Current climate change reports最新文献

{"title":"One Metric, Many Meanings: Reconciling Water Use Efficiency Definitions","authors":"Paulina F. Puchi,Matthias Saurer,Alessio Collalti","doi":"10.1007/s40641-026-00210-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40641-026-00210-z","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Purpose of Review Water Use Efficiency (WUE) is widely used to describe carbon-water coupling, but its meaning varies among disciplines, measurement approaches and spatial and temporal scales. We review commonly used WUE definitions and formulations and clarify their conceptual differences. Recent Findings Ratio-based metrics, including WUE ( A /E) and intrinsic WUE ( A /g s w), describe realized carbon–water exchange but remain sensitive to environmental conditions. Optimality-based approaches distinguish these ratios from the marginal water cost of carbon gain (∂E/∂ A ), providing a mechanistic perspective on water-use strategy. We also highlight differences among leaf, plant, ecosystem, isotope, and model-derived estimate. Summary WUE is best understood as a context-dependent metric rather than a universal functional trait. We propose a framework linking each formulation to its carbon and water variables, spatial and temporal scale, environmental dependencies, and underlying assumptions. This approach supports transparent metric selection and improves comparisons across studies, scales, and methods.","PeriodicalId":54235,"journal":{"name":"Current climate change reports","volume":"160 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149209791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond Summary: How Review Papers Shape the Future of Climate Change Research","authors":"A. Collalti","doi":"10.1007/s40641-026-00209-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40641-026-00209-6","url":null,"abstract":"Scientific knowledge advances through the continuous accumulation of primary research. However, its true value emerges when individual findings are synthesized, integrated, and organized into coherent conceptual frameworks that not only advance scientific understanding but also support evidence-based decision-making and policy development. Review papers play a central role by consolidating scattered findings, identifying patterns across studies, and providing interpretative frameworks that guide both research and policy. In rapidly expanding and highly interdisciplinary fields such as climate change science, review papers are not auxiliary products of scholarship but essential instruments for investigating and managing complexity, identifying knowledge gaps, highlighting uncertainty, and assessing scale mismatches. They are particularly important in translating heterogeneous evidence, from observational records, experiments, and modelling, into coherent narratives that can inform mitigation and adaptation strategies. Review papers vary widely in scope, methodology: some are narrative and expert-driven, while others adopt systematic or quantitative approaches such as meta-analysis. Each type serves a different purpose, and each carries specific strengths and limitations. Understanding these differences is essential for evaluating the scientific contribution of a review and for producing high-quality syntheses. This paper briefly discusses the scientific role of review articles, the diversity of review methodologies, and their specific relevance in climate change research. It also provides a detailed and practical discussion of how to design and write a review paper, emphasizing clarity of research questions, methodological transparency, critical synthesis, and conceptual innovation. Ultimately, this review argues that review papers are not secondary outputs of scientific research but primary engines of scientific progress, shaping conceptual frameworks, identifying critical knowledge gaps, directing future research agendas, underpinning global assessments, and translating scientific evidence into informed policy and societal action.","PeriodicalId":54235,"journal":{"name":"Current climate change reports","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148538290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radiocarbon and the Transit Time of Carbon in Terrestrial Ecosystems","authors":"Carlos A. Sierra, Susan Trumbore","doi":"10.1007/s40641-025-00208-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40641-025-00208-z","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose of Review The transit time of carbon quantifies the time that it takes carbon atoms to travel through an ecosystem, from fixation of atmospheric CO <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> via photosynthesis until loss of carbon, mostly via respiration by plants and microorganisms, but also by methane emissions, and by leaching as dissolved inorganic or organic matter. Transit times are relevant to predict the future behavior of carbon sinks and how they would respond to changes in the environment. As most carbon is lost to the atmosphere as CO <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> , measurements of radiocarbon in respired carbon dioxide can be used to approximate the mean transit time of carbon in ecosystems. We review here an increasing number of studies that use radiocarbon to obtain the age of respired carbon from ecosystems, and their use as a constraint for carbon cycle models. Recent Findings Measurements of radiocarbon from vegetation pools and soils indicate a mixture of ages of carbon in ecosystem respiration. For example, respiration to support metabolism and growth in trees comes from very recently fixed substrates in leaves, but organs like stems and roots can mix recent substrates with older storage reserves. From detrital necromass and soils, the age of respired carbon integrates large variations in the age of carbon in substrates available for decomposition, ranging from less than one year (leaf litter in tropical systems) to a few hundred years for slowly decaying wood, or carbon stabilized by mineral sorption. Integrated at the soil or ecosystem level, the age of respired carbon is generally a highly ‘right’ skewed distribution, with most CO <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> released through faster cycling processes (plant respiration and rapid decomposition), but with a small component derived from very slow processes (slower decomposition). Thus, the mean age of respired CO <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> can be one to two decades old, while the median age can be much younger. Linking measured radiocarbon to modeled processes requires translation of either measured values to transit times or prediction of radiocarbon by models. Summary Evidence from radiocarbon observations and models shows that the distribution of transit times of carbon in terrestrial ecosystems is key to understand what fraction of fixed carbon will be respired quickly, what fraction can be stored for decadal to century timescales, and what fraction can accumulate over longer timescales and influence long-term carbon storage.","PeriodicalId":54235,"journal":{"name":"Current climate change reports","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145955813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review of Abrupt Permafrost Thaw: Definitions, Usage, and a Proposed Conceptual Framework.","authors":"Hailey Webb,Matthias Fuchs,Benjamin W Abbott,Thomas A Douglas,Clayton D Elder,Jessica Gilman Ernakovich,Eugenie S Euskirchen,Mathias Göckede,Guido Grosse,Gustaf Hugelius,Miriam C Jones,Charles Koven,Heather Kropp,Emma Lathrop,WenWen Li,Michael M Loranty,Susan M Natali,David Olefeldt,Christina Schädel,Edward A G Schuur,Oliver Sonnentag,Jens Strauss,Anna-Maria Virkkala,Merritt R Turetsky","doi":"10.1007/s40641-025-00204-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40641-025-00204-3","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose of ReviewWe review how 'abrupt thaw' has been used in published studies, compare these definitions to abrupt processes in other Earth science disciplines, and provide a definitive framework for how abrupt thaw should be used in the context of permafrost science.Recent FindingsWe address several aspects of permafrost systems necessary for abrupt thaw to occur and propose a framework for classifying permafrost processes as abrupt thaw in the future. Based on a literature review and our collective expertise, we propose that abrupt thaw refers to thaw processes that lead to a substantial persistent environmental change within a few decades. Abrupt thaw typically occurs in ice-rich permafrost but may be initiated in ice-poor permafrost by external factors such as hydrologic change (i.e., increased streamflow, soil moisture fluctuations, altered groundwater recharge) or wildfire.SummaryPermafrost thaw alters greenhouse gas emissions, soil and vegetation properties, and hydrologic flow, threatening infrastructure and the cultures and livelihoods of northern communities. The term 'abrupt thaw' has emerged in scientific discourse over the past two decades to differentiate processes that rapidly impact large depths of permafrost, such as thermokarst, from more gradual, top-down thaw processes that impact centimeters of near-surface permafrost over years to decades. However, there has been no formal definition for abrupt thaw and its use in the scientific literature has varied considerably. Our standardized definition of abrupt thaw offers a path forward to better understand drivers and patterns of abrupt thaw and its consequences for global greenhouse gas budgets, impacts to infrastructure and land-use, and Arctic policy- and decision-making.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40641-025-00204-3.","PeriodicalId":54235,"journal":{"name":"Current climate change reports","volume":"68 1","pages":"7"},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144719882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global Change Impacts on Forest Elementomes and Insights for Improved Management Practices","authors":"Zhenhong Hu, Pu Yan, Binbin Li, Xin Song, Jiwei Li, Josep Peñuelas, Alessio Collalti, Marcos Fernández-Martínez","doi":"10.1007/s40641-025-00200-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40641-025-00200-7","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose of Review</h3><p>The elemental composition of organisms (the elementome) strongly determines their functional traits and their functioning. Global change presents significant potential impacts on forest elementomes of trees, soils, and soil microbes, influencing primary production, nutrient cycling, and food-web dynamics in forest ecosystems. This review aims to summarize recent advancements in understanding the response of forest elementomes to global change and how we can help them adapt to new conditions through improved management practices.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Recent Findings</h3><p>Atmospheric CO₂ enrichment, increased nitrogen (N) deposition, climate warming and droughts strongly influence the elemental composition of trees, microbes and soils of forest ecosystems. Accounting for the composition and availability of essential elements such as N, phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in the plant-soil system can largely improve projections of forest carbon(C) cycle, especially when simulating the capacity of globally increasing C fixation by the rising atmospheric CO₂ concentration and N deposition.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Summary</h3><p>Global change influences forest elementomes across various scales, with diverse spatiotemporal variation and underlying mechanisms. Future research should integrate multi-source information to enhance the monitoring of elementomes and facilitate the adaptation of forests to the new environmental conditions through forest management, particularly focusing on the interaction effects of the multiple facets of global change.</p>","PeriodicalId":54235,"journal":{"name":"Current climate change reports","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143560960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate Warming Alters Nutrient Cycling and its Constraint on CO2 Fertilization in Global Forests","authors":"Enzai Du, Wim de Vries, Alessio Collalti, Alessandra De Marco","doi":"10.1007/s40641-025-00201-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40641-025-00201-6","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose of Review</h3><p>Climate warming affects both nutrient availability and plant nutrient requirements, with a potential alteration of nutrient limitation to the CO₂ fertilization effect on net primary productivity (NPP) and carbon (C) sinks, but the overall impact remains poorly understood. Based on a literature review, we synthesized the current understanding of climate warming-induced changes in (i) availability, (ii) demands, and (iii) limitation of the nutrients nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in global forest biomes as well as (iv) how climate warming alters nutrient constraints on CO₂ fertilization.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Recent Findings</h3><p>Climate warming generally increases nutrient availability via accelerating nutrient cycling but this effect largely varies between different forest biomes, resulting in a considerable increase in N availability in temperate and boreal forests but a weak P availability increase in tropical forests due to a depleted soil P pool. Climate warming likely causes an increase of NPP and nutrient demands in thermal-limited boreal and temperate forests, but it can result in a reduction of growth and nutrient demand in forests with an exceedance of optimal growth temperatures (e.g. some of tropical forests) and/or warming-induced moisture deficiency. Overall, climate warming tends to alleviate N limitation in boreal and temperate forests to support NPP in response to rising CO₂ concentrations. In contrast, climate warming combined with CO₂ fertilization will likely strengthen P limitation in tropical forests.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Summary</h3><p>Warming-induced changes in nutrient limitation can lead to biome-specific responses of NPP to rising atmospheric CO₂ concentrations. Our review highlights the role of climate warming-induced changes in nutrient availability, demand, and limitation in constraining biogeochemical feedback to future CO₂ enrichment.</p>","PeriodicalId":54235,"journal":{"name":"Current climate change reports","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143539226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing Our Understanding of Eddy-driven Jet Stream Responses to Climate Change – A Roadmap","authors":"Albert Ossó, Ileana Bladé, Alexey Karpechko, Camille Li, Douglas Maraun, Olivia Romppainen-Martius, Len Shaffrey, Aiko Voigt, Tim Woollings, Giuseppe Zappa","doi":"10.1007/s40641-024-00199-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40641-024-00199-3","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose of Review</h3><p>Extratropical jets and associated storm tracks significantly influence weather and regional climate across various timescales. Understanding jet responses to climate change is essential for reliable regional climate projections. This review serves two main purposes: (1) to provide an accessible overview of extratropical jet dynamics and a comprehensive examination of current challenges and uncertainties in predicting jet responses to greenhouse gas increases and (2) to suggest innovative experiments to advance our understanding of these responses.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Recent Findings</h3><p>While successive generations of climate model ensembles consistently project a mean poleward shift of the midlatitude zonal-mean maximum winds, there remains considerable intermodel spread and large uncertainty across seasonal and regional jet responses. Of particular note is our limited understanding of how these jets respond to the intricate interplay of multiple concurrent drivers, such as the strong warming in polar and tropical regions, and the relative importance of each factor. Furthermore, the difficulty of simulating processes requiring high resolution, such as those linked to sharp sea surface temperature gradients or diabatic effects related to tropical convection and extratropical cyclones, has historically hindered progress.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Summary</h3><p>We advocate for a collaborative effort to enhance our understanding of the jet stream response to climate change. We propose a series of new experiments that take advantage of recent advances in computing power and modelling capabilities to better resolve small-scale processes such as convective circulations, which we consider essential for a good representation of jet dynamics.</p>","PeriodicalId":54235,"journal":{"name":"Current climate change reports","volume":"242 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142588554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate Change and Hydrological Extremes","authors":"Jinghua Xiong, Yuting Yang","doi":"10.1007/s40641-024-00198-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40641-024-00198-4","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose of Review</h3><p>Climate change has profoundly impacted the Earth's atmospheric system and altered the terrestrial water cycle, reshaping the spatiotemporal patterns of hydrological extremes, including floods and droughts. This review aims to summarize recent advancements in understanding the response of hydrological extremes to climate change in both past and future.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Recent Findings</h3><p>Historical floods driven by heavy rainfall are increasing, while those dominated by snow processes are decreasing, resulting in non-significant changes on a global average. Previously overestimated droughts, due to inaccuracies in hydrological modules within offline diagnostic metrics, have been corrected by advanced modeling results, also revealing minimal historical changes on a global scale. Earth system simulations project concurrent increases in both floods and droughts under future climate change scenarios.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Summary</h3><p>Climate change influences hydrological extremes across various scales, with diverse spatial distributions and underlying mechanisms. Decision-makers should integrate multi-source information to enhance the monitoring and adaptation of hydrological extremes, particularly focusing on abrupt drought-flood alternations.</p>","PeriodicalId":54235,"journal":{"name":"Current climate change reports","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142362911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"More Climate Finance from More Countries?","authors":"W. Pieter Pauw, Michael König-Sykorova, María José Valverde, Luis H. Zamarioli","doi":"10.1007/s40641-024-00197-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40641-024-00197-5","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose of Review</h3><p>This paper analyses the options to broaden the base of climate finance provided by countries in a mixed-methods review. It (1) reviews Non-Annex II countries’ commitments in international agreements, declarations, and agendas; (2) provides and applies a literature-based review of criteria to identify countries’ responsibilities and capabilities to provide finance; (3) reviews institutional affiliation; and (4) reviews countries’ willingness to provide finance through their contributions to 27 relevant multilateral funds.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Recent Findings</h3><p>Scaling up climate finance has been a political and operational priority for the UN climate negotiations. However, the Annex II list of countries that commit to support developing countries financially with mitigation and adaptation has hardly changed since 1992. Given countries’ diverse emission pathways and economic development as well as geopolitical dynamics, Annex II is turning into a weakness of the UNFCCC in times when developing countries’ climate finance needs are increasing.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Summary</h3><p>Our largely qualitative analysis indicates that Eastern European countries, Russia, South Korea, Türkiye, Monaco, and Gulf States (including Saudi Arabia) meet many justifications for further negotiations about the expansion of the climate finance provider base. However, we argue against a continued rigid dichotomy of providers and recipients. We recommend four innovations going forward, including establishing ‘net recipients’ as a third category; this 1) broadens the base; 2) increases climate finance; and 3) could increase effectiveness and cooperation. More research is needed on the role of countries’ vulnerability and debt levels in discussions on climate finance provision.</p>","PeriodicalId":54235,"journal":{"name":"Current climate change reports","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141764111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Multi-Scalar Inequities of Climate Adaptation Finance: A Critical Review","authors":"Kayin Venner, Melissa García-Lamarca, Marta Olazabal","doi":"10.1007/s40641-024-00195-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40641-024-00195-7","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose of Review</h3><p>Following a multi-scalar analytical approach, this critical literature review explores the factors that determine adaptation finance accessibility and allocation with particular attention to how the needs of climate-vulnerable communities are considered.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Recent Findings</h3><p>Our review reveals that climate vulnerability is not a primary determinant in the accessibility and allocation of climate adaptation finance at inter-state, sub-national and local scales. Instead, factors such as institutional capacities and financial and political interests exert significant influence. This leads to maladaptation and multi-scalar inequities where climate finance favours relatively resilient groups across scales with less support for more vulnerable populations.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Summary</h3><p>We argue that finance does not trickle down, but “ripples” within a climate finance arena – where we define the latter as a messy space of competition, negotiation and collaboration. To unlock equitable adaptation finance patterns, future research should focus on the multi-scalar configurations of adaptation finance beyond the international level and consider local and regional territorial and scalar politics.</p>","PeriodicalId":54235,"journal":{"name":"Current climate change reports","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141085449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}