ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing最新文献

{"title":"The Transparency of Automatic Web Accessibility Evaluation Tools: Design Criteria, State of the Art, and User Perception","authors":"Marco Manca, Vanessa Palumbo, F. Paternò, C. Santoro","doi":"10.1145/3556979","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3556979","url":null,"abstract":"Several Web accessibility evaluation tools have been put forward to reduce the burden of identifying accessibility barriers for users, especially those with disabilities. One common issue in using accessibility evaluation tools in practice is that the results provided by different tools are sometimes unclear, and often diverging. Such limitations may confuse the users who may not understand the reasons behind them, and thus hamper the possible adoption of such tools. Hence, there is a need for tools that shed light on their actual functioning, and the success criteria and techniques supported. For this purpose, we must identify what criteria should be adopted in order for such tools to be transparent and to help users better interpret their results. In this paper, we discuss such issues, provide design criteria for obtaining user-centred and transparent accessibility evaluation tools, and analyse how they have been addressed by a representative set of open, license-free, accessibility tools. We also report on the results of a survey with 138 users of such tools, aimed at capturing the perceived usefulness of previously identified transparency requirements. Finally, we performed a user study with 18 users working in the Web design or accessibility fields with the goal of receiving more feedback about the transparency of a selected subset of accessibility tools.","PeriodicalId":54128,"journal":{"name":"ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing","volume":"47 1","pages":"1 - 36"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89816236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Online Learning in the Context of COVID-19 on Undergraduates with Disabilities and Mental Health Concerns","authors":"Han Zhang, Margaret E. Morris, P. Nurius, Kelly Avery Mack, Jennifer Brown, K. Kuehn, Yasaman S. Sefidgar, Xuhai Xu, E. Riskin, A. Dey, Jennifer Mankoff","doi":"10.1145/3538514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3538514","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic upended college education and the experiences of students due to the rapid and uneven shift to online learning. This study examined the experiences of students with disabilities with online learning, with a consideration of surrounding stressors such as financial pressures. In a mixed method approach, we compared 28 undergraduate students with disabilities (including mental health concerns) to their peers during 2020, to assess differences and similarities in their educational concerns, stress levels, and COVID-19-related adversities. We found that students with disabilities entered the Spring quarter of 2020 with significantly higher concerns about classes going online, and reported more recent negative life events than other students. These differences between the two groups diminished 3 months later with the exception of recent negative life events. For a fuller understanding of students’ experiences, we conducted qualitative analysis of open-ended interviews. We examined both positive and negative experiences with online learning among students with disabilities and mental health concerns. We describe how online learning enabled greater access—e.g., reducing the need for travel to campus—alongside ways in which online learning impeded academic engagement—e.g., reducing interpersonal interaction. We highlight a need for learning systems to meet the diverse and dynamic needs of students with disabilities.","PeriodicalId":54128,"journal":{"name":"ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing","volume":"23 1","pages":"1 - 27"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82848458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implementing Ability-Based Design: A Systematic Approach to Conceptual User Modeling","authors":"Amelie Nolte, J. Wobbrock, Torben Volkmann, Nicole Jochems","doi":"10.1145/3551646","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3551646","url":null,"abstract":"The notion of Ability-Based Design, put forth by Wobbrock et al. [80, 82] as a solution to the challenge of creating accessible technology, has been discussed in human-computer interaction research now for over a decade. However, despite being cited as influential on various projects, the concept still lacks a general characterization of how to implement its required focus on abilities. In particular, it lacks a formulation of how to perceive and model users within an articulated design process. To address this shortcoming, we rely on conceptual user modeling to examine Ability-Based Design and propose a characterization of it that is not dependent upon a specific project or research effort but that enables the ability-based design of new technologies in a systematic manner. Our findings show that Ability-Based Design’s focus on abilities requires important changes in typical user modeling approaches that cannot be met with current techniques. Based on the challenges identified through our analysis, we propose a first modification not only of current user modeling but also of current requirements analysis approaches to address abilities and their intertwined dependencies with tasks and contexts as core elements of conceptual models in Ability-Based Design. We thereby demonstrate not only the complexity of modeling users’ abilities, but also draw out promising ideas and perspectives for future research, emphasizing the need for future evaluative work on our approach.","PeriodicalId":54128,"journal":{"name":"ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing","volume":"41 1","pages":"1 - 26"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87402465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Author Reflections on Creating Accessible Academic Papers","authors":"R. Menzies, Garreth W. Tigwell, Mike Crabb","doi":"10.1145/3546195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3546195","url":null,"abstract":"Academic papers demonstrate inaccessibility despite accessible writing resources made available by SIGACCESS and others. The move from accessibility guidance to accessibility implementation is challenging for authors. Our work focuses on understanding what challenges authors of academic papers face in creating content elements (e.g., tables, charts, images) to better understand how to improve accessibility. We classified 3,866 content elements from 330 papers covering a 10-year sample of academic work from ASSETS to understand the variety used. We also reflected on the design choices that make the content elements inaccessible. We then conducted interviews with 13 academic authors from PhD student through to Professor Emeritus that publish within top-tier accessibility and HCI venues to understand the challenges faced in creating accessible content. We found critical issues in how academics understand and implement accessibility while also balancing the visual design of the paper. We provide recommendations for improving accessibility in the academic paper-writing process and focus on steps that can be taken by authors, publishers, researchers, and universities.","PeriodicalId":54128,"journal":{"name":"ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing","volume":"8 1","pages":"1 - 36"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77722283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ally: Understanding Text Messaging to Build a Better Onscreen Keyboard for Blind People","authors":"Danielle M Lottridge, Chris Yoon, Darren Burton, Chester Wang, Jofish Kaye","doi":"10.1145/3533707","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3533707","url":null,"abstract":"Millions of people worldwide use smartphones every day, but the standard issue QWERTY keyboard is poorly optimized for non-sighted input. In this article, we document the variety of methods blind people use to enter text into their smartphones, and focus on one particular need: sending text messages. We analyze two modern corpora of text messages and contrast them with an older text message corpus, as well as other corpora gathered from news articles, chat rooms, and books. We present a virtual keyboard for blind people optimized for sending text messages called Ally. To evaluate Ally, we conducted two user studies with blind participants. Our first study found increasing speeds and our second study found that half of participants reached comparable speeds to QWERTY, suggesting it may be a viable replacement. We conclude with a discussion of future work for non-sighted text-entry of text messages.","PeriodicalId":54128,"journal":{"name":"ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing","volume":"26 1","pages":"1 - 22"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77746580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“I’m Just Overwhelmed”: Investigating Physical Therapy Accessibility and Technology Interventions for People with Disabilities and/or Chronic Conditions","authors":"Momona Yamagami, Kelly Avery Mack, Jennifer Mankoff, K. Steele","doi":"10.1145/3563396","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3563396","url":null,"abstract":"Many individuals with disabilities and/or chronic conditions (da/cc) experience symptoms that may require intermittent or on-going medical care. However, healthcare is an often-overlooked domain for accessibility work, where access needs associated with temporary and long-term disability must be addressed to increase the utility of physical and digital interactions with healthcare workers and spaces. Our work focuses on a specific domain of healthcare often used by individuals with da/cc: physical therapy (PT). Through a 12-person interview study, we examined how people’s access to PT for their da/cc is hampered by social (e.g., physically visiting a PT clinic) and physiological (e.g., chronic pain) barriers, and how technology could improve PT access. In-person PT is often inaccessible to our participants due to lack of transportation and insufficient insurance coverage. As such, many of our participants relied on at-home PT to manage their da/cc symptoms and work towards PT goals. Participants felt that PT barriers, such as having particularly bad symptoms or feeling short on time, could be addressed with well-designed technology that flexibly adapts to the person’s dynamically changing needs while supporting their PT goals. We introduce core design principles (adaptability, movement tracking, community building) and tensions (insurance) to consider when developing technology to support PT access. Rethinking da/cc access to PT from a lens that includes social and physiological barriers presents opportunities to integrate accessibility and adaptability into PT technology.","PeriodicalId":54128,"journal":{"name":"ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing","volume":"61 1","pages":"1 - 22"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90079833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mathematical Content Browsing for Print-disabled Readers Based on Virtual-world Exploration and Audio-visual Sensory Substitution","authors":"Rynhardt Kruger, Febe de Wet, T. Niesler","doi":"10.1145/3584365","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3584365","url":null,"abstract":"Documents containing mathematical content remain largely inaccessible to blind and visually impaired readers because they are predominantly published as untagged PDFs, which do not include the semantic data necessary for effective accessibility. Equations in such documents consist of text interlaced with lines and other graphical elements and cannot be interpreted using a screen reader. We present a browsing approach for print-disabled readers specifically aimed at such mathematical content. This approach draws on the navigational mechanisms often used to explore the virtual worlds of text adventure games with audio-visual sensory substitution for graphical content. The relative spatial placement of the elements of an equation are represented as a virtual world so the reader can navigate between elements. Text elements are announced conventionally using synthesised speech, while graphical elements, such as roots and fraction lines, are rendered using a modification of the vOICe algorithm. The virtual world allows the reader to interactively discover the spatial structure of the equation, while the rendition of graphical elements as sound allows the shape and identity of elements that cannot be synthesised as speech to be discovered and recognised. The browsing approach was evaluated by 11 blind and 14 sighted participants in a user trial that included identifying twelve equations extracted from PDF documents. Overall, equations were identified completely correctly in 78% of cases (74% and 83%, respectively, for blind and sighted subjects). If partial correctness is considered, then the performance is substantially higher. Feedback from the blind subjects indicated that the technique allows spatial information and graphical detail to be discovered. We conclude that the integration of a spatial model represented as a virtual world in conjunction with audio-visual sensory substitution for non-textual elements can be an effective way for blind and visually impaired readers to read currently inaccessible mathematical content in PDF documents.","PeriodicalId":54128,"journal":{"name":"ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing","volume":"58 1","pages":"1 - 27"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88252922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding How Sensory Changes Experienced by Individuals with a Range of Age-Related Cognitive Changes Can Effect Technology Use.","authors":"Emma Dixon, Jesse Anderson, Amanda Lazar","doi":"10.1145/3511906","DOIUrl":"10.1145/3511906","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Clinical researchers have identified sensory changes people with age-related cognitive changes, such as dementia and mild cognitive impairment, experience that are different from typical age-related sensory changes. Technology designers and researchers do not yet have an understanding of how these unique sensory changes affect technology use. This work begins to bridge the gap between the clinical knowledge of sensory changes and technology research and design through interviews with people with mild to moderate dementia, mild cognitive impairment, subjective cognitive decline, and healthcare professionals. This extended version of our ASSETS conference paper includes people with a range of age-related cognitive changes describing changes in vision, hearing, speech, dexterity, proprioception, and smell. We discuss each of these sensory changes and ways to leverage optimal modes of sensory interaction for accessible technology use with existing and emerging technologies. Finally, we discuss how accessible sensory stimulation may change across the spectrum of age-related cognitive changes.</p>","PeriodicalId":54128,"journal":{"name":"ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing","volume":"15 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9340800/pdf/nihms-1812791.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40595599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating Best Practices for Remote Summative Usability Testing with People with Mild to Moderate Dementia.","authors":"Rachel Wood, Emma Dixon, Salma Elsayed-Ali, Etka Shokeen, Amanda Lazar, Jonathan Lazar","doi":"10.1145/3460942","DOIUrl":"10.1145/3460942","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>People with dementia may miss out on the benefits of using technology, because they often find it difficult to use. Usability testing is one method to identify barriers and areas for improvement in technology. Unfortunately, usability testing is often not conducted with people with dementia, independent of their caregivers. Difficulty recruiting local participants with dementia who regularly use technology further compounds the problem. Remote methods have been proposed as one approach to recruiting hard-to-reach populations. Currently, it is unclear how to effectively conduct remote summative usability testing with people with dementia. We recruited 15 participants. Five took part in the pilot study and 10 participated in the main study. We identify best practices and make suggestions for remote summative usability tests with people who have mild to moderate dementia, independent of caregivers. We discuss our findings in three sections: (1) logistics for planning remote summative usability testing, (2) approaches for conducting remote summative usability testing, including modifications of research methods, and (3) considerations when evaluating findings from remote summative usability sessions. We also present modified usability testing methods we developed to meet the unique needs of users with mild to moderate dementia, and summarize lessons learned and new directions for research on this topic.</p>","PeriodicalId":54128,"journal":{"name":"ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing","volume":"14 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8855365/pdf/nihms-1752225.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39801342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design Guidelines for an Interactive 3D Model as a Supporting Tool for Exploring a Cultural Site by Visually Impaired and Sighted People","authors":"LeporiniBarbara, RossettiValentina, FurfariFrancesco, PelagattiSusanna, QuartaAndrea","doi":"10.1145/3399679","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3399679","url":null,"abstract":"Being able to explore and familiarise themselves with the structure and details of a cultural site before actually visiting it is fundamental for orienting visually impaired people during the visit...","PeriodicalId":54128,"journal":{"name":"ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing","volume":"36 1","pages":"1-39"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2020-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78040127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}