Casopis za Suvremenu Povijest最新文献

{"title":"‘Nazi Agent’ and Development Pioneer: Johann Albrecht von Monroy, National Socialist Europe and Unknown Origins of FAO's Forest Related Development Activities","authors":"M. Bemmann","doi":"10.1177/00220094231166602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00220094231166602","url":null,"abstract":"By exploring the career of the German forester Johann Albrecht v. Monroy from the 1920s to the 1950s, this article seeks to further differentiate and expand the historiography on development. It reveals that experts like Monroy who were deeply involved in the National Socialist quest for hegemony in Europe took an active part in shaping the Food and Agriculture Organization's (FAO) forest-related development activities after the Second World War. The article provides two explanations why Monroy became a lauded development pioneer: Firstly, he was a widely acknowledged and well-connected member of a transatlantic expert community that he had helped to shape in the 1920s and 1930s. Secondly, he enormously benefitted from German expansionist policies. In the 1930s, Monroy became a senior official responsible for turning forestry and wood processing industries into a central branch of Germany's war economy. During the war, he was in charge to establish the most modern wood processing plant in Slovakia. Monroy based this project on a specific approach to development that he had elaborated since the mid-1930s and that adapted schemes shaped for colonial contexts to the very special international environment of German-controlled Europe. That Monroy could realize this project in Slovakia turned him into an expert wanted by the FAO due to an almost unrivalled experience.","PeriodicalId":53857,"journal":{"name":"Casopis za Suvremenu Povijest","volume":"58 1","pages":"424 - 448"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48811059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"‘Plausible Enough’: The IRO and the Negotiation of Refugee Status After the Second World War","authors":"S. Huhn","doi":"10.1177/00220094231167338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00220094231167338","url":null,"abstract":"National Socialism, the Second World War, Stalinism, the expansion of the Soviet Union, and other political crises in Europe led to millions of people fleeing or being abducted in the 1930s and 1940s. The ‘European refugee problem’ led to the establishment of several international organizations. With the founding of the International Refugee Organization (IRO) in 1946, the concept of refugees changed. For the first time, those that had previously been inevitably labelled refugees – whether as groups or individuals – now had to apply for this status. I argue that refugee status was not simply granted or denied by the IRO, but rather negotiated between IRO officers and applicants, often via a protracted, multistage process. These negotiations were based on the applicants’ portrayal of their own personal history and not (only) an objective history itself. However, the question is not only whether people told the ‘truth’ or not; rather, the applicants’ individual ‘negotiation skills’ and individual perceptions of the IRO officers also played a decisive role. Whilst most current research looks at the actions and strategies of ethnic, religious, national, or social groups, I expand this perspective with a focus on individual negotiations of being recognized as a refugee or Displaced Person by the IRO.","PeriodicalId":53857,"journal":{"name":"Casopis za Suvremenu Povijest","volume":"58 1","pages":"398 - 423"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45000227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nudging the Ship in the Right Direction: United States Public Diplomacy and Development in 1960s Spain","authors":"Óscar J. Martín García","doi":"10.1177/00220094231166603","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00220094231166603","url":null,"abstract":"In the early 1960s, Franco's Spain began to experience a rapid process of economic growth, which was encouraged by US diplomacy as it would underpin the stability required by the US defence program in the country. However, American officials felt that such an accelerated economic development should be orderly since chaotic modernization might spark social turmoil that would compromise the US geo-strategic objectives in Spain. The article unravels the US public diplomacy programs to steer Spanish society along with a stable development path based on US-inspired capitalism and alliance with the Western bloc. It examines the cultural, educational, and informational means employed by the US government in a bid to channel the socio-economic upheaval occurring in Spain in a direction that was compatible with US security interests. We also argue that modernization theory provided the ideological and intellectual framework for US persuasion efforts to harness Spain's socio-economic ferment. Nevertheless, the ‘development model’ promoted by the dictatorship generated inequalities and conflicts that fuelled anti-American sentiment among sectors of Spanish society called to play a role in the future post-Franco transition.","PeriodicalId":53857,"journal":{"name":"Casopis za Suvremenu Povijest","volume":"58 1","pages":"531 - 553"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42024773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Viceroyalty of General Queipo de Llano in Seville During the Spanish Civil War: A Dialectic of Violence and Destitution","authors":"R. Serém","doi":"10.1177/00220094231167332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00220094231167332","url":null,"abstract":"This article reappraises General Queipo de Llano's authoritarian rule in Seville during the Spanish Civil War (1936–9). Queipo's murderous regime has long attracted scholarly attention, but very little research has been devoted to other aspects of his administration. Perhaps one exception to this rule is that several works have attempted to enhance Queipo's reputation, portraying the general not only as a military genius, but also as an economic visionary and architect of a proto-welfare state. Building on the concept of Queipo's ‘kleptocratic state’, the present article not only refutes this myth, but also demonstrates that economic policy was crucial to (and inseparable from) the process of physical repression in Seville. The new regime was thus founded on a brutal dialectic of violence and destitution. Prioritizing the liquidation of their perceived enemies, Spain's military rebels massacred thousands in the city after the coup of July 1936. The economic chaos wrought by the mass-killings soon compelled the insurgents to adopt a series of mitigating measures, but the murderous project was not abandoned. Indeed, as the article demonstrates, even ostensibly humanitarian measures must be regarded as part of a broader punitive, restrictive and ideological rebel ethos.","PeriodicalId":53857,"journal":{"name":"Casopis za Suvremenu Povijest","volume":"58 1","pages":"377 - 397"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47296236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Book Review: Replacing the Dead: The Politics of Reproduction in the Postwar Soviet Union by Mie Nakachi","authors":"Siobhán Hearne","doi":"10.1177/00220094231170548c","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00220094231170548c","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53857,"journal":{"name":"Casopis za Suvremenu Povijest","volume":"58 1","pages":"370 - 371"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46236714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Book Review: The Movement: The African American Struggle for Civil Rights by Thomas Holt","authors":"Robert Green","doi":"10.1177/00220094231170548d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00220094231170548d","url":null,"abstract":"women exclusively responsible for household labour and childcare, and condemn single mothers to social stigma and financial hardship. Nakachi skilfully analyses a wide range of issues that are fundamentally important for understanding gender and sexuality in late Soviet society, but have been either subject to sweeping generalisation or underexplored in existing scholarship. The discourses on women’s rights and critiques of women’s double burden that emerged throughout the 1950s and 1960s in response to the 1944 Family Law cast a long shadow into the Brezhnev era and became important rallying cries for feminist groups during Gorbachev’s glasnost. The inadequacies of Soviet contraceptives have long been noted in historical scholarship, but Nakachi reveals how and why the Soviet government prevented the mass manufacture and application of the hormonal pill and intrauterine devices, much to the frustration of medical experts. Replacing the Dead also provides a fascinating insight into the centrality of Ukraine in the development of Soviet postwar pronatalist policy. Nikita Khrushchev – the architect of the 1944 Family Law – was head of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, and therefore, readily exposed to the wartime decimation of the Ukrainian population during Nazi occupation and Soviet recapture. Khrushchev consulted with Ukrainian demographers, held a women’s conference in Kyiv to discuss a draft of the law, and made his All-Union policy recommendations and financial projections based on the specific social and economic conditions of Ukraine. Here Nakachi provides a welcome reminder of the importance of looking beyond Russia in Soviet history, but unfortunately, this close attention to the regional diversity of the USSR does not run throughout the entire book. In the introduction, Russian and Soviet are sometimes used synonymously, and the epilogue focuses exclusively on echoes of Soviet pronatalism in post-socialist Russia. References to the implementation of demographic policy in Soviet Central Asia are tantalisingly brief and Nakachi does not address how Soviet pronatalism played out in regions that were subject to invasion, annexation, and brutal Sovietisation during the war and immediately thereafter, such as Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. These issues notwithstanding, Replacing the Dead is a crucially important work of social, cultural, and medical history that significantly advances our understanding of the postwar Soviet Union. Nakachi’s book is essential reading for anybody interested in gender and sexuality in the Soviet context and it invites reflection on the lingering impact of Soviet policies in the post-Soviet world.","PeriodicalId":53857,"journal":{"name":"Casopis za Suvremenu Povijest","volume":"58 1","pages":"371 - 373"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43267269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mussolini and Italian Fascism","authors":"Jacopo Pili","doi":"10.1177/00220094221144221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00220094221144221","url":null,"abstract":"The rising tide of populist politics in the 2010s and early 2020s has brought the word ‘fascism’ back to the centre of international political and cultural debate. Historians such as Ruth Ben Ghiat and Federico Finchelstein have addressed the connections and similarities between today’s ‘strongmen’ and the autocrats ruling much of Europe between 1922 and 1945. On the subject of Italian fascism, in addition to the political climate, the centenary of the 1922 March on Rome has stimulated further debate on the subject. Whether it was indeed a totalitarian regime remains the fundamental, underlying question. In 2018, Guido Melis published La macchina imperfetta. Immagine e realtà dello stato fascista (Bologna: Il Mulino, 2018) arguing that the effect of fascistization on the Italian state was limited, for Italian institutions during the ventennio showed continuity with the most authoritarian elements of liberal Italy’s tradition, and servile conformism was far more widespread than sincere adherence to the fascist ideological project, especially in bureaucracy. Like earlier works such as Paul Corner’s analysis of consensus in fascist Italy, Melis’ book can be seen as an answer to the recent Italian historiography on fascism’s focus on fascist ideology, particularly its totalitarian discourse. Giulia Albanese underlined that emphasizing ideology might lead to overlooking how these translated into practice and that Melis’ study on Italian institutions suggests that, after all, there was no fascist totalitarianism. The integration of ‘theory’ and ‘practice’ in Mussolini’s totalitarian efforts is the focus of Rethinking the History of Italian Fascism (London: Routledge, 2022), edited by Albanese and containing contributions from many of the main Italian historians of fascism. In this case, the fascist experience emerges as a watershed moment with liberal Italy in fields such as the use of political violence, consensus creation via welfare measures or flexible propaganda, mass mobilization-based colonial policy, the redefinition of citizenship and even in certain areas of scientific research. Rethinking Fascism also suggests that the Italian fascist experience should not be studied in a vacuum. Albanese’s chapter in particular focuses on the diffusion of Italian fascist ideas to other European countries. Indeed, the last decade has seen a steady expansion of transnational approaches to the history of fascism. Although transnational history transcends Italian fascism, Mussolini’s attempt to fascistize Europe or indeed the rest of the world is one of its main focuses. One important example is Fascism without Review Article","PeriodicalId":53857,"journal":{"name":"Casopis za Suvremenu Povijest","volume":"58 1","pages":"354 - 362"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47012606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Book Review: The Last Ghetto: An Everyday History of Theresienstadt by Anna Hájková","authors":"Amy Simon","doi":"10.1177/00220094231170548b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00220094231170548b","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53857,"journal":{"name":"Casopis za Suvremenu Povijest","volume":"58 1","pages":"368 - 369"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44887429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Book Review: Reaganland: America’s Right Turn 1976–1980 by Rick Perlstein","authors":"Vincent Stine","doi":"10.1177/00220094231170548e","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00220094231170548e","url":null,"abstract":"revived movements in the North andWest were a departure from, rather than an extension of, the southern Movement of the previous decade’ (p. 94). Again, this is not an attempt to dismiss the burgeoning historiography of the Civil Rights Movement outside the American South. Instead, it is Holt’s way of reminding readers that the ‘classic’ narrative, while certainly needing an update to include more stories about the centrality of Black women to the movement, is still the best method by which to make sense of the time period. The Movement is a valuable resource for thinking through the Civil Rights era and its impact on American history.","PeriodicalId":53857,"journal":{"name":"Casopis za Suvremenu Povijest","volume":"58 1","pages":"373 - 374"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48663672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Book Review: Africa and the Shaping of International Human Rights by Derrick Nault","authors":"Bonny Ibhawoh","doi":"10.1177/00220094231170548","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00220094231170548","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53857,"journal":{"name":"Casopis za Suvremenu Povijest","volume":"58 1","pages":"363 - 365"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49303418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}