{"title":"Fluid/Movable Antenna Meets Active RIS: A Next Generation ISAC System Design","authors":"Jiaju Zhu;Haisu Wu;Hong Ren;Cunhua Pan;Rui Shi","doi":"10.1109/TNSE.2025.3626520","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSE.2025.3626520","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates a fluid antenna system (FAS)/movable antenna (MA) and active reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-aided integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) system. Specifically, we maximize the radar signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) by jointly optimizing the beamforming matrix at the base station (BS), the reflecting coefficients of active RIS and port selection of FAS, subject to the transmit power constraints and the communication requirements of users. To tackle the problem, we propose an effective algorithm to decompose the main problem into three subproblems. For each subproblem, we first utilize semidefinite relaxation (SDR), successive convex approximation (SCA) and penalty function to reformulate the subproblem, then the majorization-minimization (MM) method is applied to solve the subproblem iteratively. Numerical results validate the superiority of the proposed system. In addition, FAS can reduce the resource consumption and active RIS can overcome the severe path loss effectively.","PeriodicalId":54229,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering","volume":"13 ","pages":"4490-4505"},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148507518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Unlinkable and Decentralized Credential Management for Agentic AI","authors":"Qi Liu;Peng Jiang;Jun Zhu;Shaolong Tang;Wei Wang;Liehuang Zhu","doi":"10.1109/TNSE.2026.3695095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSE.2026.3695095","url":null,"abstract":"The evolution toward agentic AI is transforming edge devices from passive sensors into autonomous agents capable of collaborative decision-making. However, the open interaction among these agents exposes the system to malicious intrusions, making robust authentication essential to validate legitimate agents. Traditional authentication mechanisms still suffer from sensitive information leakage due to the potential exposure of agents' real-time locations and session linkability. Furthermore, previous privacy-preserving techniques often employ a centralized manager to prevent information leakage, whose compromise breaks the security of the whole system. In this paper, we propose B-CM, a blockchain-based credential management mechanism for agentic AI. B-CM augments traditional authentication by integrating anonymous credentials with blockchain technology to enable unlinkable and auditable agent authentication in a decentralized manner. To optimize efficiency, we leverage off-chain computation performed by edge servers and fast on-chain verification, accompanied by credential aggregation. We implement B-CM over Hyperledger Fabric to evaluate its performance. Experimental results show that the off-chain computation remains highly efficient, requiring only 8.35 s for distributed key generation and 9.7 ms for credential issuance, while the on-chain computational overhead is nearly negligible.","PeriodicalId":54229,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering","volume":"13 ","pages":"9379-9393"},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148508034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
James Adu Ansere;Sasinda C. Prabhashana;Nidhi Simmons;Octavia A. Dobre;Hyundong Shin;Trung Q. Duong
{"title":"Quantum Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient for Digital Twin-Enabled Semantic IoV Networks","authors":"James Adu Ansere;Sasinda C. Prabhashana;Nidhi Simmons;Octavia A. Dobre;Hyundong Shin;Trung Q. Duong","doi":"10.1109/TNSE.2025.3580705","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSE.2025.3580705","url":null,"abstract":"Internet of Vehicles (IoV) networks are becoming more complex as they require real-time decision-making and efficient resource management. These demands make it difficult to maintain stable and reliableoperations. The challenges are especially severe in dynamic and time-varying environments. To address these limitations, we propose a framework that integrates the quantum-based deep deterministic policy gradient (Q-DDPG) with digital twin networks (DTN) for distributed semantic optimization in dynamic IoV environments. The framework leverages quantum computing principles, such as superposition and entanglement, to enhance distributed semantic decisions. DTNs provide real-time modeling for efficient task offloading and adaptive resource allocation in decentralized IoV environments under varying conditions and uncertainties. The numerical results validate the robustness of the proposed approach, significantly reduce latency, and improve energy efficiency.","PeriodicalId":54229,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering","volume":"13 ","pages":"54-66"},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148509477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"CentralityPool: Centrality-Aware Hierarchical Graph Pooling","authors":"Mohammadreza Ghanbari;Saeed Asadi Bagloee;Jianzhong Qi;Majid Sarvi","doi":"10.1109/TNSE.2025.3583119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSE.2025.3583119","url":null,"abstract":"Graph pooling is the backbone of graph classification that condenses graph information into a compact form. Current pooling methods often treat all node information irrespective of their importance, which limits their ability to capture either key graph substructures or node information. To this end, we propose CentralityPool, a hierarchical pooling method for sieving the most important nodes via centrality techniques, and conduct experiments over graph classification and node classification tasks. We employ four centrality techniques: Personalized PageRank, Katz, Total Communicability, and Eigenvector centrality to identify key nodes. Due to time constraints, we incorporate efficient approximation strategies to reduce computational complexity. Hence, at comparable computation time with SOTA methods, CentralityPool improves graph classification accuracy by up to 4% by average across eight benchmark datasets and achieves competitive node classification results across large-scale benchmark datasets.","PeriodicalId":54229,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering","volume":"13 ","pages":"314-326"},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148509566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Secure Distributed Estimation-Based Data-Driven Leader-Following Control for Discrete-Time MASs Under Deception Attacks and Sensor Faults","authors":"Qiangyuan Ren;Guangdeng Chen;Xiao-Jie Peng;Hongyi Li;Tingwen Huang","doi":"10.1109/TNSE.2025.3601851","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSE.2025.3601851","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we consider the leader-following consensus problem for a class of heterogeneous nonlinear discrete-time multi-agent systems (MASs) with unknown dynamics under network deception attacks and sensor faults. The deception attacks considered occur in the communication network between the leader and the followers, compromising the authenticity of the leader's information received by the followers and affecting the cooperative performance. Since not all followers can directly access the leader's information and their measurements may be influenced by deception attacks and sensor faults, a secure distributed estimation algorithm is proposed to allow each follower to obtain accurate information about the leader. To achieve indirect estimation of unknown fault signals, nonlinear autoregressive with exogenous input neural network (NARXNN)-based fault estimators are proposed, combining the open-loop and closed-loop modes of NARXNN. Moreover, considering that followers have unknown dynamics and exhibit heterogeneity, decentralized model-free adaptive controllers are designed based on the estimation of leader information and fault signals. Unlike methods that use consensus error for indirect consensus control, the proposed approach allows each agent to directly acquire a leader estimate and achieve direct leader-following consensus control using only local input/output data. Finally, simulation examples confirm the effectiveness of the proposed data-driven leader-following consensus control method.","PeriodicalId":54229,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering","volume":"13 ","pages":"1754-1769"},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148509523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eric Gyamfi;James Adu Ansere;Mohsin Kamal;Mian Ahmad Jan;Houbing Song;Muhammad Tariq
{"title":"A Federated Blockchain Security for MEC-Enabled IoT Networks in Industrial 5.0","authors":"Eric Gyamfi;James Adu Ansere;Mohsin Kamal;Mian Ahmad Jan;Houbing Song;Muhammad Tariq","doi":"10.1109/TNSE.2025.3640426","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSE.2025.3640426","url":null,"abstract":"Secure communication is vital for the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) in the fifth revolution. However, resource constraints of most IIoT devices prevent the use of conventional security models. Multi-access mobile edge computing (MEC) offers a solution by bringing computational resources closer to the network edge, but centralized security solutions limit scalability and flexibility in MEC-enabled IIoT systems. Additionally, the distributed nature of MEC servers poses data privacy and security challenges. This paper introduces a novel network security approach for IIoT using federated blockchain (FB) and a machine learning-based verification system (ML). MEC optimizes the FB model, ensuring data integrity and confidentiality between the IIoT’s local network cluster and external devices. Public key cryptography secures data shared within the local network cluster, and the ML-based verification model validates IIoT devices requesting encryption key-pair updates and joining the MEC’s FB. This integrated approach surpasses conventional security solutions by enhancing scalability, data privacy, and adaptability to the evolving IIoT network topology. The methodology is implemented and evaluated using a realistic IoT testbed, demonstrating improved network security while maintaining MEC-enabled IIoT system performance and scalability.","PeriodicalId":54229,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering","volume":"13 ","pages":"5312-5323"},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148509539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Teleportation Links: Mitigating Catastrophic Forgetting in Decentralized Federated Learning","authors":"Xu Wang;Yuanzhu Chen;Qiang Ye;Octavia A. Dobre","doi":"10.1109/TNSE.2025.3611109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSE.2025.3611109","url":null,"abstract":"Decentralized approaches are inspired by the self-organizing principles observed in natural and social systems. These methods offer a scalable and resilient framework for collaborative learning. Decentralized federated learning (DFL) uses these principles to avoid the dependency on a central controller. However, a key challenge arises from data heterogeneity. This often leads to catastrophic forgetting, where the model significantly loses its ability to remember and use previously learned information. This loss of knowledge can reduce the reliability of DFL in critical applications, such as autonomous systems, financial services, energy management, and transportation networks. To tackle these challenges, in this paper, we investigate how data distribution affects DFL performance, with a focus on how bias propagates across nodes. We also explore how local model learning rates affect the trade-off between learning stability and convergence speed. At the same time, we evaluate the performance drops at individual nodes. Furthermore, to improve connectivity and speed up knowledge sharing, we propose adding a limited number of teleportation links, which aims to reduce the average distance between pairs of nodes. Extensive experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of this strategy, showing reduced catastrophic forgetting, faster convergence, and improved resilience across various scenarios.","PeriodicalId":54229,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering","volume":"13 ","pages":"2167-2180"},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148509644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Event-Triggered Secure Formation Tracking of Delayed Multi-UAV Systems Subject to DoS Attacks","authors":"Chen Liu;Lei Liu;Jinde Cao;Yiping Luo","doi":"10.1109/TNSE.2025.3586304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSE.2025.3586304","url":null,"abstract":"This paper addresses the time-varying formation tracking (TVFT) for second-order delayed multi-UAV systems (SODMUSs) subject to denial-of-service (DoS) attacks utilizing an event-triggered secure strategy. To begin with, a novel event-triggered secure strategy is designed, accompanied by a corresponding delayed piecewise differential inequality to address challenges introduced by DoS attacks and state delay. Then, a sufficient criterion is obtained to guarantee the TVFT for SODMUSs subject to asynchronous DoS attacks by proposed event-triggered secure strategy. Moreover, it is proved that the Zeno behavior does not exist in the closed-loop system. Finally, the event-triggered secure strategy is utilized to quadrotor UAV TVFT experiments where the numerical simulation and the software-in-the-loop simulation under hping3-based DoS attacks are presented to verify the validity of the theoretical results.","PeriodicalId":54229,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering","volume":"13 ","pages":"655-667"},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148509854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Non-Cooperative Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning Exploiting Population Dynamics","authors":"Junling Li;Hao Zhang;Shuqi Ke;Jianwei Huang;Nan Chen;Xuemin Shen","doi":"10.1109/TNSE.2025.3586602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSE.2025.3586602","url":null,"abstract":"Non-cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) faces significant challenges due to non-stationarity and non-unique learning goals. While equilibrium-based analysis frameworks effectively address these challenges, existing approaches suffer from high computational complexity as the number of agents increases. To overcome this limitation, we propose a population game-based Q-learning (Pop-Q) algorithm that computes Nash equilibrium (NE) policies through efficient population dynamics. Our approach represents population evolution using ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and introduces two key mechanisms to reduce the complexity of solving these ODEs. By adjusting the number of iterations in population dynamics, our algorithm enables a controllable trade-off between computational complexity and equilibrium accuracy. Experimental results demonstrate that Pop-Q achieves competitive performance in two-agent settings and superior performance in three-agent environments compared to existing equilibrium-based MARL algorithms. The proposed algorithm has significant potential applications in modern systems requiring decentralized coordination, including intelligent traffic systems, warehouse automation, and autonomous aerial vehicle (AAV) swarm-aided communication networks.","PeriodicalId":54229,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering","volume":"13 ","pages":"684-700"},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148509858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Near-Optimal Reinforcement Learning With Shuffle Differential Privacy","authors":"Shaojie Bai;Mohammad Sadegh Talebi;Chengcheng Zhao;Peng Cheng;Jiming Chen","doi":"10.1109/TNSE.2026.3695143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSE.2026.3695143","url":null,"abstract":"Reinforcement learning (RL) is a powerful tool for sequential decision-making, but its application is often hindered by privacy concerns arising from its sensitive interaction data. This challenge is particularly acute in advanced networked systems, where learning from operational and user data can expose systems to privacy inference attacks. Existing differential privacy (DP) models for RL are often inadequate: the centralized model requires a fully trusted server, creating a single point of failure risk, while the local model incurs significant performance degradation that renders it unsuitable for many networked applications. This paper addresses this gap by leveraging the emerging shuffle model of privacy, an intermediate trust model that provides strong privacy guarantees without a centralized trust assumption. We present Shuffle Differentially Private Policy Elimination (SDP-PE), the first generic policy elimination-based algorithm for episodic RL under the shuffle model. Our method introduces a novel exponential batching schedule and a “forgetting” mechanism to balance the competing demands of privacy and learning performance. Our analysis shows that SDP-PE achieves a near-optimal regret bound, demonstrating a superior privacy-regret trade-off with utility comparable to the centralized model while significantly outperforming the local model. The numerical experiments also corroborate our theoretical results and demonstrate the effectiveness of SDP-PE. This work establishes the viability of the shuffle model for secure data-driven decision-making in networked systems.","PeriodicalId":54229,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering","volume":"13 ","pages":"9807-9826"},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148510515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}