucidated the process of regeneration of the anterior portion of the gut in an anteriorly eviscerating species, and suggest the involvement of MET and fusion of cavities/lumens in regeneration of the digestive tube.</p>","PeriodicalId":54280,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Letters","volume":"5 ","pages":"21"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2019-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s40851-019-0133-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37401383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A new calmanostracan crustacean species from the Cretaceous Yixian Formation and a simple approach for differentiating fossil tadpole shrimps and their relatives.","authors":"Philipp Wagner,&nbsp;Joachim T Haug,&nbsp;Carolin Haug","doi":"10.1186/s40851-019-0136-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40851-019-0136-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Calmanostraca is a group of branchiopod eucrustaceans, with <i>Triops cancriformis</i> and <i>Lepidurus apus</i> as most prominent representatives. Both are regularly addressed with the inaccurate tag \"living fossil\", suggesting that the morphology has remained stable for several millions of years. Yet, <i>T. cancriformis</i> and <i>L. apus</i> represent only a fraction of the morphological diversity occurring in Calmanostraca, comprising the two groups Notostraca and Kazacharthra. Notostracans, commonly called tadpole shrimps, comprise the two groups <i>Lepidurus</i> and <i>Triops</i> with their elongated and rather narrow (in dorsal view) head shields<i>.</i> Kazacharthrans are exclusively fossil calmanostracans with broad and rather short shields, known from the Jurassic and Triassic period. One formation where fossil calmanostracans have been found is the Yixian Formation of northeastern China (Lower Cretaceous, 125-121 million years). It is part of the Jehol Group, an ecosystem known for its exceptionally well-preserved fossils, including vertebrates and plants, but also diverse arthropods. Two calmanostracan species have to date been described from the Yixian Formation, <i>Jeholops hongi</i> and <i>Chenops yixianensis</i>.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We describe here a new calmanostracan crustacean from the Yixian Formation, <i>Notostraca oleseni</i>, and additionally a simple tool using a morphospace analysis to delineate different species. Measurements characterising the shield and trunk proportions of different calmanostracan species were performed, data were size-corrected, and used for this morphospace analysis to compare the different morphologies. As sclerotised body parts are more likely to be preserved in fossils than soft tissue, shields and parts of the trunk are in many cases the only morphological structures available for study. Therefore, the present analysis represents a simple tool for distinguishing between different species, as well as allowing the inclusion of specimens that are only preserved fragmentarily. Additionally, it provides a tool to demarcate the kazacharthran-like specimen described, but not formally named, by Wagner et al. (Paleontol Res. 22:57-63, 2018). Hence, we amended the description and name the species <i>Calmanostraca hassbergella</i>.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our results indicate a large diversity in shield and trunk morphology in calmanostracans, in contrast to their often claimed highly conserved and uniform morphology. Especially extinct forms such as <i>Notostraca oleseni</i> add up to this result and point to the species richness and morphological diversity within Calmanostraca.</p>","PeriodicalId":54280,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Letters","volume":"5 ","pages":"20"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2019-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s40851-019-0136-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37093733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}