{"title":"Hybrid Hierarchical Network Design Scheme with Wavelength Conversion","authors":"Reon Doai;Rie Hayashi;Tatsuya Matsukawa;Takeshi Seki;Takashi Miyamura;Akio Kawabata","doi":"10.23919/comex.2025XBL0030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/comex.2025XBL0030","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a hybrid hierarchical network design scheme with wavelength conversion (H2NDS) to design a low-delay network by integrating a conventional IP network and an optical network with wavelength conversion devices. In H2NDS, the network is divided into multiple domains, and wavelength converter devices and router devices are located at the relay node, an interconnection point between these domains. H2NDS is formulated as an integer linear programming problem to the sum of the delay of all end-to-end paths (delay) with constraint of the number of wavelengths in the optical network. Each end-to-end path selects the optimal relay node and selects either the router or wavelength converter devices to minimize the delay. The evaluation results showed that H2NDS significantly improved the delay performance compared to the benchmark model in which all end nodes belong to the nearest relay node, achieving a maximum reduction of 77.9 %.","PeriodicalId":54101,"journal":{"name":"IEICE Communications Express","volume":"14 05","pages":"197-200"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10924639","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143896345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A New Fault Detection Method Using Machine Learning in Analog Radio-on-Fiber MIMO Transmission System","authors":"Koichiro Nakamura;Takeshi Higashino","doi":"10.23919/comex.2025XBL0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/comex.2025XBL0015","url":null,"abstract":"In this letter, we propose a new fault detection method in a wired-wireless multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) transmission over an analog radio-on-fiber (A-RoF) network. The A-RoF architecture makes the configuration of the remote node simple, however, lots of radio frequency (RF)-band analog devices are used in it, such as semiconductor fiber laser, optical fiber link, photo-detector and electrical amplifiers, and the methodology for detecting the fault on these devices has not been discussed. Conventional methods require dedicated devices for sending fault messages via out-of-band wireless data transmission, which increases the hardware requirement of the whole system configuration. This letter proposes a machine learning approach in an A-RoF-based MIMO transmission without any additional devices.","PeriodicalId":54101,"journal":{"name":"IEICE Communications Express","volume":"14 05","pages":"174-176"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10924587","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143896427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Neural Quantizer for Fronthaul Compression: Design and FPGA Implementation","authors":"Daisuke Hisano;Shinnosuke Yagi","doi":"10.23919/comex.2025XBL0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/comex.2025XBL0016","url":null,"abstract":"Signal compression for fronthaul links has been actively studied, and the most common fixed compression method is the application of nonlinear quantizers. However, optimization such as clipping ratio (CR) is necessary for proper use of nonlinear quantizers. This paper proposes a nonlinear quantizer based on deep learning, called a neural quantizer. In this paper, we present the configuration of the neural quantizer and show that its performance is comparable to that of a CR-optimized nonlinear quantizer. We implement the proposed neural quantizer in FPGA, measure the processing delay, and show that it works within the desired processing time.","PeriodicalId":54101,"journal":{"name":"IEICE Communications Express","volume":"14 05","pages":"193-196"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10924585","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143896428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Autonomous Telemetry Data Accumulation Testbed with Emulated Failures in Optical Networks","authors":"Masaki Shiraiwa;Yusuke Hirota;Sugang Xu;Yoshinari Awaji","doi":"10.23919/comex.2025XBL0028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/comex.2025XBL0028","url":null,"abstract":"To enhance the resilience of optical networks, it is crucial to analyze various performance data in optical networks. However, physical performance data of optical signals in real optical networks are usually hardly acquired. To facilitate the study of resilient optical networks, we propose an advanced testbed to share experimental telemetry data with researchers. Using the proposed testbed, we continuously collect and accumulate optical performance monitoring data from multiple locations with various emulated scenarios of failures/disasters. The accumulated time-series data can be retrieved to form open datasets for researchers based on their specifications for failure/disaster scenarios and periods.","PeriodicalId":54101,"journal":{"name":"IEICE Communications Express","volume":"14 05","pages":"181-184"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10924586","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143896333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Closed-Form Solution for Evanescent Wave of a Two-Dimensional Point Source","authors":"Xin Du","doi":"10.23919/comex.2024XBL0200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/comex.2024XBL0200","url":null,"abstract":"Based on the angular spectrum representation (ASR), the total field can be separated into propagating and evanescent waves. This paper proposes a closed-form solution of the evanescent wave for a two-dimensional (2D) point source by using ASR, which considers the aperture facing an arbitrary orientation. To validate the proposed solution in terms of accuracy and computational time, a robust numerical method, i.e., a double exponential (DE) formula, is applied. Computer simulation is conducted in the near-field region (0.2λ-λ). The results show that the proposed method presents a good accuracy with a low error of less than 0.1 dB, compared with the DE formula. Moreover, the calculation time is improved by 7.9-16.4 times by comparing the proposal with the DE formula. From the simulated results, it can be found that the evanescent wave calculated by ASR has an angle dependence for a 2D point source when the aperture used in ASR faces an arbitrary orientation. Our proposal can mathematically explain the reason for an angle dependence. Furthermore, this work finds that fixing the aperture normal to the line of sight obtains the angle-independent evanescent wave for a 2D point source.","PeriodicalId":54101,"journal":{"name":"IEICE Communications Express","volume":"14 05","pages":"201-204"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10924594","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143896413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Equivalence of Two Types of Knife-Edge Diffraction Models to Predict Shadowing Effect","authors":"Xin Du;Chechia Kang;Jun-Ichi Takada","doi":"10.23919/comex.2025XBL0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/comex.2025XBL0021","url":null,"abstract":"The knife-edge diffraction (KED) model has been widely used to predict the shadowing effect. In addition to the classical Fresnel KED model using the Fresnel integral, in recent years an alternative expression proposed by mobile and wireless communications enablers for the twenty-twenty information society (METIS), i.e., METIS KED model, has also been used. This letter proposes a mathematical derivation to rigorously prove that the METIS KED model can be seen as an approximated envelope of the Fresnel KED model. Simulated results agree with the proposal that the METIS KED model is identical to the Fresenl KED model with a low error of 0.19 dB in the shadowed region, and the METIS KED model can be seen as an approximated envelope of the Fresnel KED model with a negligible error of 0.01 dB in the lit region. In addition, based on the connection between the Fresnel and METIS KED models, we propose a threshold for the four-state piecewise linear modeling, which can satisfy the modeling of the shadowing effect at a specific frequency or environment and is the closed form.","PeriodicalId":54101,"journal":{"name":"IEICE Communications Express","volume":"14 05","pages":"185-188"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10924590","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143896426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Enhancement of Loss Point Detection Accuracy by Double-Slope-Assisted Brillouin Optical Correlation-Domain Reflectometry","authors":"Yukihiro Suzuki;Yosuke Mizuno;Heeyoung Lee","doi":"10.23919/comex.2024XBL0199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/comex.2024XBL0199","url":null,"abstract":"We propose and experimentally demonstrate an improved method for detecting loss points in optical fibers using double-slope-assisted Brillouin optical correlation-domain reflectometry (DSA-BOCDR). By utilizing the power ratio of two frequencies with different shifts from the Brillouin frequency shift, we enhance the positional accuracy of loss point detection compared to conventional slope-assisted BOCDR (SA-BOCDR). Our results show that this method can effectively detect loss points with higher accuracy, contributing to the advancement of distributed optical fiber sensing technologies for structural health monitoring.","PeriodicalId":54101,"journal":{"name":"IEICE Communications Express","volume":"14 05","pages":"167-169"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10924588","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143896332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Machine Learning-Based Object Movement Prediction Method Using Occupancy Grid Maps from Roadside Sensor","authors":"Shota Matsushita;Onur Alparslan;Kenya Sato","doi":"10.23919/comex.2025XBL0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/comex.2025XBL0005","url":null,"abstract":"For automated vehicles, wide-ranging and real-time detection of the surrounding environment and accurate recognition of objects, including pedestrians, vehicles, and their movements, are crucial. In previous work, we proposed a method for estimating road environments as an occupancy grid map (OGM) using roadside sensors. However, OGMs independently calculate occupancy probabilities for each cell, which poses a challenge in accounting for the movement of objects across cells. This study proposed a machine learning-based method for predicting future OGMs, using OGMs from roadside LiDAR sensors. Real-world evaluations demonstrated that the proposed method predicts object movement with short execution times.","PeriodicalId":54101,"journal":{"name":"IEICE Communications Express","volume":"14 05","pages":"189-192"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10924592","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143896461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Segmentation-Driven Incremental Learning for Accurate Network Traffic Prediction","authors":"Erina Takeshita;Tomoya Kosugi","doi":"10.23919/comex.2024XBL0210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/comex.2024XBL0210","url":null,"abstract":"This study proposes a novel data segmentation method for incremental learning in network traffic prediction, leveraging change points in network configuration data (e.g., the number of users and network equipment). Isolating high-variance segments improves the incremental learning performance. Existing methods such as the PELT algorithm in ruptures face challenges in isolating high-variance segments and have the disadvantage of high computational costs. In contrast, the proposed method efficiently identifies high-variance segments by leveraging network configuration data as segmentation criteria. This approach not only circumvents the computational costs associated with parameter tuning but also facilitates more effective isolation of high-variance segments, leading to improved segmentation accuracy. Experiments show an average MSE of 1.799, outperforming baseline methods (No Segmentation: 2.846, RPT: 2.653) and enhancing prediction accuracy.","PeriodicalId":54101,"journal":{"name":"IEICE Communications Express","volume":"14 05","pages":"170-173"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10924591","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143896334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Quantitative Evaluation of Effect of Quality of Service Deterioration in Time Synchronization Message Transmission on Synchronization Accuracy Over Ethernet-Based in-Vehicle Network","authors":"Maika Koizumi;Yoshihiro Ito","doi":"10.23919/comex.2024XBL0212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/comex.2024XBL0212","url":null,"abstract":"This paper evaluates the effect of the Quality of Service (QoS) degradation in time synchronization messages on the time synchronization accuracy over Ethernet-based in-vehicle networks with IEEE 802.1AS. In in-vehicle networks, congestion between the timeTransmitter and timeReceiver can reduce the time synchronization accuracy since the time synchronization is performed based on the link delay measurement in IEEE 802.1AS. However, the quantitative relationship between the time synchronization accuracy and QoS of the message transmission is unclear. This paper evaluates the QoS degradation and the synchronization accuracy under actual experimental networks. The results show that the Neighbor Rate Ratio and the standard deviation of Packet Delay Variation significantly influence the time synchronization accuracy.","PeriodicalId":54101,"journal":{"name":"IEICE Communications Express","volume":"14 05","pages":"177-180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10924595","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143896429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}