Journal of Conflict Archaeology最新文献

{"title":"Soldiers Mistakenly Reported Killed in Action: Three German World War II Examples Related to Operation Dragoon in August 1944","authors":"Jean-Loup Gassend, L. Alberti","doi":"10.1179/1574077315Z.00000000049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/1574077315Z.00000000049","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract While researching the histories of 492 German soldiers killed in Southern France in August and September 1944, three cases of soldiers having falsely been reported as killed in action were discovered. There were different reasons for each of the misidentifications; in the first case, the precise circumstances are unclear, but may have occurred after an accidental exchange of identification tags with a fellow soldier; the second case was probably caused by a mistaken report from a witness; the third seems to have been misidentification by medical personnel unfamiliar with the bodies they were dealing with. The Wehrmacht used poorly designed identification tags, while there was no use of methods such as fingerprinting and tooth charts when identification tags were not available. Unreliable methods such as visual identification or witness testimony were deemed to be sufficient to report a soldier dead. As a consequence, false reports of death seem to have been relatively commonplace.","PeriodicalId":53987,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Conflict Archaeology","volume":"10 1","pages":"122 - 96"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2015-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1179/1574077315Z.00000000049","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65848597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Second World War Japanese Defences on Watom Island, Papua New Guinea","authors":"Peter Petchey","doi":"10.1179/1574077315Z.00000000042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/1574077315Z.00000000042","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Watom Island, in the East New Britain Province of Papua New Guinea, was occupied by Japanese forces during the Second World War; twenty-one Allied Prisoners of War (of whom eighteen survived) were held there from 1944 to 1945. Numerous tunnels and defensive emplacements were dug on the island, and many remain open today. During an archaeological research programme at Rakival Village into the prehistoric occupation of Watom, some of these wartime sites were also recorded, and this paper describes a variety of different site types. These include numerous underground tunnel complexes, beach defences, and a 150 mm howitzer that is still in position at the top of the island. It is argued that Watom was more than just an occupied island, and was, in effect, a fort that defended the rear approaches to Rabaul.","PeriodicalId":53987,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Conflict Archaeology","volume":"10 1","pages":"29 - 51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1179/1574077315Z.00000000042","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65848641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Actor-Network Theory and the Practice of Aviation Archaeology","authors":"M. Deal, L. Daly, C. Mathias","doi":"10.1179/1574077315Z.00000000041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/1574077315Z.00000000041","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract World War II aviation archaeology is a dynamic subfield of conflict archaeology, which has developed through the need to conserve twentieth-century military heritage resources. Like battlefield archaeology (: iii–vii), it has only recently emerged as a credible area of academic study. Theoretical development in both areas has been dominated by a military, historical-particularist viewpoint, which often ignores the role of society in warfare. Actor-network theory, which stresses the link between society and technology, provides an opportunity to broaden the theoretical perspective of aviation archaeology research. Recent archaeological work at a downed USAAF aircraft site near Gander, Newfoundland, is presented as a case study to illustrate the enlistment of a network of stakeholders, material culture, and textual and audio-visual evidence in the interpretation of a single site.","PeriodicalId":53987,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Conflict Archaeology","volume":"10 1","pages":"28 - 3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1179/1574077315Z.00000000041","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65848203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Valuable Latin American Contribution to Conflict and Battlefield Archaeology","authors":"Håkan Karlsson","doi":"10.1179/1574077315Z.00000000044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/1574077315Z.00000000044","url":null,"abstract":"In the last shivering days of 2014, a year that has witnessed amongst others the commemoration of the beginning of the WWI, I received the interesting new book Sobre Campos de Batalla: Arqueología de Conflictos Bélicos en América Latina (About Battlefields: Archaeology and Conflicts of War in Latin America). This book is, for a number of reasons, a most welcome and thought-provoking contribution to the research field of historical archaeology and to an archaeology directed at conflicts and battlefields. This is not least because it clearly shows how the study of conflicts and historic battlefields has developed rapidly and in very interesting directions in Latin America during the last decade. This has probably been unnoticed by the majority of archaeologists in Europe, irrespective of whether they are interested in this field of research or not. In the contemporary European research context, conflict and battlefield archaeology are quite well established and there are both journals and conferences devoted to the scholarly exchange of ideas and results (cf. Schofield, Klausmeier and Purbrick 2006; Pollard and Banks 2008; Journal of Conflict Archaeology). This also goes, at least partly, hand-in-hand with the development of the research field of contemporary archaeology and approaches that focus on the material culture of military installations, etc. (cf. Holtorf and Piccini, 2009; Olsen and Pétursdóttir, 2014). The book starts with an introduction by its authors Carlos Landa and Odlanyer Hernández de Lara (University of Luján, Argentina), and it is followed by a prologue by Tony Pollard (University of Glasgow, Scotland), and a presentation of the book by Mariano Ramos (University of Luján, Argentina). It is arranged in seven chapters and each chapter presents the reader with an interesting case study about the investigations of specific battlefields. These span the period between 1541 and 1898, even if the main focus is on the twentieth century, and they are located in different parts of Latin America; to be more precise, in Argentina, Brazil, Cuba, Mexico, and Uruguay. The contributors to the case studies in the book, comprising thirty-seven scholars, approach this field of historical archaeological research from a number of different directions, covering amongst other topics general reflections of theory and method; questions concerning the preservation of battlefields and its material culture as cultural heritage; and practical methodological and conservation questions. The contributions have in common that all of them in a convincing manner show that historical archaeology and its multi-disciplinary investigations and results — which combine the theoretical and methodological approaches from disciplines such as history, anthropology, sociology and archaeology — has a lot to offer and to add, as a complement to written and oral sources, not least when it comes to the study of conflicts and historic battlefields. Within the framework of the mul","PeriodicalId":53987,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Conflict Archaeology","volume":"10 1","pages":"70 - 71"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1179/1574077315Z.00000000044","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65848357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combined Arms Warfare in the Spanish Civil War: The Assault on the Republican Defence Line at Fatarella Ridge","authors":"X. Rubio-Campillo, Frances Hernández","doi":"10.1179/1574077315Z.00000000043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/1574077315Z.00000000043","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In terms of approaches to warfare, the Spanish Civil War (1936–39) has traditionally been seen as a transition between the First and Second World Wars. The idea is based on several reports written by designated observers from Germany, Italy and the Soviet Union. Certainly, some of the tactics and equipment of these armies made their first appearance during this conflict. However, this view raises several questions, as the experience and tactics observed in the Spanish battlefields often do not match those seen during the first phases of the Second World War. Were the innovations adopted by all sides and units? How did the new tactics influence the outcome of the conflict? Which tactics were tested and discarded for better ones? It is difficult to address these questions using only textual sources, given the particularities of this war. To improve our understanding of the evolution of warfare, we need to combine textual sources with archaeological data and spatial analysis, and integrate the knowledge. This study examines the assault on Republican positions at Fatarella Ridge during the last phase of the Battle of the Ebro (1938). In particular, the work explores, using spatial analysis of archaeological and textual sources, the level at which combined arms warfare was applied during the final months of the war. The use of an integrated methodology has allowed us to reconstruct the engagement and provides interesting insights into the evolution of tactics and fortification during this conflict.","PeriodicalId":53987,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Conflict Archaeology","volume":"18 1","pages":"52 - 69"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1179/1574077315Z.00000000043","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65848717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Taking the Hill: Archaeological Survey and Excavation of German Communication Trenches on the Summit of Mont St Quentin","authors":"T. Pollard","doi":"10.1179/1574077314Z.00000000039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/1574077314Z.00000000039","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The following presents the results of a limited programme of field investigation carried out on the site of German communication trenches running through woodland on the summit of Mont St Quentin, just outside the town of Péronne, in the Somme region of Picardy. The aim of the project was to assess the archaeological potential of features related to the Battle of Mont St Quentin, which took place in August/September 1918 and was co-directed by Tony Pollard and Iain Banks. The fieldwork, which consisted of topographic survey, metal detector survey and limited excavation, was carried out over ten days, between 29 August and 9 September 2011. The action, by men of the Australian Second Division, saw the Germans pushed off their strong position on the hill, and thereafter the recapture of Péronne. As a result, three Victoria Crosses were awarded, and General Rawlinson described the battle as the finest achievement of the war. Given its place in the history of Australian military endeavour on the Western Front, the Historial de la Grande Guerre in Péronne has taken out a fifty-year lease on an area of land within Mont St Quentin Wood, which is an initiative supported by the Australian government via the Department of Veteran’s Affairs. This ground includes a number of German communication trenches, along with other features such as shell holes. The intention is to include this area in a heritage trail (Australian Remembrance Trail), which will incorporate other sites of Australian activity, including Fromelles, Villers-Bretonneux and Hamel. In order to maximise the impact and educational value of the site it has been subject to archaeological investigation, an exercise that will add to our understanding of events there, and also provide information and material for a proposed interpretation centre.","PeriodicalId":53987,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Conflict Archaeology","volume":"105 1","pages":"177 - 197"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2014-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1179/1574077314Z.00000000039","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65848070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Digging in the Dark: The Underground War on the Western Front in World War I","authors":"I. Banks","doi":"10.1179/1574077314Z.00000000038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/1574077314Z.00000000038","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Throughout the First World War, with the trenches largely static, the combatants tried to break the deadlock by tunnelling under one another’s trenches. The Tunnelling Companies of the British Royal Engineers were engaged in a bitter struggle against German Pioneers that left both sides with heavy casualties. A project to determine the location of one particular act of heroism in that underground war has resulted in the erection of a monument to the Tunnellers at Givenchy-lès-la-Bassée in northern France.","PeriodicalId":53987,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Conflict Archaeology","volume":"9 1","pages":"156 - 176"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2014-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1179/1574077314Z.00000000038","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65848008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond Recall: Searching for the Remains of a British Secret Weapon of World War I","authors":"I. Banks, T. Pollard","doi":"10.1179/1574077314Z.00000000037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/1574077314Z.00000000037","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article discusses the development of the Livens Large Gallery Flame Projector, a massive British flamethrower that was used against German trenches in the Battle of the Somme in 1916. Built underground within tunnels below No Man’s Land, this secret weapon was an attempt to use technology to break through German defences and reduce British casualties. The flame projector was the most effective flamethrower developed in WWI, but proved to be too inflexible and expensive to be widely used.","PeriodicalId":53987,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Conflict Archaeology","volume":"105 1","pages":"119 - 155"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2014-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1179/1574077314Z.00000000037","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65847966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Obsolete Muskets, Lethal Remingtons: Heterogeneity and Firepower in Weapons of The Frontier War, Argentina, 1869–1877","authors":"J. Leoni","doi":"10.1179/1574077314Z.00000000033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/1574077314Z.00000000033","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper deals with firearms that were employed by the Argentine army in frontier warfare between 1869 and 1877. Documentary information and archaeological assemblages from two contemporary military facilities — Fort General Paz and Fortín Algarrobos — are combined to characterize the armament in service during those years. This was a crucial period, during which a process of modernisation and standardisation of the army’s armament started, centred on the incorporation of Remington single-shot breech-loading rifles and carbines. However, the archaeological record shows that this process was slow and that an astonishing variety of older firearms (flintlocks, percussion smoothbores and rifles) remained in service, causing logistic and operative problems, and reducing the army’s combat effectiveness. The paper then discusses the impact of the incorporation of the Remington guns on frontier warfare, critiquing commonly held determinist characterisations, and placing the Remington’s effect in a broader political and economic context.","PeriodicalId":53987,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Conflict Archaeology","volume":"9 1","pages":"115 - 93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2014-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1179/1574077314Z.00000000033","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65848107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Archaeology of the Battle of Vuelta de Obligado, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina","authors":"M. Ramos, Fabián Bognanni, M. Lanza, Verónica Helfer, Celeste González Toralbo, Romina Soledad Senesi, Odlanyer Hernández de Lara, César Pinochet, Jimena Clavijo","doi":"10.1179/1574077314Z.00000000032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/1574077314Z.00000000032","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper presents the results of research carried out for more than a decade at Vuelta de Obligado, San Pedro, north-east of Buenos Aires province. The objectives were to understand the dynamics of the strategy followed on the 1845 battlefield by the two groups who fought (Anglo-French and Argentine), and to assess the impact of formation processes on the results produced. This has been achieved through the use of several sources of information: the archaeological record, written documents, Argentine and European plans and sketches, as well as data provided by the current population.","PeriodicalId":53987,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Conflict Archaeology","volume":"9 1","pages":"69 - 92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2014-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1179/1574077314Z.00000000032","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65848053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}